Isivumelwano sezenhlalo singomunye wemibono ehlala njalo nenethonya kakhulu kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe yaseNtshonalanga. Ingaphakathi laso libuza umbuzo olulula ngokukhohlisayo: thina njengabantu ngabanye, sivumelana ngokuthini ngokuphelele noma ngokucacile lapho sikha umphakathi futhi sizithoba ekubusweni kwawo? Izimpendulo ezinikezwayo ezithathe amakhulu amaningi eminyaka ziye zaguqula izinguquko, imithetho-sisekelo, kanye nolimi esilusebenzisayo ekuphikisaneni ngamalungelo, izibopho, nobulungisa. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpande ezingokomlando, izincazelo eziyisihluthulelo zefilosofi, izisusa zanamuhla, kanye nezinkambiso eziphikelelayo zesivumelwano sezenhlalo, futhi sihlola ukuthi izivumelwano ezihilelani izakhamuzi ezishintsha ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi bekhulu lokuqala.

Imvelaphi Yemfundiso Ehlobene Nezenhlalo

Umqondo wokuthi igunya lezombangazwe lithathwa ekuvumeni kwababuswayo awuzange uvele ngokugcwele ekhulwini leshumi nesikhombisa. Abaqondisi bakuqala njengoPlato, emisebenzini enjenge iRepublic, ekhonjwe esivumelwaneni sesisekelo phakathi kwezakhamuzi, kodwa isivumelwano somphakathi sanamuhla esisekelwe phakathi nokukhanyiselwa. Lenkathi yabonakala isuka ebukhosini obufanele baphezulu iqonde ngokwengeziwe, umbono womuntu siqu wemvelo yomuntu kanye ngokomthetho wezombangazwe. Isisekelo siwukuthi ngaphambi kokuba kuhlelwe uhulumeni ohleliwe, lokho izazi zefilosofi ezikubiza ngokuthi imvelo [[FLT] ] [FLT]] [i] [i] [i] abantu] babekhona ngaphandle kwegunya elivamile. Kulokho kuphila, kuye ngokwesimo esifana nesazi sefilosofi, ukuvumelana kwezimiso zezombangazwe, ukuvumelana kwezimiso zezombangazwe ezibusayokuvumelana kwezimiso zomphakathi.

Izikhulu ezintathu zalelisiko `Thomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau''. ngayinye yakha inguquko ehlukile yesivumelwano, ivumela iziphetho ezingafani kakhulu ngobukhulu obufanele bukahulumeni namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Imibono yabo isaqhubeka ivuselela izimpikiswano ngenkululeko, igunya, nobulungisa namuhla.

Izazi Zefilosofi Eziyinhloko Nemibono Yazo

UThomas Hobbes: Ukulondeka Ngaphezu Kwakho Konke

Kubhala phakathi kwesiyaluyalu seMpi Yombango yaseNgilandi, uThomas Hobbes wanyathelisa uLeviathan ngo-1651], ngokuthanda ukuthi ulwelo oluhleleke kakhulu lobukhosi obuphelele obake bavela. Isimo semvelo siyimpi yabantu abalinganayo, abazithandayo ngokuncintisana, ngokuncintisana, ngokuncintisana, nangokuzinika udumo. Ngaphandle kwamandla afanayo okubagcina benokwazisa, wabhala ngodumo, ukuphila kungu , kumpofu, unyazi, futhi kufushane.[FLT].[FLT] Kungekho simo esinjalo, akukho bulungisa, akukho mboni egcwele.

