Isingeniso: Usongo Lwe - stealth Lobuqotho Bentando Yeningi

Kunezinyathelo eziphakeme zomkhankaso wezombangazwe wanamuhla, kukhona isikhali esizishaya ithuluzi lokucwaninga elisemthethweni. Ukuhlola kokuphoqa kuklanyelwe ukuqoqa ukwaziswa kodwa ukufaka ukwaziswa okunganembile kumavoti ̱ izingqondo ezingaphansi kwesembozo sombono. Nakuba beye basetshenziswa amashumi eminyaka, amandla abo okususa izimiso zentando yeningi kanye nezinhlelo zokucwaninga ezisemthethweni. Enkathini yokuncintisana okukhulu nokuwohloka kwezimiso, ukusetshenziswa okungaqondisiwe ngokwenkohliso kwemibono ephoqeshiwe kungenza ukuba izinkulumo zomphakathi zilulazwe, futhi zilulaze ukuhlanganiswa kwentando yentando yeningi. Ukuqonda lelicebo lokusebenza kwentando yeningi, imiphumela yalo, imiphumela, nezindlela zokuhlola inzuzo ezikhona.

Uma uqala ukubheka i-compal, ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe kungabonakala njenganoma yikuphi okunye ukuhlola kocingo noma i-intanethi. Impendulo ibuzwa uchungechunge lwemibuzo ngombhadane ophathelene nomfundi noma impikiswano. Nokho, imibuzo igcwele izindawo zamanga noma ezidukisayo, ezinikezwa ngokufihla ukungathathi hlangothi kwezesayensi. Injongo yangempela akukhona ukubheka umbono womphakathi kodwa ukuwuqondisa ngendlela efunwayo. Lomkhuba wokukhohlisa uhlasela inhliziyo yezindinganiso zedemokhrasi, ezixhomeke ekukhetheni okunolwazi, ukukhetha okuzimele. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi yini ephoqa izinkolelo zentando yeningi, ukuthi zilulaza kanjani imingcele, imiphumela engathi sína yokusetshenziswa kwazo ngokungagwegwegwe, nezinyathelo eziqinile esingazithatha ukuze sivikele isimiso sethu sezombangazwe.

Ukuchaza Izinhlansi Zokufukuza: Impisi Yezimvu #8217; Izingubo

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ingozi ephoqelela ukuphenya, kumelwe kuqala azihlukanise phakathi kombono osemthethweni. Ukuhlola okuqinisekile kuklanyelwe ukulinganisela isimo sengqondo somphakathi ngokugxeka kwezesayensi. Basebenzisa amagama angathathi hlangothi, izinhloli, nezindlela ezibonisayo ukuze baveze ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa okuye kwakhankanyiwe, izintatheli, nabacwaningi abasebenzisayo ukuqonda i-votate. Umgomo yi- ukulinganisela [, hhayi isimo sokuhlola kodwa isimo sokukhangisa. Ngokuphambene, ukusunduza ukuphenya amathuluzi okuxhumana kufihla izinto njengokucwaninga. Inkulumo yaqopha u-hlamvu lwezezombangazwe nohlelo u-Albert Cantril, owazichaza ngokuthi “izinto ezingekho ngempela ukuhlolwa”.

Izimpawu Zempova Ecindezelayo

  • Ibuza imibuzo egcwele: Esikhundleni se-“Ungavotela bani?” Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kungabuza,“ Ungasamsekela u-X yini uma wazi ukuthi zikhonjiwe ekubaleni intela?” (Ngisho noma kungekho ukukhipha okunjalo).
  • Ukufakwa kokwaziswa okubi noma okungamanga: Umsuka wokuhlola okuphoqelelwayo uwukuqalisa kwento elimazayo. Umbuzo ngokwawo usakaza amahlebezi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhona ngempela.
  • Akukho ukuqoqwa kolwazi oluqotho: Kaningi, ucingo lumfushane kakhulu `umbuzo owodwa noma emibili) futhi izimpendulo aziqoshwanga noma zisetshenziswe kunoma iyiphi injongo yokuzihlola. Umfoweli angase angabuzi ngisho nokucela ukwaziswa okuphathelene nabantu.
  • Umqulu ophezulu, isikhathi esifushane: ukuvota okuphoqelelwe kuvame ukufakwa ngokuqhuma okufushane ukuze kugcwalise izilaleli ezihloselwe ukugcwalisa, ngokuvamile ngobusuku bokukhetha, uma kungekho sikhathi sokuhlola iqiniso noma ukusabela.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa akuyona into entsha. Ku- 2000 Republican purential primries, ukuhlola okuphoqelelweyo eNingizimu Carolina kwacela abavoti ukuba basekele uJohn McCaine uma bazi ukuthi wayezale umntwana omnyama ongekho emthethweni(a) ukuqamba amanga ngokuphelele. Ukungaqiniseki kwatshala imbewu yokungabaza okwabangela ukuba iMcCaine ’ ukulahlekelwa kulesosifunda. Ngokufanayo, e-2016 Democraticism, kuphoqelela ukuvota emibazweni eminingana kusikisela ukuthi uBernie Sanders wayengakhokhi intela noma ukuthi u-Clinton wayene izibopho kuKu Klux Klan. La maqsumote abhalwa kabanzi futhi alahlwa yizinhlangano ezingongoti, kodwa ayaqhubeka ngenxa yokuthi ayasebenza.

