Ukuqonda Ukubhucungwa Kwezinhlansi Nenjongo Yazo

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuyindlela yokuxhumana kwezombangazwe okufihlekile njengokucwaninga okusemthethweni. Ngokungafani nokuhlola kombono oqotho okuklanyelwe ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okungacaci, ukuphoqa ukuba kusetshenziswe imibuzo ecindezelayo ukuze kusakazwe ukwaziswa okuphambene, kuqikelele ubandlululo olukhona, noma ukuvota okungalawuleki. Ngokuvamile kubonakala njengezingcingo ezimfushane noma iziphetho ze-inthanethi ye-webhusayithi, kodwa umgomo wabo wangempela awulinganiswanga – ugunyaza. Ukuqaphela umehluko phakathi kokuhlola okungathathi hlangothi kanye nokuhlola okuphoqelelekile kuyikhono elibucayi lokufunda izinto ezikhona enkathini lapho umkhankaso wezombangazwe ufaka khona imikhankambo engokwezombangazwe phakathi kokwaziswa nenkulumo - zenkulumo eyize.

Igama "ukuhlola kwe-pish" lavelela phakathi nawo-1990, kodwa iqhinga liqala phambili kakhulu. Izibonelo zakuqala zihlanganisa "imikhankaso yokuhlola" nemibuzo ethwetshiwe ebuzwa abadwebi bamaza. Ngokunyuka kokubiza okuzenzekelayo (izingcingo) kanye nokuhlola kwemitapo, ukusunduza ukuhlola kuye kwaba nzima ukuhlukanisa nokucwaninga okungokomthetho. Ukuhlola okuqinile kulandela izindinganiso zendlela eziqinile: ukulinganisela okungathathi hlangothi, amagama okungathathi hlangothi, nokubika ngokucace okwephutha. Izicelo zokuphoqa, ngokwehlukene, ngokuvamile ziqhutshwa yimikhankanka, amaqembu ezombangazwe, noma amaPicimecco acacile anemida ecacile. Babuza kuphela izimpawu ezimbalwa zemibuzo ehlelweni, zonke eziklanywe ngokuphambene ezinhlanganweni.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola okuphoqelelweyo kungabuza: "Ngabe ungakhetha kakhulu noma kancane uvote uCandidate Smith uma wazi ukuthi uSmith umangalelwe ngokuthatha iminikelo engekho emthethweni evela kwamanye amazwe?" Lombuzo awufuni umbono; uveza ummangalelwa ophikisayo. Obethiwa "umpompela" khona - ke ubika imiphumela engenanjongo njengesilinganiso sombono womphakathi kodwa ewusizo ekusakazeni ihemuhemu ngaphandle kokushiya indlela ecacile. Ukuqonda lamakakhela amakhatshi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekumelaneni.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Zemizimba Nokusetshenziswa Kwezinhlansi Zokuphoqelela

Ukuba umthengi ogxekayo wezifundo kudinga ikhono lokubona amafulegi abomvu ngamazwi okungatshazwa nakuyinhlolo - vo. Ngezansi kusetshenziswa izindlela ezivame kakhulu ekuhloleni okuphoqelelayo, ngayinye enezibonelo eziqinile nezincazelo.

Ulimi Oluyindida Nezinkathazo Ezingokomzwelo

Amagama afakwayo ngamabomu akhethelwa ukuvusa ukusabela okunamandla ngokomzwelo – ukwesaba, intukuthelo, ukucasuka, noma uzwela - kunokudlulisela ukwaziswa okungathathi hlangothi. Ekucubuleni, iziphawuli ezinjengo "corrupt," "inkohliso,"" "iphakemente," noma "i-gallere" ivela kaningi. Inhloso yokubala indaba ngaphambi kokuba umuntu aphendule ingakha ngisho nokwahlulela okuzimele.

Isibonelo: "Ikhona into ekhona ekhona edayisayo uJones enomlando wokuchitha, ubungasekela noma umelane necebo lakhe lentela?" Inkulumo "ukuphuma kokuchitha imali" iwukugomela okunikezwa njengeqiniso; iphoqelela ukusabela encwabeni kunokuhlola izicelo ezingokoqobo. Qhathanisa lokhu embuzweni wokuhlola ongathathi hlangothi: "Ingabe uyasekela noma uphikisa icebo lika-Jones elihlolwe intela?" Ukungahoxiwa kwabalungisi abathwele kuvumela umbono oqotho.

