Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu Nempikiswano Ehlala Njalo Yokubekezelela Amandla

I-Good Wear Agreement ka-1998 ingenye yezimo ezilandela ukuthula okukhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Yaqeda amashumi amathathu eminyaka obudlova bamahlelo okwaziwa ngokuthi izinkathazo futhi yamisa uhulumeni ohluzekile owakhiwe ngesimiso samandla alawulayo phakathi kwemiphakathi ye-mission ne-unistism. Kodwa, ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka kamuva, isakhiwo esake sabonakala siyisibonelo sokuxazulula izingxabano ezijulile manje sibhekene nobunzima obukhulu. Umbuzo awusekho nje ukuthi amandla anamandla azwelane nobunzima angasinda, kodwa ukuthi kumelwe ahlale kanjani ehlangene nezindawo ezishintshwe ngoshintsho lwenani labantu, u-Brxit, futhi ushintsho lwezizumbuluko lwezombangazwe.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izisekelo ezingokomlando zesivumelwano, izithiyo zamanje zokuzinza, namathuba akhona angakha indawo yokuhlala eqinile kwezombangazwe. Sicabangela futhi indima yabadlali bangaphandle nezinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amandla awabi umkhondo wokuthula kwangesikhathi esidlule, kodwa ithuluzi eliphilayo lesikhathi esizayo esihlangene.

Izisekelo Ezingokomlando Zesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

I-Good Wearth Agreement jnet jé yaziwa nangokuthi i-Belfast Agreement jnet jpt . yasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998 ngemva kweminyaka yezingxoxo eziyimfihlo nezihlukene. Yadala u-Norvetho - jovel Ireland Assembly owenziwe ngesibopho: izinhlangano ezinkulu zezokuhlangana nezokulwela ubuzwe zazingahlanganyela izikhundla zenkonzo ngokwendlela eqinile (i system D'Hondt system"). Isihluthulelo “iomcommony" inqubo yokuvota iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo eziyinhloko zidinga ukusekelwa yikhompi nezinhlangano zesizwe, hhayi nje kuphela izinhlangano ezivamile.

Isivumelwano samisa futhi izinhlangano zasenyakatho-mpumalanga (i-North/South Service Council) zokuhlela izimiso phakathi kweBelfast neDublin, indikimba esempumalanga-ntshona (uMkhandlu waseBrithani) ehlanganisa i-UK, i-Ireland, kanye nezikhulu ezihluzekile, kanye neNgqungquthela yeze-British eqinile. Lezizakhiwo zaklanyelwa ukuphazamisa isimiso sokuthi bobabili ababambi bemiyalo nesizwe babenezifiso ezingokomthetho zomthetho sisekelo, futhi futhi ngeke bafake intando yabo kwenye.

Isibopho sokuzibophezela “ekuhlukaniseni kwenhlonipho” nesimiso sokuthi izinqumo zezombangazwe kufanele zithathwe ngokuvumelana nayo yomibili imiphakathi. Lo mfanekiso we-concociation (--"ifanelana namalungiselelo eBelgium, Switzerland, nase Bosnia" wayehloselwe ukuvimbela ukubusa kobushiqela nokunika umphakathi ngamunye i-veto ngezindaba eziyisisekelo.

Irekhodi lesivumelwano sesivumelwano se-Explorence lixutshiwe izikhathi eziningana, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngo-2002 kuya ku-2007 ngenxa yokuwohloka kokwethembana ekwakheni i-IRA. Kodwa ngemva kwe-St Andrews Accessition ngo 2006, i-amandla-amandla aphinde avuselelwa futhi isebenza ngokuhlabayo cishe iminyaka eyishumi, ne-Democratic Unionism Party (Democratic Union) (DUP) ne-Sin Féin ehosa umphathi we-. I-Northern Ireland yabhekana nenkathi yokukhula kwezomnotho, ukutshala izimali, nokusetshenziswa kwempucuko. Ukwehlukana kokuthula kwakungokoqobo, ngisho noma kusakazwe ngokungafanele.

Nokho, ukuwohloka okuyisisekelo kwendlela yokusebenza kwavezwa ngo-2017 lapho isikhulu siwa ngenxa yehlazo elibuyiselayo elibuyisele phambili nengxabano ebanzi elungelweni lolimi lwase-Ireland, umshado ofanayo nowesilisa, nefa lezinkinga. Iminyaka emithathu engaphumeleli yaqokomisa impikiswano enzima: izinhlangano ezisekela amandla axhomeke emaqenjini amakhulu omphakathi ngamunye asebenza ndawonye zingadinwa uma lawomaqembu enqaba ukubambisana. Isibonelo sokuthula esiye saletha ukubusa okuphumelelayo endaweni ezungezile ezungezile ehlukene.