Esinye sezibonelo ezimbi kakhulu esenzeka phakathi nohlanga lweSigele saseTexas ngo-2012. Inhlolo - vo ecindezelayo yathinta izinkulungwane zabavoti abayinhloko baseRepublica ngombuzo owaqala: “Uma wazi ukuthi uCandida Jones umangalelwe ngokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili umuntu owayesebenza futhi wahlala ngaphandle kwenkantolo, ingabe ubungeke uphinde umkhethele?” Isimangalo sasingagunyaziwe, kodwa umonakalo wawungasheshanga. Ngisho noma umbheki-mgadi wayengawasola amahlebethi, ukuphindwa kwecala kudala inhlangano engokwengqondo okunzima ukuyilungisa.

Indlela Impova Ecindezela Ngayo Engaphansi Kwemibuso Ebusa Ngentando Yeningi

Intando yeningi incike emithethweni engabhalwanga: ukuhlonipha iqiniso, ukuncintisana okulungile, ukuzibusa, nokuthembela ezinqubweni ezikhethweni. Ukuphenya ngempoqo kungqubuzana nakho konke.

Ukusakaza Izinkulumo Ezingalungile Ngaphansi Kwe - radar

I-mistinfontrop iwusongo olukhulu embusweni wentando yeningi, futhi ukuphenya okuphoqelelayo kuyisimiso sokuhambisa ngendlela engabonakali. Ngokungafani nokuhlasela okusobala, okungabekelwa inselele empikiswaneni noma eqinisweni, ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe kusakaza amanga ebudlelwaneni obubodwa obungabhaliwe futhi bungabekezelelwa muntu. Umvoti uzwa “ubufakazi” obusho ihlazo, futhi ngenxa yokuthi lunikezwa njengokungathathi hlangothi, ukugoqopha okuthola amanga okuthenjwayo. , bebengabuza uma kungenjalo,” ababuzwayo. Lokhu kuveza imibono eminingi ephumelelayo ewufaka ngisho nangemva kokuchaphaza. I-ftopy ayaziwa ngokuzwakalayo, futhi ibuye yaziwa futhi iphendule ngokuzwakalayo.

Ukusebenzisa I - voter Ngokuzenzakalelayo

Ekujuleni kwayo, idemokrasi ithola amandla ezakhamuzi okwazi ukuzinqumela ngokwazo ngokusekelwe ekwazisweni okuqondile. Ukuhlasela kokucindezela okuthi ukuzibusa ngokudlula ekucabangeni okugxekayo komvoti. Ukuphoqelela umbuzo wokuhlola ophoqelelwe kuphakamisa ukuphendula kombono wokubona umbhalisayo, ngisho noma inhloso engaphansi ingubuqaba. Lokhu kuwuhlobo lwezimo zengqondo ezisekelwe ekwazini. Isibonelo, ukuhlolelwa okucindezelayo okubuza, ukuthi, “Ungasekela u-Y uma uthola ukuthi uvotela intela ekilasini eliphakathi?”[] Uma uCandidate Y engakaze ayisekele ukwanda kwentela enjalo. Uvoti angase akukhunjuli, “ngizwile ukuthi ungayiphakamisa intela, kodwa umthombo okhonjiwe. ” ULounjini we-Fobar.