Ngaphezu kokubhala amagama, ukuphoqa utho luvame ukusebenzisa izenzo ezithinta imizwelo. Esikhundleni "engazange ivote," bangase bathi "uthubeleza ukuvota" (ukwenza ubuvila) noma "ukwenqaba ukwenza" (isivimbeli esiqinile). Ukukhetha kwesenzo kungaveza isenzo ngamabomu nangendlela ephambene. Qaphela noma yimaphi amagama aphethe isahlulelo esiphelele.

Imibuzo Ehamba Phambili Enikeza Impendulo

Imibuzo ephambili ibekwa ukuze iqondise impendulo eqondene nempendulo ethile. Ivame ukuba nemibono eyakhelwe embuzweni ngokwawo. Isakhiwo esivamile sithi: "Awuvumi ukuthi..." noma "Awuyisho ukuthi..." lezi zinqubo zenza ukuphikisana kubonakale njengokuphikisana.

Isibonelo: "Njengosakhamuzi okhathazekile, awucabangi ukuthi sidinga imithetho eqinile yezimiso eziqondiswe izikhulu zethu ezikhethiwe? Umbuzo ucabanga ukuthi lowo ophendulayo ukhathazekile futhi imithetho eqinile iyadingeka. Ukuphendula "no" kungase kuzizwe ungabambi. Elinye icebo elivamile ukubuza: "Uma i-Candite Brown ivuma ukuqamba amanga ngomlando wayo wezempi, kungenza kube mancane kakhulu ukuba uyivote?" Umbuzo uveza impikiswano ephikisayo njengeqiniso, uphoqelele ukuba ucabangele isimo esilimaza idumela lomfundazo.

Imibuzo ephambili ingasetshenziswa futhi ngendlela eqondile, njenge "Awuvumi ukuthi irekhodi likaSiphathi uThompson ngemfundo livelele?" Lokhu akuvamile ekuhlolweni kwemibuzo ehlolwayo kodwa kusekhona ukuxhaphaza. Isihluthulelo siwukuqaphela uma umbuzo uqukethe isahlulelo esinenzuzo noma umbono olinganisela inkululeko yophendula ngobuqotho.

Ukulinganiswa okungalinganiswanga: Ulwazi olusohlangothini olulodwa

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo akuvamile ukuveza zombili izinhlangothi zendaba ngokulunga. Kunalokho, bagxila kakhulu ezicini ezimbi zombhalisa noma esimisweni kuyilapho bengazinaki noma yiziphi izinto ezilungile, noma okuhlukile okungcono. Lokhu kuveza umbono osontekile ongashintsha imibono ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Isibonelo: "Pilisa u-Green ovote ngokumelene nemali yezesisekelo ethandwayo, ingabe kukwenza ube mancane kakhulu ukusekela inzuzo yakhe? Umbuzo ukhuluma kuphela ngevoti eyodwa; ukhipha umongo njengenye ivoti, amalungiselelo emali, noma izizathu zomfundi. Inhlolongezo ingabuza ukulandelelwa: "Ungakhathazeka uma uzwa ukuthi iCandite Green yamukela iminikelo evela enkampanini ezuzayo?" Lokhu kuveza inzuzo entsha ekhona ekhona, ifaka indaba.

Ukuhlola okusemthethweni kuhloselwe ulimi olulinganiselwe. Uma umbuzo wokuhlola ubonakala uqokomisa uhlangothi olulodwa lwendaba noma usebenzisa izincazelo ezingcono noma ezingezozonhle, yiphathe ngokusola. Umbuzo ongathathi-hlangothi ungathi: "IGreen Green iyovota imali yokuxhasa izakhiwo zezemfundo. Ngokwelokho okwaziyo, ingabe levoti ikwenza ube nokwenzeka kakhulu noma kancane kakhulu ukuba uyisekele?" Lenguquko engathathi ivoti ngokuthi "i-Relice" noma isho isizathu esithile sokuvota.