Ukuze baphunyuke kulolu sizi, abantu ngabanye bavumelana ngokuthi noma imuphi umzamo wokumelana nombusi ongokwemvelo, ngaphandle komthwalo owenziwe umbusi noma umkhandlu onegunya eliphelele. Umbusi akayena umkhakha wesivumelwano; izihloko zidlulisela amalungelo azo kumbusi, obe eseyala ukuba kutholwe ukuthula nokulondeka. Abagxeki baye baveza ukuthi noma imuphi umzamo wokumelana nombusi ("ngaphandle kwezimo ezisongela ukuphila komuntu) ngaphandle kokusongela komuntu ngokomzuzwana ungabuyisela umphakathi esizweni semvelo. Lombono odabukisayo ubeka iziqondiso ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye, uthethelela ngisho nobushiqela njengelungelo lokuthola impoqo. Abagxeki baye baveza ukuthi izivumelwano zomuntu ngamunye zinikeza isivikelo esincane ngenkululeko, kodwa ukuphikisana kwakhe kwangempela ngengxabano ehlala isesixwayiso sezizwe ezizweni zezwe nesezingeni.

UJohn Locke: Amalungelo Emvelo Nohulumeni Olinganiselwe

Isivumelwano senhlalo kaJohn Locke, esicaciswe Izivumelwano Ezimbili zikaHulumeni [1689], sihluke kakhulu kuma Hobbes. Isimo semvelo asiyona impi yazo zonke. Kunalokho, siwumbuso wenkululeko ephelele elawulwa umthetho wemvelo, owembula: akekho okufanele alimaza omunye ekuphileni kwabo, impilo, noma impahla, noma impahla . Abantu ngabanye banamalungelo engokwemvelo akhona akhona ekuphileni, inkululeko, noma ukukhomba ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungacacingi, futhi bavumise ukulimala, futhi balungise ukukhinyaniswa kwempahla. Inkinga esimweni semvelo ayidlangile kodwa [FLT] [FFF] [incent] [5] [flence]

Ngakho - ke, abantu bayavuma ukwakha umphakathi wezombangazwe futhi bamise uhulumeni onamagunya alinganiselwe, owembuyiselo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kahulumeni uwukuvikela amalungelo emvelo, ikakhulukazi impahla. Ngokushoshona, isivumelwano sidala ubuhlobo obunemibandela: uma uhulumeni ephula lokho okumethembayo ngokuthatha impahla ngaphandle kwemvume, ukubusa ngokuthanda, noma ukusebenzisa kabi amandla ayo, [1] abantu banelungelo lokuyincibilikisa nokumisa uhulumeni omusha. Imibono ka-Locke yathonya kakhulu abasunguli baseMelika; iSimemezelo senkululeko siveza ulimi lwakhe ngamalungelo angenamthetho namalungelo azimele. U-Locke uhlala eyidwala lombono lwenkululeko, olulawulayo, olusekela umthetho, olugunyazayo, olulawulayomthetho, nombuso wezwe.

UJean-Jacques Rousseau: UJenene Wentando Nenkululeko Yeqiniso

Jean-Jacques Rousseau i-Social Contract (1762]) inikeza ukusuka okukhulu kokubili e Hobbes nase Locke. Rousseau uqala ngomugqa odumile: [“Umuntu uzalwa ekhululekile, futhi kuyo yonke indawo uboshelwe.” kuRousseau, isimo semvelo sasiyisimo sokuthula, sokungabi naluleki lapho abantu babeqondiswa khona yisimo sokuzihambela futhi benesihawu. Izinkinga zaphakama ngokuthuthuka kwempahla yangasese, ezolimo, nokuhlangana, okwadala ukungalingani, ukuncintisana, nokuncikano kwezemfa yodwa.

Ikhambi likaRousseau alibuyi emuva esimweni semvelo kodwa uhlobo lwenhlangano elondoloza inkululeko yelungu ngalinye. Uhlongoza isivumelwano sezenhlalo lapho umuntu ngamunye ehlukanisa wonke amalungelo emphakathini njengeqembu, adala indikimba yabantu abazimele. [umphumela] [umthetho] [uhlobo lwentando ungesona nje] ingqikithi yentando yomuntu kodwa isibopho esihlangene sokwenza okuhle okuvamile. Ngenxa yokuthi isakhamuzi ngasinye sihlanganyela ekudaleni intando yentando yeningi, silalela umthetho womuntu siqu. URosselton uveza ukuthi noma ubani owenqaba ukulalela uzakukhululeka “ukuthika [[FLT] futhi uyokwazi ukuphatha kabi. [ukusetshenziswa kwempoqondo yomthetho wombuso wombuso wezwe lonke.] kungayikho ukugcizelela ukubusa okuvamile, ukugcizelela ukubusa okuvamile, ukubusa nokuthuthukisa ukubusa kwe-fuz.