Izinselele Zamanje Ezibhekene Nomsebenzi Wamandla

Izinselele manje ezibhekene nokubekezelela amandla zijule kakhulu futhi zisesilinganisweni kunemigqa yezikhathi ehambisana namashumi eminyaka ngemva konyaka. Zihlanganisa ithonya lokuzamazama komhlaba le-Breet, ukushintshwa kwenani labantu isikhathi eside okuguqula ukulingana okukhethiwe phakathi kwabasizi benyunyana nabashisekeli besizwe, ukuhlukana okukhulayo kwezombangazwe, kanye nesimo somphakathi esiyingozi kakhulu ngekhono lezinhlangano ze-Stumont lokukhipha izinkwa nezindawo zempilo, imfundo, nezindlu.

Umphumela We - Breexit: I - Protocol YaseNyakatho Ireland Nesakhelo Semimoya

I-Brexit ibilokhu iyisimangaliso esikhona kakhulu sangaphandle seSivumelwano esiPhakeme seSivumelwano esiKhulu sangoLwesihlanu kusukela sasayinwa. I-Northern Ireland Protocol, yavumelana njengengxenye yesivumelwano sokwehlukana kwe-UK, yakha amasiko aso kanye nomngcele wokulawula oLwandle lwase-Ireland ukuze igweme umngcele onzima esiqhingini sase-Ireland. Lokhu kwajabulisa izazi zesizwe ezazifuna ukuhweba ngasenyakatho nenkani, kodwa abanyundeli ababebheka ukuhlukana neGreat Britain nosongo lwe-Northern Ireland kuse-UK.

I-Dup yenqaba ukungena futhi kumphathi ngemva kokhetho lomhlangano lwango-2022, ifuna ukuba umthetho uphinde ukhishwe noma uqedwe. I-UK uhulumeni we-Windsor Framework, wavumelana ne-EU ngoFebruary 2023, wasungula “umzila oluhlaza” wamalungiselelo futhi wanikeza i-Northern Ireland Assembly inqubo (i-“Stmont Brake”) yokumelana nemithetho emisha yemakethengiso. Kodwa izikhalo ze-DUP zaqhubeka, futhi isikhulu saqhubeka siwohloka iminyaka emibili kwaze kwaba yilapho siqala khona ukubuyiselwa kwamandla e-2024.

Ngisho nangemva kokubuyiselwa, i-protocol nefa layo kuyaqhubeka kushelela ubudlelwano obuphakathi komphakathi. Ama-sociation anomuzwa wokuthi ayizibo asengozini; abashisekeli besizwe nabaningi abasele-ku-EU babheka umthetho njengosivikeli esidingekile senqubo yokuthula. Lendaba iye yajulisa umuzwa wokuthi ukusekela amandla kuwumdlalo we-zero-sum lapho inzuzo yomphakathi othile ilahlekelwa omunye, kunokuba ibe inqubo yokuhlala.

Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwezombangazwe Nokuncishiswa Kokwethenjwa

Umncintiswano ongokwesiko phakathi kwe-Dup ne-Sinn Féin uye wafihla izidingo zezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ukubheja kubonisa njalo ukuthi nakuba iningi eNyakatho Ireland lisekela ukusebenzelana namandla, ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe kuphansi. Ukugqunywa njalo kweSingqungquthela kanye nezikhathi ezinde zokungasebenzi (kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-202020 kuya ku-2022 kuya ku-2024) kuye kwanciphisa ukuqiniseka. Abaningi abasha kakhulu futhi labo ababona ukuthi abathathi abathathi abathathi abathathi abanci nabanga abashisekeli besizwe bancishwa yisimiso esivame ukubonakala sisebenza ngaphambi kokuba imidlalo yomthetho-sisekelo (kusukela ku-201717 kuya ku-202020222 kuya ku-2024) baye baphelelwa ithemba.

Ukwanda kwePentrist Alliance Party, manje ephethe isigaba sango-18% sovoti, kubonisa isifiso sohlobo lwezombangazwe olungelubili. I-Alliance ye- “ikusasa elihlanganyelwe” futhi ngezinye izikhathi iye yakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezindawo ze-internationals. Nokho, ihlala ingekho emyalelweni wesikhundla soMphathi woQuqulo wokuqala noSectader First Minister, ezigcinelwe amaqembu amakhulu kakhulu ezombangazwe nesizwe. Umklamo, ngokuklama, i-consocationation, iveza imiphakathi emibili emibili njengezinhlangano zezombangazwe eziyinhloko, eyenza kube nzima ukuthonya amaqembu eqenjini e-comminism ukuze athonyele ngokugcwele.