Ukwenezelwa Kolwazi Olubi: "Ukudazululwa" Umphumela

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo ngokuvamile kuphinda okulimazayo izikhathi eziningi phakathi nokuhlola okufushane, noma phakathi nokushayana ngezindlela eziningi. Ukuphindaphinda kudala ukujwayelana, futhi ukujwayelana kungazala ukwamukelwa – ngisho nokwaziswa okungamanga. Lesi simiso esingokwengqondo, esaziwa ngokuthi ithonya nje lokudazuluka, senza izinkulumo eziphindaphindwayo zibonakale zithembeke kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Isibonelo: Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kungaqala nge: "Ingabe uyazi ukuthi ama-Almons abekwe icala lokuhweba ngaphakathi?" Kamuva ibuza: "Uma u-Actida Adams etholakala enecala ngaphakathi, ungasekela umphikisi wakhe?" khona-ke: "Ucabanga ukuthi abezombangazwe abafana no-Adamu abangene ngaphakathi ukuhweba kufanele basuswe?" Isimangalo sibekwe ezimweni ezintathu ezihlukahlukene, isikhathi ngasinye sifaka inhlangano phakathi kommemezeli nokuziphatha okubi.

Ekuhloleni okungokomthetho, imibuzo ayiphindi okuncane okushiwoyo ezintweni eziningi. Uma uhlangana nokuhlolwa okugcina uzungeza emuva ekumangaleleni okufanayo, cishe kuyinhlolo - vo ecindezelayo. Umgomo ukuvala umbono ophambene enkumbulweni yakho, hhayi ukuba ulinganisele umbono wakho.

Ukuquleka Noma Amazwi Adukisayo Asekela Iqiniso

Ukuhlola kokusunduza ngezinye izikhathi kuxhomeke emaphinini adidayo angachazwa ngezindlela eziningi, kuvumela umhloli ukuba athi imiphumela kamuva ibonise okuthile okuhlukile. Bangase basebenzise izibalo eziqanjiwe noma ezingaqiniseki. Ngokwesibonelo, umbuzo ungase uthi: "Abanye abantu bathi uLee unomlando wokuvota okubalulekile okungatholakali. Ingabe lokho kukwenza kube mancane kakhulu ukuvota?" Inkulumo ethi "banye abantu bathi" ingumbhalo wesiko owenziwe ngesilinganiso esiphezulu owethulayo ngaphandle kokuzifunela umniniyo.

Isibonelo: "Ngokwalokho okusanda kubikwa, i-Candidatay ixhunyene neqembu eliphikisanayo. Ukhathazekile ngalokhu? Umbuzo awusho ukuthi umbiko, iqembu, noma uhlobo lobophane. Imane iveza ukuhlangana njengokulimazayo. I-Picenti iphoqelelwa ukuba isabe kusongo olungacacile, olungabangela ukusola ngisho noma imininingwane ingekho.

Ngokufanayo, imibuzo ehlanganisa izinombolo ezifana "nezifundo zibonisa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-70 abavoti aphikisa lenkambiso" ngaphandle kokukhomba umthombo noma indlela esetshenziswayo. Ekuhloleni okufanele, noma yikuphi ukusho okuyiqiniso okusetshenziswa embuzweni kufanele kunikezwe. Uma ungakwazi ukuqinisekisa ngokushesha okushiwoyo, noma uma amagama ebhalwe ngenhloso engacacile, ukuvota kungenzeka ukuthi kuyinhlolo yokuhlola okuphoqelelwe.