Isivumelwano Sezenhlalo Engqondweni Yanamuhla Yezombangazwe

Ngemva koRousseau, inkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo yaphela isikhathi esithile, yagxekwa abantu abafana noJeremy Bentham owayilahla njengenganekwane. Nokho, ikhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka labona ukuvuselelwa okuphawulekayo, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini uJohn Rawls[. I-rabouss [[FLT:]. [[FLT:]] [i-'2] Isivumelwano sobuJaji] [[FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [7] [7]] [7] ivuse uvuse abantu abafayodwa bengenakho kumthetho wobulungisa. Usimema ukuba sicabange isimo [ esiphambili] sakuqala [[FLT] futhi sivumele inzuzo enkulu kakhulu, futhi sivumela zonke izimiso ezingoko zomnotho ezingcono. Uma kungcono kakhulu, uma kungcono kakhulu, kungcono nakuhle, kungcono kakhulu kwabantu, kuveza izimo zenzuzo ezimbili ezingcono kanye nezinye.

Ngokuphambene, u-Robert Nozick[FL:1] wavikela uhlelo lwesivumelwano [FLT:] u-Anarchy, State, ne-Utopia. Nozick uphikisa ukuthi noma yisiphi isimo esibanzi kakhulu kune-[fy hour sent] journ joints journal" isifundazwe esilinganiselwe kakhulu sokuvikela ekuphoqelelwe, ukukhwabanisa, ukweba, kanye nokuntshontsha. Uveza ukuvela kwezwe elithile ezweni ngemifela yokuzithandela, ugcizelela ukuthi intela yeze bomvu ilingana nokuphoqelelwa kwemisebenzi ephoqelelwe. Isivumelwano sikaNozick sincane kakhulu sokuvikela i-athomfaza ephethe amandla, kodwa akukho ukuvumelana kwesivumelwano esiqinile. Ingxoxo yenkulumo yenkulumo yezentebo eveza ukuhlanganisa impikiswano yezentengo yeze yeze yeze yeze yeze yeze yeze.

Ezinye iminikelo zanamuhla zihlanganisa uDavid Gauthier, ozama ukumisa ukuziphatha ngendlela enengqondo esebenzisa incazelo yomdlalo nomqondo wesivumelwano “isivumelwano sokusebenza”[ ngaphandle kukahulumeni. [[FLT:] Jürgen Habermas [ unikeza inguquko yesivumelwano yendlela elula yesivumelwano lapho ikhona ihlola khona ingxoxo ephelele, enengqondo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo asiyona into efihlwaywe kodwa indlela yokuphila ngokucabanga ngokusemthethweni, ukubambisana, ukubambisana, nokulunganisa.

Ukubuyiselwa: Isivumelwano Esiphilayo

Kunokuba kube ukuthatha isisekelo sefilosofi, isivumelwano sezenhlalo sizisa ngokuqondile izinkinga zangempela zezwe. Izakhamuzi nohulumeni bayaqhubeka beveza ukulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokulondeka komphakathi, phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nezimpahla zomphakathi, naphakathi kwezibopho zikahulumeni nemithwalo yemfanelo yabantu.

Ukulondeka, Ukudla Okuningi Nokusabela Komoya

Mhlawumbe inkundla yezivumelwano zesivumelwano sezenhlalo ephambili kakhulu: ukuvikela kwesizwe. Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yandisa amandla okuhlola, incishiswa ama-habeas corpus, negunya elikhulisiwe. Izakhamuzi zavuma ngokungazigodli ukungenela kukahulumeni ukuze ziphakanyelwa ubuphekula. Impikiswano ivuselela ukuhweba kwe Hobbes-intest: sizimisele ukudela inkululeko engakanani ukuze siphephe? Abagxeki be-Locke, baphikisa ukuthi amandla anjalo ngokuvamile abahlala njalo futhi axhaphazwa kabi abaphiswa abaphikiswanayo. Izambulo ze-Snowden zibonisa ukuthi ukuqaphaza imvume yomphakathi, ukuphehlanekezelwa kwezelelwa kwezentengo yezentengo yezentengo ngokwezimali, ukufakwa kwezinsika, izikhundla, izibopho eziphoqeshiwe?