Ukwethembana Okubi Ezinhlanganweni Zezombangazwe

Ukuthembana kuyinto engokwenhlalo ebangela ukubusa ngentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zithembe ukuthi okhetho lulungile, ukuthi abazohlolwa bazoncintisana ngokwethembeka, futhi lokho kuhlola kuvame ukubhekwa njengomdlalo ongathathi hlangothi (izimiso). Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuqeda ukwethemba emazingeni amaningi. Lapho abavoti beqaphela ukuthi baye bakhohliswa, baba abagxeki nje kuphela ngomkhankaso owephula umthetho kodwa nangaso sonke isimiso sokhetho. Bangaphetha ngokuthi ezombangazwe akuwona umdlalo wenkohliso kodwa umdlalo wenkohliso engcolile, ululaza ukuzimisela kwabo ukuhlanganyela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphenya okungokomthetho kubangelwa yinhlangano. Voters uba madolonzima ukuphendula noma ikuphi ukuhlola, lokhu kungenza ukucwaninga kombono womphakathi oqotho, ukululaza elinye ithuluzi lokusebenzisa i-demodemodeal &8; izibo zentando.

Ukuncintisana Okuwujuqu

Iqophelo lokudlala iqophelo eliyisisekelo lokuncintisana kwentando yeningi. Amakhasi kufanele anqobe noma alahlekelwe ngenxa yemibono yawo, isimilo, kanye nezihlongozo zesimiso, hhayi ngekhono lawo lokuthola amaqhinga angcolile. Ukuphenya kunikeza inzuzo engafanele kulabo abazimisele ukuphula izindinganiso zokuziphatha. Lo mkhankaso ophoqelela i-athonsistion uyakwazi ukulimaza abamelene nawo ngokunenzuzo, ngoba ukuhlasela akunakwamukeleki futhi akuvusi iswana iso elifanayo njenge-thelevishini. Ngokuvamile ohloselwe ukuphenyanisa umthombo noma ukuphendula ngesikhathi. Lokhu kuphakamisa inkundla evuna i-parligic, kuduma abahlazi abathembekile abangene enkundleni yenkundla kanye nento enomvuzo.

Imiphumela Engaba Khona Yentando Yeningi

Umphumela owengeziwe wokuhlola okuphoqelelwe udlulela ngalé kwezinhlanga ngazinye. Uma unganqandwa, ungasonta yonke imvelo elawulwa ngentando yeningi.

Ukweqa Ukuphikiswa Okwengeziwe Nokungathathi - hlangothi

Ukuchayeka kaningi empucukweni ephoqelela ukuxoxisana kubangela ukungakholelwa kwentando yeningi. Amavoter aqala ukubheka ukuxhumana kwezombangazwe njengokuxhaphaza, ngakho aduma. Bayayeka ukulalela izimpikiswano zezimiso, bayeka ukuphenya abahlolile, futhi bayeke ukuveza kuphengululo. Lokhu kulahla kuyi - knell yokufa ngenxa yokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Uma abavoti bengakwazi ukuhlukanisa iqiniso ne-corime, abaningi bamane nje bakhetha. Umphumela yi-proteotatetem elula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Pew Research Center kwathola ukuthi ama-35% kuphela ama-America athemba imithombo yezindaba ukuba abike kahle futhi aqonde kahle; kukhuthaza lokhu kusola ngokufihlela izikhala ngokuficile phakathi kwezindaba nenkulumo - zenkulumo.

Ukugxilisa Ilanga

Ukuhlola ngokusakaza iziphethu ze-caricature zabaphikisi. Abahileli izikhundla ezicatshangelwe ngokuzichaza; kunalokho, basebenzisa izimangalo ezidlulele nezingamanga ezidwebela ukuphikiswa njengokonakala, okuyingozi, noma okungekho e-American. Lokhu kuqinisa ukuthembeka kwezizwe futhi kwenza ukubambisana okunqamule i-octive kungabi nokwenzeka. Uma abavoti eFlorida bezwa ukuhlinza okuphoqelelwayo okufuna “ukuhlasela amaphoyisa,” futhi bezwa eOhio othile othi ufuna“ ukuqeda ukuvikela iNhlala - zenhlalo,” abatshelwa ukuthi umthengisi ufuna ukuhlukanisa inqubo yangempela. Batshelwa ngokuphambana. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuhlukanisa nokukhucunula izwe okuvamile okudingekile ngenxa yomsebenzi.