Isisekelo Sokuhlola Imibuzo Ebucayi Yempova

Ukuhlola ngokulandelana ukuthi umbuzo wokuhlola ulungile futhi awuthathi hlangothi, noma ukhetha-ke, usebenzisa lesi sici esilandelayo esinezinyathelo ezinhlanu. Lendlela ingasetshenziswa abafundi emakilasini okufunda ukufunda nokubhala emithonjeni, ngokuhlangana nezingcingo zomkhankaso wabavoti, noma nganoma ubani ofunda imiphumela yezindaba.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Hlaziya Izwi Lolimi Olunzima

Funda umbuzo ngokuzwakalayo futhi usho amagama athinta imizwelo. Gcwebezela iziphawuli nezenzo ezinencazelo eqondile noma embi. Ngokwesibonelo, "ukwenamela ukusetshenziswa kwemali" ngokumelene "nokubaluleka" – "ukulayisha okuphambili" – okungaphambili kulayisha, okulayishiwe akuthathi hlangothi. Beka amagama athwele afanayo futhi ubone ukuthi umbuzo ulinganiselwe kakhulu yini. Uma incazelo eyisisekelo ishintsha ngokuphawulekayo, amagama akuqala ayenemba.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukuhlola Ukuthi Lombuzo Unemibono Ehlukahlukene Ngokufanele Yini

Ukuhlola okungokomthetho ezindabeni eziphikisanayo ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa izinhlangothi zombili zempikiswano. Ngokwesibonelo: "Abanye abantu bakhetha imithetho eqinile yezibhamu ukuze banciphise ubugebengu, kuyilapho abanye beyiphikisa ukuze bavikele amalungelo eSikhawu seSichibiyelo. Yikuphi okusondela eduze nombono wakho?" Lokhu kuvuma kokubili imibono. Ekuhloleni okucindezelayo, umbuzo ungaveza uhlangothi olulodwa kuphela: "Ingabe usekela izinyathelo zokuphepha ezivamile zezibhamu ezivimbela izibhamu ezandleni zezeleleli?"?

Bala inani lamazwi amahle nangakhi phakathi kombuzo. Uma kunokungalingani okucacile, umbuzo kungenzeka uthathekile. Futhi phawula ukuthi umbuzo uhlanganisa "zombili izinhlangothi" isethulo esidukisayo ngempela ngoba simelela kabi uhlangothi olulodwa – ngokwesibonelo, sibiza omunye umbono ngokuthi "umpheme ophezulu" kuyilapho siveza omunye njengo-"umfula omkhulu".

Isinyathelo 3: Thola Imibuzo Eholelayo Eveza Impendulo

Bheka izakhiwo zemibuzo ezithatha okuthile ngaphandle kokunikeza isiqalo esingathathi hlangothi. Izimpawu ezivamile zihlanganisa: "Pilisa ukuthi..." kulandelwe nge-conoid; "Uma wazi..." uholela kokungavumelani; "Awuvumi..."; "Ungakhombi oboniswayo..."; noma "Ucabanga ukuthi ukuziphatha okunjalo kwamukeleka?" Ngamunye walokhu uveza ukuthi umbono uyiqiniso. Umbuzo ongathathi hlangothi ungaqala ngokuthi: "Unawo umbono..." noma "Ungalinganisela kanjani..." ngaphandle kokwenza isahlulelo.

Isinyathelo 4: Qiniseka Nganoma yimaphi Amaqiniso Noma Izibalo

Uma umbuzo uqukethe isisho – ngokwesibonelo, "i-Candite Murray wotele ngokumelene nemvume eyayizosindisa imisebenzi engu-10 000" - yima futhi uhlole amaqiniso. Sebenzisa injini yokuhlola ukuze ubone ukuthi lokho okushiwoyo kunembile, akuphelele, noma akunaqiniso eliqondile. Abaningi bacindezela ukuphenya bathembele emaqinisweni athathwe phakathi kwengxenye yeqiniso noma ukwaziswa okuhlawulwayo. Ngisho noma iqiniso eliyisisekelo liyiqiniso, umongo ungabe ulahlekile. Bheka imithombo yokuqala noma amaqiniso azimele ezinhlanganweni ezingezona ezizimele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, cabangela umthombo walokhu kugomela. Ingabe kuthiwa kubangelwa ukuhlolwa okuthile, isihloko sezindaba, noma umbiko kahulumeni? Izikhombo ze-Vague (njengemibiko e-"recent" noma "ochwepheshe abaningi") amafulegi abomvu. Uma kungekho ukukhomba okuqinisekisiwe, yibheke njengenokungabaza.