Izinhlangano Zezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe buye bakha izinhlobo ezintsha zesivumelwano somphakathi esisebenza ngaphandle kwezombangazwe ezingokwesiko. Uma usayina ulwelwelwe lwe-social wewebhration, uvuma izivumelwano ze-at-of-service (ase-afterce system, uma ivame ukungafundwa, isivumelwano. Lezi zivumelwano zemishini zilawula lokho ongakusho, indlela imininingwane yakho esetshenziswa ngayo, nendlela izingxabano ezixazululiwe ngayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lezi zivumelwano ziwusizo, ukusebenzisa inzuzo yolwazi oluthiymmethis kanye nokushiya abasebenzisi abanamandla amancane angokwenzuzo. Ukuphakama kwesimiso sezenkampanezeko yezente (RG) kubangele ukuba isivumelwano seze esingokomthetho. [ig] ivumelana ngokulingana nomphakathi wonke.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nobulungisa Bezizukulwane Ezinhlobonhlobo

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngokuphathelene nesivumelwano somphakathi ezizukulwaneni. Izinqumo zamanje eziphathelene nokukhishwa kwegesi, ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla, nezakhiwo zithinta abantu abangenazwi enqubweni yanamuhla yezombangazwe ($_FLT]] ingenza isivumelwano somphakathi sihlanganise nezingakazalwa? Izazi zefilosofi ezifana no ] John Rawlts[ kanye [[FLT]]] ne [[FLT]] Imibono ephambene nenzuzo engokwesiko ibambene ngokomthetho [FLT] iveza isivumelwano sezenhlalakahle, kodwa isebenza kancane ibheke ngalé komjikelezo ezamuva. Isivumelwano somphakathi esivuthayo ngempela singadinga izizukulwane zamanje ukunikela inzuzo ethile yezingane ezingenakukwazi ukukhokhela inzuzo. Lokhu kuphikisana nokunye ukuvumelana kwemibono yasombuluko phakathi kwabantu abaphila kanye nezimiso zezombangazwe. Ezinye izimo zezombangazwe zezombangazwe. Ezinye izazi zesivumelwano [Flvent:[Fetmaket]]

Izimo Zomphakathi Ezinkolweni Ezingafani

Nakuba ngokuvamile isiko lesivumelwano sezenhlalo livezwa njengelisungulwe eNtshonalanga, amasiko amaningi aye asungula imiqondo esekelwe emilandweni nasemibonweni yawo siqu yomhlaba. Ukuhlola lezi ezinye izindlela kuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu futhi kuphikise lokho okushiwo abasekeli bomthetho - sisekelo waseYurophu.

Imibono Yomdabu

Abantu abaningi abahlala eNyakatho Melika, e-Australia, nakwezinye izindawo ababesebenza ngezimiso zokubusa ezisekelwe ezivumelwaneni, ezivumelwaneni, nasebuhlotsheni obunye phakathi kwabantu, izwe, nezwe lemimoya. [i-Haudenosaunee] [Iroquoise]) i-Confederacy, ngokwesibonelo, isekelwe eMthethweni Omkhulu wokuthula, isivumelwano somthetho phakathi kwezizwe ezinhlanu (kamuva eziyisithupha) ezamisa umkhandlu wesizwe, ukumelelwa kwesizwe, nokwenza isinqumo ngokuvumelana. Lesimiso siqala ukuxhumana nesivumelwano saseYurophu futhi sivame ukuvezwa njengethonya e-U.. Umthetho wezenhlalo lapha awusekelwe phakathi kwabantu abahlukene kodwa phakathi kwabantu, izigaba, izivumelwano ezingokwemvelo, nezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezihlangene. Izivumelwano zesivumelwano sesivumelwano sezwe sihlanganisa izivumelwano ezinqunywe kakhulu.