Ukushintsha Kwezibalo: Ukubukeka Okushintshashintshayo

Enye yezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithatha isikhathi eside ukulingana kwenani labantu okushintshile. Ukubalwa kwabantu ngo-2021 kwabonisa ukuthi inani lamaKatolika eNyakatho Ireland lase linyuke laba ngu- 45.7%, kuyilapho inani lamaProthestani lalimi ku- 43.5% (isikhathi sokuqala lapho amaKatolika ekhona ephinda amaprotestani kusukela uhulumeni wadalwa ngo-1921. Lokhu kuboniswa ekuziphatheni kokuvota: umbaleki wesizwe (ngokuyinhloko uSin Féin) kanye namaqembu eRepublic azuza amavoti engeziwe kunamaqembu enyunyana evotini amaningi. USin Féin waba yilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke eMhlanganweni ngo-20222 ngonyaka wokuqala emlandweni.

Nakuba i - demography ingeyona isiphetho, futhi hhayi wonke amaKatolika asekela ubunye base-Ireland, ushintsho lunemiphumela ejulile engokwengqondo kwabashisekeli bemishado, abanomuzwa wokuthi isimo sabo phakathi kwe - UK siyawohloka. Kungase futhi kube nesibindi sabashisekeli besizwe ukuphoqelela ukuphenya umngcele, indlela yokuvota ubunye base-Ireland obulungiselelwe kuyi - Good Wearth Reconvement. UK uhulumeni uthe izimo ze-avendendum azikahlangani, kodwa indaba yokufuna isikhathi nobuqotho iye yashukumisela ekucabangeni kwezemfundo engokwezombangazwe okuphilayo.

Ithemba lokuhlola umngcele [1] Ngisho noma iminyaka ikude, iveza ukuphikisana okunamandla ezinhlanganweni ezilawula amandla kagesi. Izinhlangano zobunye zesizwe zesaba ukuthi ukusebenza nabashisekeli besizwe basenyakatho kuyokwenza indlela ye-Ireland enobunye; abashisekeli besizwe babheka izithiyo zokuhlanganisa njengenqaba ukwamukela izinguquko zentando yeningi. I-consociation eklanyelwe ukusingatha impi eqandisiwe, manje kumelwe isebenzise ulwelo lwezoketshezi lwesikhathi esizayo.

Amathuba Okuvuselela Nokushintsha

Naphezu kwezinselele ezinkulu, ukwakheka kwamandla akuyona into engenakulungiseka. Kunezindlela eziya esimisweni esiqinile nesihlanganisa zonke, kodwa kudinga ukwethembeka ngobuthakathaka besibonelo samanje nokuzimisela kwabo bonke abantu ukuvuma.

Ukushintsha Kweziqu: Ukwenza Umsebenzi Wamandla Usebenze Kangcono

Enye indawo esobala yenguquko ukusebenza kwe-Assembly and Guide. Isimiso sesibopho esihlangene siqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu amakhulu athola izindawo kuhulumeni, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi amaqembu angaphumelela enqubweni ngokwenqaba ukwamukela izikhonzi ezizimele. Iziphakamiso eziningana ziye zathuthukiswa, kuhlanganise:

  • Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwesicelo se-Confly esivumela ingcosana ye-MLT ngokuqondene nomthetho wezindaba ezibucayi. Lendlela yayihloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi kodwa iye yasetshenziswa kabi ukuze ivimbele umthetho oqhubekayo ophathelene nokulingana nokukhishwa kwemishado.
  • Ukungenisa ukuphikiswa okungokomthetho ukuze amaqembu angalibali umphathi ngaphandle kokuwisa izinhlangano. Iminyaka engamashumi amabini ayisithupha, i-New Approach yahlanganisa amalungiselelo okuphikiswa kwesithunzi, kodwa awazange afakwe ngokugcwele.
  • Ukumisa inqubo yokumisa izikhonzi zokuqala noSekela wezikhonzi zokuqala, ukuze ukuwa kweminyaka emibili kungalandeli ukuma okukodwa kwezombangazwe. Omunye umqondo ukuba nendima yenye inhlangano uma i-Secreader yokuqala ne-Fost ingenakuvumelana.