Izinhlangano Ezibusa Ngentando Yeningi Eziya Zincipha

Iziqulo ezinjengezezindaba, izinkantolo, kanye nekhomishane yokuhlela zithembele ekuthembekeni komphakathi ukuze zisebenze. Ukuhlasela kokucindezela okufiphaza ukuthembana ngokufiphaza amaqiniso nangokukwenza kube nzima nganoma yiliphi inhlangano ukuba lifake iqiniso. Abahloli bangempela bazama ukulahla izinkulumo ezingamanga, kodwa ukuhlola okuphoqelelweyo kusebenza ethunzini /akukho ukuphenyelwa, akukho kusakazwa komphakathi. Ngesikhathi iqiniso-cheke-keshiwe, umonakalo wenziwe. [uctumicracy] kuxhomeke entweni esekelwe kuyo yonke imininingwane; kucekwa lokho okushicilelwe phansi okusekelwe ekhonweni okungakhonziwa kalula. Lokhu kululaza indima yezindaba njengoba kufunwa iqiniso futhi kululaza noma yiliphi icebo lokulawula.

Ukuvikela Izikhulu Zombuso Wentando Yeningi: Ukusabela Okuhlukahlukene Okuye kwavezwa

Naphezu kokungathi sína kwalolu songo, kunezinyathelo eziphumelelayo ezinganqanda ukusetshenziswa kwemishini ephoqelelwayo futhi zinciphise umonakalo wayo.

Ukuvuselelwa Okunamandla Nokuphoqelelwa

Imithetho kahulumeni nombuso yamanje ayinele kakhulu. I-Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ilawula ama-rodocall kodwa ayibhekisi ngqo ekuhlolweni kwezicelo. Izizwe eziningi zinemithetho emelene nocingo lwezombangazwe “ukukhohliseka” noma ukukhohlisa, kodwa akuvamile ukuphoqelelwa. Indlela yokuzihlolela ingahlanganisa:

  • [ Ukwambulwa okungokomthetho: Ufuna noma imuphi ohlala eshayela ucingo athathe ukuhlola ukuze aphawule umkhankaso noma inhlangano ukuxhasa ucingo, futhi asho ekuqaleni ukuthi injongo iwukuqoqa imibono (inezijeziso zokungaqondisi).
  • Ukucindezela ukuvota phambi kokhetho: Izimo eziningana ezinjenge New Hampshire ne California zinemithetho evimbela ukuncishiswa kokuvota ezinsukwini zokugcina ngaphambi kokhetho. Lokhu kufanele kwandiswe futhi kuphoqelelwe ngokulinganayo.
  • iveza indlela yokukhononda: Isimiso esiyinhloko lapho abavoti bengabika khona izingcingo ezisolayo, bashukumise uphenyo kumabhodi okhetho kahulumeni noma abameli jikelele.

Ukuzivumelanisa kumelwe kuqaphele ukuba kungagqekezi ekukhulumeni okusemthethweni noma ekuhloleni, kodwa imithetho ecacile ngokumelene nezindlela zokuhlola zokuphamba ingadlula ukuhlangana komthetho-sisekelo. Brennan Center yeJaji[ ikhiphe umthetho wesibonelo oye wakhipha umthetho olinganisela iSichibiyelo sokuqala esiphathelene nesidingo sokuvikela abavoti emaqhingeni okukhohlisa.

Imfundo Yesiyo se - Voter Nokufunda Ezobuchwepheshe

Isivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekunqandeni ukuphoqelelwa kwezazi zezakhamuzi. Amavoter kufanele aqonde ukuthi inhlolo - vo eshukumisayo injani futhi azi ukuthi ingaba yiyo enziwa. Imikhankaso yemfundo yezinhlangano ezingenapartis, izikole, namaqembu ezakhamuzi zingafundisa abantu ukuba baqaphele izikhombo: ukuhlola okufushane kakhulu, imibuzo ethwele, izikhalo ezinikezwa njengemibuzo, kanye nocingo olungakwazi ukunikeza umthombo ongathathi hlangothi. Uma abavoti beqaphela ukuthi “umphandle” ngempela umzamo wokugcona, bangawenqaba umyalezo. Izinhlelo zobudaba abafunda i-data ezigxile ekusebenziseni iziphakamiso zezombangazwe kufanele zihlanganise ukuphoqeke njengesifundo. Lokhu kuhambisana nemizamo ebanzi yokulwa komfake, amagumbi, namazwi okungenayo.