Amafilosofi AseMpumalanga

UbuConfucius, obuye badala imiphakathi yaseMpumalanga yeminyaka engaphezu kwemibili, bugcizelela ukuvumelana, ukuphathana kwesigaba, nokufeza imisebenzi elandelwayo esikhundleni samalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Embonweni kaConfucian, umbusi unesibopho sokuziphatha sokunakekela abantu, futhi abantu bafanele ukwethembeka nokulalela, kodwa uma umbusi elawula ngomusa. [iSipho] sezulu [[FLT] [[FLT]] [1] esisemqondweni waseChina siwuhlobo lwesivumelwano senhlalo: imibuso ephethe amandla kuphela uma nje ibusa ngokufanelekile; izinhlekelele zemvelo nokuvukela kuyizimpawu zokuthiwa kwegunya. Lo mbono uLea imvume yokuguquka, nakuba ihlelwe ngokwezibo zomphakathi, nakuba izivumelwano zenhlenganye. EJapane, umqondo wanamuhla [FFoct:] [2] [Focterson, futhi uyaqhubeka ukuvumelana kwezimiso zezombangazwe zezombangazwe ezihlanganisa izibo kanye nezinsukelo zomphakathi.

Izincwadi Zezenhlalakahle Zezenhlalo

Naphezu kwethonya laso elihlala njalo, isiko lesivumelwano sezenhlalo liye labhekana nenhlanganisela eqinile nenamandla ngokuyibeka ngezindlela eziningi. lokhu kugxeka akuwubhubhisi ngempela lomqondo kodwa kusiphoqelela ukuba siwucwengisise, siqaphele ukulinganiselwa kwawo okungokomlando, futhi silwele ukuhumusha okwengeziwe okuhlanganisa izinto.

Icebo Lokuzitika Ngezifebe

Abancintisani abancintisana nabesifazane, ngokuvelele kakhulu i-Carole Patman Isivumelwano seNkcubeko yezobulili [[[1988], siphikisa ukuthi isivumelwano esivamile somphakathi singububhishobhi obuyinhloko. “owesidala" eHobbe, uLocte, noRousseau uyinhloko yekhaya yabesilisa. Isivumelwano phakathi kwabantu sokwakha umphakathi ngesikhathi esisodwa sidala isivumelwano sobulili [[[[FLT:] esingokomthetho [[FLT] [i] [i] [impost:5] esingaphansi kwabantu abahlala endaweni yangasese, abesifazane bakhishwa esivumelweni sokuqala nesasendawo esikhona, lapho benziwa khona futhi benziwa khona izivumelwano ezingokomphakathini ezikhona. Izivumelwano ezingokomphakathi esikhona zidinga ukusekela futhi zitholakale kakhulu.

Amaqembu Angemva Kobukoloni Nawokushisekela Uhlanga

Izazi zangemva kwe-colonian, njenge- . Mills [[FLT]] Isivumelwano sobuhlanga [[[FLT:] [1997]], siphikisa ukuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo asikho embulungeni yonke kodwa [ [i-racial [[FLT]] [[[FLT]]]. Isivumelwano sezenhlalo sezenhlalo sasiyisivumelwano esingokomlando phakathi kwabamhlophe ukumisa imingcele yobuhlanga elawula izinhlanga ezingekho mpuma. Isivumelwano esicacile noma esibonisa abantu abathile njengabancinti abambalwa, futhi abangekhona ngokomthetho, izivumelwano ezinhlanjeni ezinhlanjeni ezinhlalweni ezingokomphakathi. Izivumelwano ezingokomphakathini ezingokomhlaba zonke zihlanganisa izivumelwano zezizwe ezinhlanje, izivumelwano eziqinile, njengoba nje zinjalo, izinhlangano zezizwe ezingokomhlaba zifaka izivumelwano eziqinile, ezinhlanje, ezinhlandlayo, zihlanganisa nezindawo ezinhlandla, ezinhlandlayo