Izinguquko kumelwe ziqaphele ukuba zingasilulazi isimiso esiyisisekelo semvume yokuhlangana, esasemqoka enikezwa ukujula kokuhlukana. Kodwa zingenza isimiso siqine ngokwengeziwe ezivunguvungwini zezombangazwe ezingagwemeki.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwentsha Nokuhlanganyela Kwayo

Isici esivelele se-Good Frive Adver Adver yase-Northern Ireland ukuvela kwesizukulwane esingabhekananga nezinkathazo ngokuqondile. Abantu abaningi abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-30 bafana kakhulu ne- “Northern Ireland” noma“i-Europe” ukubizwa kunezimpawu ze-mission noma zesizwe. Leliqembu alikhululeki kahle ngesimo sezombangazwe ezingokwesiko kanye nezindaba ezinesithakazelo kakhulu ekushintsheni isimo sezulu, impilo engokwengqondo, kanye nezindleko zokuphila.

Amaqembu ezombangazwe aye athatha kancane ukuvumelana naleli nguquko lezempucuko. Ukuvota okuncane kudinga ukuthatha indawo ngalé kwemibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho nokunikeza izinkonzo zomphakathi. Kusho futhi ukwakha izindawo zemfundo, imisebenzi yomphakathi, kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlanganisa izizinda ezihlukahlukene, lapho abantu abanezizinda ezihlukene bengasebenzelana khona endaweni engeyona eyehlelo. Umzabalazo wemfundo, ohlanganisa abantwana abangamaKatolika nabamaProthestani esikoleni esisodwa, beye baba enye yemizamo ephumelela kakhulu yokwakha ukuthula, kodwa kusafundisa abafundi abangaba ngamaphesenti angu-7 kuphela. Ukuhlanganisana nemfundo eyodwa kufanele kube yinto yokuqala.

Ukubambisana Kwezomnotho Njengesisekelo Sokuthula Kwezombangazwe

I-Good Wear Agreement yayilokhu ibheka ukubambisana kwezomnotho njengensika eyinhloko yokuthula. Ukuthula okuhlukanisayo kwadonsa ukutshala imali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe ezinkampanini ezinjenge-Allstate ne-Citi, futhi izifunda zezokuvakasha zachuma. Nokho, le ndawo isahlushwa ukuhlangana okukhulu komphakathi, umkhiqizo ophansi, kanye nokuhlukana okuqhubekayo kwamahlelo emakethe yemisebenzi.

I-Pst-Brexit, i-Northern Ireland isendaweni ekhethekile: iyingxenye yendawo ye-UK kodwa isavumelana nemithetho ethile yezentengiselwano ze-EU eyodwa. Lemisebenzi emibili inikeza amathuba ezomnotho uma amabhizinisi ekwazi ukukwazi ukuqondisa inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. I-Windsor Frameocty ka-“umzila oluhlaza” inqanda ukuhweba neGreat Britain, kodwa ukungaqiniseki okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe kuye kwadumaza abanye abangenisi benkampani.

Ukubambisana kwe-Bidadaal North- South ne-meter − njengasekunakekeleni kwezempilo emngceleni, i-octrast, nokuhlelwa kokuhlelwa komgwaqo we-A5 ukusuka eDerry ukuya eDublin/(acan) kuletha izinzuzo ezingokoqobo eziqinisa ukusebenzelana kwabantu. UMkhandlu weNkonzo waseNyakatho/eSouth, naphezu kokusetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile, unikeza indlela yokuqhubekisela phambili imisebenzi ehlanganyelwa phambili. Ukugxila kwezomnotho okungcono kakhulu ukudlula ezombangazwe ezisezinkolweni ezingahlukene kunganikeza yonke imiphakathi isithakazelo esiqinile ezikhungweni eziqinile.

Indima Yomphakathi Wezizwe Zonke

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu saqedwa ukuhileleka okunamandla kohulumeni be-UK, i-Irish, ne-US, futhi i - European Union yanikeza ukusekela okungokomnotho nombono wokuthola ukuthi iYurophu ingobani. Namuhla, abadlali bangaphandle basabalulekile, nakuba indawo isishintshile.