Isinyathelo 5: Hlaziya Umthombo Nesisusa Sezinhlansi

Ubani ophethe lokhu kuhlola? Ingabe yinhlangano yokuhlola edumile (umz., Pew Research Center, Gallup, i-Associated Press) noma umkhankaso wezombangazwe, iSuper PAC, noma ifemu engaziwa? Ama-ggitimate anikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nenqubo: isampula, indinganiso yephutha, indlela yokuxhumana, nezinsuku zasemasimini. Uma umshayeli wesimende engenakunikeza lokhu kwaziswa, noma uma inani lingabhalwanga, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuhlola kuyimpoqo.

Futhi cabangela isikhathi. Ukuhlola kokusunduza kuvame ukuvela ngaphambi nje kokhetho, ikakhulukazi emijahweni yokuncintisana. Kuklanyelwe ukuthonya abavoti abaze bathathe isigwebo noma ukuhlasela okucindezelayo komvoti othile. Uma ukuhlola kugxila ekuhlaseleni okungekuhle komvoti oyedwa futhi kungenamibuzo mayelana nezindaba zomunye ozongenela noma ezingathathi hlangothi, isisusa sicacile: ukunxenxa, hhayi ukulinganisela.

Izibonelo Zangempela Zezinhlansi Zokubhucunga

Kuye kwenzeka izenzakalo eziphawulekayo zokuphoqelela ukuvota okhethweni olukhulu lwase - United States, zinikeza imifanekiso ecacile yamaqhinga achazwe ngenhla.

[2000 Republican Primary – John McCain vs. George W. Bush: ESouth Carolina, abavoti babika ukuthi bathola izingcingo ezibuzayo: "Ungakhetha uJohn McCain uma wayazi ukuthi wayezalele umntwana ongekho emthethweni?" Lokhu kwakuyisimangalo esingamanga ngokuphelele, kodwa umbuzo wafaka amahlebezi phakathi kwezinkulungwane zabavoti. Inhlolo kamuva yatholakala emuva esikhulwini sezombangazwe esisebenza ngokumelene noMccimbi. Lokhu kuvame ukukhonjwa njengesibonelo sencwadi yenhlolo ephoqa.

[2008 Democratic Primary – Barack Obama vs. Hillary Clinton: Phakathi nonyaka wokuqala waseOhio, abavoti bathola izingcingo ezibuzayo: "Uma wazi ukuthi uBarack Obama wayengumSulumane, lokho kungakwenza ube mancane kakhulu ukuba umvote?" Obama ungumKristu, kodwa umbuzo wasakaza inhlangano yamanga. Ukuhlola kwaqhutshwa yiqembu elingaziwa, futhi akukho nkampani ekhoshayo engokomthetho eyayingabuza umbuzo onjalo ongenasisekelo.

2016 uMongameli woMphathi-Mphathi-Mnyango we-Clinton-Donald Trump noHillary Clinton: ama-rodocall afakelwe ezinhlabeni eziningi abuza abavoti: "Ungakhetha kakhulu noma kuncane kakhulu ukuvotela uHillary Clinton uma wazi ukuthi unesimo sempilo esinzima? Abukho ubufakazi obusekelayo obunikeziwe; umbuzo ngokwawo wawuwumyalezo. Lokhu kwakuyingxenye yenqubo yokuphoqa umfutho olubanzi oluklanyelwe ukululaza ukuncishwa kwentshoza ulwe ukunciphisana.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa indlela ukuhlola okuphoqelelayo okudlula ngayo iqiniso elivamile lokuhlola iziteshi. Akushicilelwe noma kucaciswe; kukhona kuphela njengocingo lwe-ephemeral noma i-pop-op ku-inthanethi. Lokhu kuzenza zibe yingozi kakhulu ngoba zingasakaza ukwaziswa okunganembile ngaphandle kokulandisa.

Ukwakha Amakhono Okufunda Ezobuchwepheshe

Ukuqaphela ukuhlolwa okuphoqelelayo kuyingxenye yeqoqo elibanzi lamakhono okufunda emithombo yezindaba anikeza abantu amandla okusebenzisa indawo eyinkimbinkimbi yokwaziswa.