Ukubona Ingaphandle Emikhankasweni Neziphephetha - zincwadi

Imikhankaso kufanele izenze ngokuzithandela ezindinganisweni zokuhlola ngokokuziphatha. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) inesimiso sokuziphatha esinqabela ukuphenywa kwenhlolo-zincwadi; imikhankaso leyo eyisibonakaliso sokuphawula ubuqotho babo. Izintatheli futhi zifeza indima ebucayi. Uma indawo yokuhlola, izikhangiso zezindaba ezisunduzayo, kufanele zihlole futhi zibike, zibiza umxhasi uma ebonakala, futhi zichaza amaqhinga emphakathini. I-rammeter ingavimbela ukusetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kuka-201818 ifaka i-presethi yophenyo eqendebeni ye-Virginia, amaphephandaba endawo aveza izingcingo ezikhalo futhi aphumela ekugwebeni obala umphakathi.

Ukusekela Umkhankaso Wempi

Impucuko yezombangazwe ngokwayo kumelwe ishintshele ekubhekeni ubuqotho njengobungcono ngokuphumelela okufushane. Amadili nabaholi beqembu kufanele basole abakhokhi abasebenzisa iziphetho eziphoqelelwa. Abanikazi nabashisekeli bangasekela isiqinisekiso sokungasebenzisi amasu okukhohlisa. Nakuba lokhu kubonakala kuwukukhohlisa, isimilo sesiko siyashintsha: amahlazo emali emali, amakhwelo enja esizwe, kanye namanye amasu avamile manje aselahlwa kakhulu. Inqubo efanayo ingasebenza ekuphoqeleleni izicelo. Lapho umkhankaso wezimiso zokuziphatha uba uphawu lokuzidlalela inhlonipho ngo-Rocet / ay /a izimpawu zenhlonipho ngovociodwa [1] kuyancipha ukuphamba ngokupheka.

Isiphetho: Ukulondoloza Isisekelo Sokuzikhethela Okwaziyo

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa akuyona into engenangozi kwezombangazwe ezimahlanekelele nezingalawuleki. Zimelela ukusetshenziswa kwamabomu kwenqubo yentando yeningi, eklanyelwe ukudlulisa ingqondo nokufaka izinkolelo ezingamanga. Njengoba lesi sihloko sibonisile, ukukwazi kwabo ukuqeda inqubo yentando yeningi kukhulu: basakaza ukudukiswa kwemithetho yentando yeningi, balulaza ukuzibusa, balulaza ukuthembana ezinhlanganweni, futhi bathobisa i-evotorstere inkundla edlala abadlali abangekho mthethweni. Imiphumela `icynicinicnication, i - calty, ukubola, ukuwohloka kwesimiso sombuso (h) ifaka impilo yentando yeningi ngokwayo.

Kodwa kunethemba. Ngokuhlanganisa umthetho ohlakaniphile, imfundo eqinile, imikhankaso esobala, kanye nesibopho somphakathi kwezombangazwe ezingokokuziphatha, singadambisa umonakalo obangelwa ukuphenya. Umgomo awukona ukususa wonke amachopho aqinile ekubhikisheni, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho cebo eliphikisana ngokuphelele nesimiso esiyisisekelo sedemokrasi sokuthi abavoti kufanele bakwazi ukunquma ngokusekelwe ekwazisweni okuqondile, okuqotho. [FLT: 0] Isivikelo sezindinganiso zedemokhrasi siqala ngokulahlwa kwamathuluzi akhohlisayo. [ Zonke izakhamuzi, lapho zizwa “umphakathi osolekayo,” zinakho ukuphikisana, umbiko, futhi zenqaba ukusunduzwa.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngomlando nangemiphumela yokuhlola okuphoqelelwe, bheka i- Prew Research Center [ izinhlelo zokuxhumana kwezombangazwe, kanye nemithetho yezenqubo ye- i-Common Pace [[ imibiko yezimiso zomthetho. Okufakiwe umongo esendaweni esemthethweni kutholakala kuKhomishane yokuxhumana FLT] [[FLT]]] Imithetho yezimiso. Lemithombo inikeza izinyathelo zikakhonkolo zokuqonda nokumelana nale usongo lwezentengo.