I-United States, ngezithunywa ezikhethekile ezilandelanayo ze-Northern Ireland, iye yaqhubeka ikhuthaza ukuxoxa nokutshala imali. UMongameli uBiden, ovame ukukhuluma ngefa lakhe lase-Ireland, uye wathenjiswa ngokwakhe. I-EU isewumthombo omkhulu wezimali ezilungiselelweni zezinhlelo zokuthula, kuhlanganise ne-PUPIS yokuqala. U-UK nohulumeni base-Ireland baqondisa ngokubambisana ukumiswa kwesivumelwano futhi bangene emaqenjini afile (hreeat, New Apply Adment ngo-20202020) kanye nezinkulumo ezaholela ekubuyiselweni kweSikhungo se-PU.

Nokho, umphakathi womhlaba wonke uye wagxekwa futhi ngokuzinza kwangaphambi kokubuyisana kwangempela. Ukugxila ekugcineni izinhlangano ziphila ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwavumela amaqembu amaningi aguqukile ukuba abambezele inguquko. Indima enzima kakhulu evela eMhlanganweni we-Interorgateinmental ingaphoqelela ushintsho lwezakhiwo olunciphisa amandla.

Isibonelo esiwusizo sokuqhathaniswa inqubo yokuthula eBasque Country, lapho inhlanganisela yokutshala izimali, ukuhlangana kwezingxoxo, nokuvumelana kwezinhlangano kuye kwanciphisa ubudlova bezombangazwe nokulawula okuthuthukisiwe. Abadlali bezizwe zonke bangahlanganyela imikhuba emihle futhi basize izingxoxo ngenguquko, kodwa umshayeli oyinhloko kumelwe abe yintando yendawo.

Isiphetho: Ukusekela Amandla Esiphambano

I-Good Wear Agreement yaphumelela ekuqedeni ubudlova obukhulu obusesilinganisweni futhi yakha uhlelo lokubusa okungahlangani. Kulungile ukudumisa leyo mpumelelo. Kodwa manje isivumelwano sezombangazwe sibanjwa phakathi kwamandla amabili: ukucabanga kwamahlelo okuzuzwe njengefa lezinkinga nokuvela, izombangazwe eziningi zoketshezi zomphakathi wangemva komthetho. Ukulawula akunakusebenza uma izinhlangano ezimbili ezinkulu ziphathana njengezinsongo ezikhona kunokuba zibheke izitha ezingokomthetho zezombangazwe.

Ukuze ikusasa liphile, wonke amaqembu kumelwe amukele amaqiniso amaningana angathandeki. Kubantu abahlangene: ushintsho lwenani labantu lusho ukuthi ithonya lobuzwe liyokhula, futhi imizamo yokuvimbela izinqubo zentando yeningi iyokwenza abavoti bathathele kude futhi ilimaze i-Union. Kubantu besizwe: ukuvota umngcele akunakugwenywa noma kusondele, futhi ukufuthela umuntu oyedwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kungenza ukuba kuncishiswe yonke imithetho yokuthula; ukusebenza phakathi kwezinhlangano zokuthuthukisa ukuphila kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokwakha indaba yobunye. Kubantu abaxhuzulane abafana no-Alliance: kumelwe banikwe indima engathi sína ekuhleleni imidanti, ngisho noma imithetho yokulungisa ihlala isendaweni ephezulu kakhulu emahhovisi.

Ishumi leminyaka elizayo lizoba elibucayi. Isibonelo esilawulayo sibonise ukuthi singanwetshwa kodwa singaphulwa. Ngokushintsha ngokucophelela `i-institugal, ezomnotho, namasiko" kungavumelana namaqiniso amasha. Ngaphandle kwenguquko enjalo, ingozi ayikona ukubuyela ezimpini ezilwiwe, kodwa ukuwohloka kancane kancane kubangelwa ukuphelelwa amandla, lapho izinhlangano zikhona ephepheni kodwa zihluleka khona ukunikeza umphakathi ithemba. Abantu baseNyakatho Ireland bafanelwe kangcono kunaleyo. Bafanelwe yizombangazwe ezihamba ngalé kwemibili yenyunyana yenyunyana nolwesizwe futhi babhekane nezinselele zangempela zekhulu leminyaka lama-20.

Izinhlangano zangaphandle − i-UK, i-Ireland, i-EU, ne-US(U) kumelwe ziqhubeke zisebenzisa amandla e-ant kanye nezimali, kodwa umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko uxhomeke kubaholi bendawo. Isibindi sezombangazwe, ukuyekethisa, nokuzimisela ukubeka okuhle okuvamile ngaphezu kweqembu elizimele akuyona inzuzo engaphezulu ngokuzikhethela; ziwumandla abalulekile enjinini kagesi. I-Good Wear Active ilungiselele injini. Manje yisikhathi sokuthuthukisa izingxenye eziye zaphelelwa.