Imisebenzi 1: Qhathanisa neMibuzo yeNhlanu eHlolayo. Inikeza abafundi uhlu lwemibuzo eyishumi, eminye evela ekuhloleni okungokomthetho nakweminye egunyaza ukuphoqelelwa. Bacele ukuba bahlele imibuzo ngokusebenzisa uhlaka lwezitebhisi ezinhlanu futhi bathethelele izimpendulo zabo. Xoxa ukuthi kungani ukungaboni amagama ngendlela ecacile kubaluleke.

Isenzo 2: Bhala futhi umbuzo wokubhuculula njengombuzo we-Neutral. Thatha umbuzo olayishiwe noma oholayo uwuguqule ube yinto yokuhlola elungile, elinganiselayo. Ngokwesibonelo, shintsha u-"Ungavumi ukuthi u-X wonakalisiwe?" kuya "Ungawuthatha kanjani umkhondo wokuziphatha okulungile?" Lokhu kuqinisa umqondo wokungathathi hlangothi.

Imisebenzi 3: Cwangcisa uMthombo. Abafundi bathola ukuhlola kwamuva okukhonjwe ezindabeni noma kwezomphakathi. I-projective inhlangano eyayiqhuba, inqubo yayo, nanoma yikuphi ukucwasana okungase kwenzeke. Sebenzisa imithombo enjenge American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAAPOR) inyathelo lokwenza i-special eqondweni lokuhlola ngokusemthethweni. [[FLT:]] APOR Codectal of Ethiccs[ ikhodensive ewusizo ekuhlukaniseni ukuhlola ngokokuziphatha ekuphoqeni ukuhlola.

Imisebenzi 4: Imoleve-Dlalela ucingo. Thulula ucingo lokucindezela futhi yenza abafundi basebenzise ukusabela ngokugxeka: ukucela umxhasi, injongo, nokuthi ikhotho kubhaliwe yini. Ukudlala indima kukha ithemba lokumelana nokucindezela phakathi nezingcingo zangempela.

Ukufunda imithombo yezindaba akukona nje ukuhlola ukuqonda; kudlulela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuxhumana okuthonyayo – ukukhangisa, izinkulumo zezombangazwe, kanye nezikhungo zezokuxhumana. Izimiso ezifanayo zokuhlola ukugxeka ziyasebenza: ukuhlola ulimi, ukuqinisekisa izikhala, ukucabangela umthombo, nokuqaphela ukuthonya okungokomzwelo.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlola okucushiwe kumelela umzamo wamabomu wokuhlanekezela umbono womphakathi ngokuzisholo ukucwaninga. Ngokuqonda amasu olimi olulayishiwe, imibuzo eholela, ukufushanisa okungalinganiyo, ukuphindaphinda, kanye nokusho okungacacile, abantu bangabona ubandlululo nokusebenzisa iziphakamiso ngaphambi kokuba kuthonye izinqumo zabo. Uhlelo oluhlanu oluchazwe ngenhla lunikeza ithuluzi elisebenzayo lokuhlola noma ikuphi ukuhlola, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuxoxwa ngocingo, noma kusengosini, noma embikweni wezindaba. Ukusebenzisa loluhlelo, kuhlangene nokuqinisekiswa kwemithombo nezindaba, kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukusakazeka kokwaziswa.

Ukufunda imithombo yezindaba akulona ikhono elithatha isikhathi esiphansi – kudinga ukubuza nokungaqiniseki. Njengoba ukuphoqelela kuya kuba okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokufuna ukuhlasela ngemishini nobuchwepheshe be-robocall, ikhono lokukubona kuba okubaluleke nakakhulu. Othisha, abafundi, kanye nabavoti ngokufanayo kumelwe bahlale beqaphile. Ukuze bafunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola imithombo enjenge- i-Pow Research Center ehlolayo [ ne-[FLT] Ikhodi e- yomthetho ye-Ethiclethics ukuqonda lokho okungakho kuvola ukuvota okusemthethweni. Ngokwakha lamakhono, sonke singaba izakhamuzi ezilwazi kakhulu futhi ezingachaphazakalakali kakhulu.