UMarx Nezazi Zenkolo

Kwesobunxele, amaMarx nama-ronostic agxeka isivumelwano sezenhlalo njengesifihla - mbono sokubusa isigaba. Karl Marx waphikisa ngokuthi umbuso awusona i-arbiter kodwa uyithuluzi lesigaba esibusayo. Isivumelwano esibizwa kanjalo sigunyaza isimiso sempahla yomuntu siqu esixhaphaza izisebenzi. Isivumelwano esicatshangelwayo asikunaki ukuhlukana okukhulu emandleni nasemithonjeni. Isivumelwano esibalelwayo siyasilahla sonke isimo, ibona noma yisiphi izivumelwano esibusayo. Abashicileli bezwe njengaye uJoseph Perhon[FLD:3] futhi [FLT] futhi [FLT] i-Mikilkhain [Foct5] inqaba izivumelwano ezingokomthetho, izibona zikhona izivumelwano zegunyazwe.

Inkinga Yokuvuma Nezindaba Eziqanjiwe Ezingokomlando

Okunye ukuphikisa okuphikelelayo ukuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo siyinganekwane engokomlando. Akekho umuntu owake wasayina isivumelwano sokusungula umphakathi. Ama-hobbe, ama-Locke, noRouss ayekwazi lokhu; athembisa isivumelwano njengesivumelwano sokuqamba noma sokuvuselela ngokuhlunga, hhayi isenzakalo esingokomlando. Kodwa abagxeki abanjengo [[[FLT: 0]] uDavid Hume waphikisana ngokuthi cishe bonke ohulumeni abakhona baqala ekunqobeni noma ekuthatheni imvume, futhi abavumelani, nokuthi isivumelwano esicatshangelwayo asinikezi sibopho sangempela. Izazi zefilosofi zamuva ziye zasabela ngokuhlukanisa phakathi kwemvume ecacile (oaths, ukuvota) kanye nokuvumelana kwayo okungaqiniseki kakhulu, (ukukholisa izinzuzo zesimiso sesimiso). Futhi ukungezwa komuntu ozalelwe phansi komthetho wanamuhla, futhi abenzi besivumelwano esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Isivumelwano Esijikelezayo

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo asilona isiqinisekiso esisayiniwe kanye futhi sonke. Siwumbono ophilayo, ophikiswayo wokuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sichaze futhi siphinde siphinde sihlolwe. Imibono yokuqala ka Hobbes, uLocke, noRousseau iyaqhubeka inikeza izincazelo ezibalulekile zokuphikisana ngegunya, amalungelo, kanye nokuhle okuvamile. Ongqondo bezimanje abanjengo-Rawlls noNozick baye bahlaziya futhi babekela lezozici. Okwamanje, amafashillane, kanye namakhonya emvelo ayaqhubeka asishukumisela ukuba sandise isangqa salabo ababonwa njengamaqembu esivumelwano, abesifazane, abantu bemibala engaphambili, izizukulwane ezizayo, nezemvelo.

Sivumelana ngokuthi sivumelana nani lapho sikha umphakathi. Impendulo ixhomeke ekutheni ubani obuzayo, ophiwa engxoxweni, naziphi izinselele esibhekana nazo. Kulenkathi yesimo sezulu esiphuthumayo, ukuqapha kwamanani, nokuphinde sisebenzise i-populist, isivumelwano somphakathi sibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Simema ngamunye wethu ukuba acabange ngezindinganiso zokuphila kwethu okuhlangene: inkululeko esiyithandayo, ukulondeka esifunayo, ukulingana esikubekezelelayo, nezibopho esizibophayo kubantu esingabaziyo, omakhelwane, nenzalo. Ukuhlanganyela isivumelwano sezenhlalo akusona nje isiko semfundo yemfundo nje kuphela. Kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuba isakhamuzi esicabangelayo ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi.