Ilungelo Lokulingana: Uhambo Olungasheshi

Ilungelo lokulingana liyisisekelo semiphakathi yanamuhla yentando yeningi, egxile kumthetho-sisekelo, izivumelwano, nesibonelo sokwahlulela emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphakathi, lifuna ukuba wonke umuntu aphathwe ngesithunzi esifanayo, anikezwe isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi avikelwe ekucwaseni okusekelwe ezicini eziqinile ezinjengohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, noma indlela yobulili. Kodwa ukuhumusha lenhloso engokoqobo ekhona kuhlala kungezinye zezinselele eziphikelelayo zekhulu lama-21. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso ezingokomthetho ezisekela ukulingana, sihlola ukuhlelwa kwecala lencwadi okuye kwaguqula incazelo yayo, futhi sihlaziya imigoqo eqhubeka ivimbela ukuqaphela kwayo ngokugcwele.

Izikhungo Zomthetho Zamazwe Ngamazwe Zokulingana

Isimiso samalungelo abantu sezizwe zonke, kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama - 3520, siye saveza ukuvumelana okukhulu ngelungelo lokulingana.

ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu

I- Isimemezelo sobuzwe samalungelo abantu [UTHR] esithathwe yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1948] (UDHR) simemezela eSiphakameni 1 ukuthi “bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belingana ngamalungelo.” ISiphakamiso 2 senqabela ukucwaswa ngezizathu ezinjengohlanga, ibala, ulimi, inkolo, umbono wezombangazwe, imvelaphi yesizwe, ukuzalwa, noma esinye isikhundla. Nakuba i-UDHR ngokwayo ingaboshelwa ngokomthetho, izimiso zayo ziye zahlanganiswa ezivumelwaneni ezibophaka izivumelwano futhi zime umthetho wezizwe zonke.

Izivumelwano Zezizwe Zonke

Izivumelwano ezimbili eziyinhloko ezinikeza i - UDHR amandla angokomthetho yi - International Parvey on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) ne - International Common Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), zombili ezamukelwa ngo - 1966.

  • ICCPR - ISiphakamiso 26 siqinisekisa ukuthi “bonke abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho futhi banelungelo lokungacwasi kuvikelwe okulinganayo komthetho.” Leli lungiselelo liye lachazwa iKomiti yamaLungelo obuntu ukuba ifune ama-odoculture ukuqinisekisa amakhambi aphumelelayo ngokumelene nobandlululo kokubili ezimbulunga zomphakathi nezezomuntu.
  • ICR - ISiphakamiso 2(2) sifuna ukuba ama-odoli aqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo abekwe eSivumelwaneni “ayosetshenziswa ngaphandle kobandlululo lwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lohlanga, umbala, ubulili, ulimi, inkolo, umbono wezombangazwe noma omunye, umsuka wezwe noma wezenhlalo, impahla, ukuzalwa noma esinye isimo.” Nakuba kugxile elungeni lezomnotho nelomphakathi – njengamalungelo okusebenza (Artle 6), ilungelo lokuthola izinga elanele lokuphila (i-Artle 11), kanye nelemfundo elungile (i-Artle – isibopho sokungahlanganiwe-66) isibopho sokuqaphela.

Izivumelwano Ezikhethekile

Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano ezivamile, izivumelwano eziningana ezikhethekile zikhuluma ngezinhlobo ezithile zobandlululo:

  • Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke sokuqeda iMikhakha Zonke yobandlululo lwezinhlanga [ – - Ithathwe ngo 1965, sibopha iZwe ukuqeda ubandlululo lwezinhlanga kuzo zonke izinhlobo zalo nokuthuthukisa ukuqonda phakathi kwezinhlanga.
  • Ukususa zonke izinhlobo zobandlululo ngokumelene nabesifazane - ngokuvamile kuchazwa njengesivumelwano samalungelo abesifazane emhlabeni wonke, i-CEDAW ifuna ukuba iZwe lithathe zonke izinyathelo ezifanele zokuqeda ukucwasa abesifazane kwezombangazwe, kwezomnotho, kwezenhlalo, nakwezenhlalo.
  • Ukuncishiswa kwamalungelo abantu abakhubazekile (CRPD)--okanye kwatholwa ngo- 2006, kuqaphela ngokucacile ukuthi ukukhubazeka akusona isizathu sokuphika ukulingana futhi kudinga ukutholakala, indawo yokuhlala enengqondo, nokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele.

Lezi zinsimbi, kanye nezimiso zesifunda ezinjenge - European Convention on Human Rights (Article 14) ne - African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (Artle 2), zakha iqoqo elihlangene lemithetho echaza ilungelo lomhlaba wonke lokulingana.

Imisebenzi Yesizwe Yezomthetho: Izivikelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Nemithetho Yomthetho

Amazwe aguqula izibopho zezizwe zonke zibe umthetho wezwe ngemithetho-sisekelo, imithetho emelene nokuphikisana, nencazelo yokwahlulela.

Izifanekiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho - sisekelo wesimanje uhlanganisa inombolo elinganayo.

  • United States-ISichibiyelo seshumi nane (1868) sinikeza ukuthi akukho Zwe “liyokwehlela kunoma yimuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwegunya lalo isivikelo esifanayo semithetho.” Lomusho uye waba umzabalazo wokulwela ukulingana kwezinhlanga, ukulingana kwabobulili obufanayo, neLGBTQ+ amalungelo, nakuba i-U.S. ingenawo umthetho kahulumeni obanzi omelene no-(i-6discrimi) omboza zonke izihloko.
  • I-Afrika yaseNingizimu - I-post à aparartheid Constitution (1996) iphakathi kwecacile kakhulu. Ingxenye 9 ithi “Umbuso awungacwasi ngokungakhethi noma ngokungaqondile kunoma ubani ngezizathu ezihlukene, kuhlanganise uhlanga, ubulili, ubulili, ukukhulelwa, isimo somshado, imvelaphi yohlanga noma yezenhlalo, isizinda, ukukhubazeka, inkolo, inkolelo, ulimi, nokuzalwa." Ivumela futhi ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuqhubekisela phambili abantu ababhekene nobandlululo.
  • I-indiya - Iqephu 14 loMthetho-sisekelo liqinisekisa ukulingana phambi komthetho nesivikelo esilinganayo semithetho. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya inikeze le lungiselelo incazelo ebanzi, ifunda ukunqabela isenzo sikahulumeni esizimele futhi ifune ukuba abantu baphathwe ngendlela efanayo. Amalungiselelo awengeziwe avimbela ukucwaswa ezisekelweni zenkolo, uhlanga, isigaba, ubulili, noma indawo yokuzalwa (i-Actle) futhi aqeda “ukungacunulwa” (i-Article 17).
  • +-Ingxenye 15 yeCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) iqinisekisa ukulingana phambi nangaphansi komthetho nelungelo lokulingana isivikelo nenzuzo ngaphandle kokucwaswa. Isiqinisekiso se-Charter sisetshenziselwa ukubulala imithetho ehlukanisayo ngesisekelo sokukhubazeka ngokobulili, isimo somshado, nokukhubazeka.

Izimboni Zesafomethi

Amazwe amaningi amisa futhi umthetho oqondile wokusingatha ukucwasana. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho woManyano woManyano wokungalingani ka-2010 uhlanganisa imithetho yangaphambili futhi unqabela ukucwaswa ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokuhlukunyezwa ezicini ezingu-9 ezivikelwe: iminyaka yobudala, ukukhubazeka, ukumiswa kobulili, ukushada nobudlelwane bomphakathi, ukukhulelwa, uhlanga, inkolo, ubulili, kanye nendlela yobulili. Ngokufanayo, i-European Union i-Iacial Erefective Direction [ kanye [FLT:] nokubekwa kabusha ubulili, ukulingana, ukuhlangana komshado, ukuzalwa, ukuzalwa, inkolelo, ukuhlangana kwenkanuko, kanye nokungahlanga.[FLT]]

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni amalungelo okulingana, ngokuvamile ukuze kuphendulwe izikhalo ezithile ezibangelwa abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu obuqaba.

Ukuhlola Izimpawu Zophawu

Izinqumo zokwahlulela ziye zayishintsha ngokuphindaphindiwe incazelo yokulingana, ziphoqelela amazwe ukuba abhekane nokucwaswa okungokwesimiso futhi andise isivikelo emaqenjini angaphansi.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – United States

Kumthetho ovumelanayo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yamemezela ukuthi ubandlululo lobuhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi lwalungalingani ngokwemvelo, ibulala imfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” eyasungulwa Pnety v. Ferguson [1896]. IJaji eliyinhloko u-Earl Warren labhala ukuthi“ izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene azilingani ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezemfundo kwabangela umuzwa wokungalingani komthetho e-Afrika . Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwabangelwa yi-fluvens . kwabhekana nokuphikiswa okunonyantinye okunomthetho kwaba yi-BROWN [[FLT] engokomthetho wenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi kanye nophawu lwembulunga yonke lwamandla omthetho womthetho womthetho.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – United States

Lelicala eliyingqopha - mlando lalithi ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada liqinisekiswe imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili ngaphansi kwe-Cult Programme and Aumement Clauses of the 14neth Refection. Umbono wabaningi wagcizelela ukuthi umshado “uyisihluthulelo sohlelo lwethu lomphakathi” nokuthi ukuphika imibhangqwana efanayo engowexekisiwe ilungelo lokushada lilulaza isithunzi sayo nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Isinqumo esingokomthetho esifanayo esingokomthetho somshado owe-6x esingokomthetho ezweni lonke, esakhela ezinqumweni ezinjenge United States v. Windstor[[FL:1] (2013])

UNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zasekhaya v. Fourie (2006 – South Africa

INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo yaseNingizimu Afrika yanquma ukuthi incazelo evamile yecala lomshado njengesibopho phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane engacwasi ngokufanelekile yalahla imibhangqwana engocansi ngokumelene nomthetho-sisekelo ofanayo. INkantolo yanikeza iPhalamende unyaka owodwa ukuba lilungise umthetho; lapho lihluleka ukwenza, iNkantolo ngokwayo yandisa incazelo. Isinqumo saqinisa isibopho seNingizimu Afrika sokuzibophezela esikhundleni somuntu nesilinganiso sabo bonke, silenza izwe lokuqala lase-Afrika laqaphela umshado ofanayo.

Isifunda saseClayton (2020) – e - United States

Esinqumweni esingu-6763, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yachaza iSihlomo VII soMthetho ka-1944, owenqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngenxa “yobulili,” ukuvikela izisebenzi ekucwaseni ngesisekelo sobulili noma isimo sobushelezi. UMahluleli uNeil Gorfoth wabhala ukuthi“ umqashi odubula umuntu ngenxa yokuba ngungqingili noma ukudubulana komuntu ngenxa yezici noma izenzo zakhe ngeke akhonothezeke emalungwini ocansini ahlukile.” Isinqumo sandisa isivikelo sikahulumeni esingabangabanga 0.[2] I-1962. I-DBTQ+ izisebenzi ezisebenza.

P v. S noCornwall County Council (1996) – European Union

INkantolo yeJaji ye-European Union (ngalesosikhathi iNkantolo yoLuntu yaseYurophu yoMahlulelo) yanquma ukuthi ukucwaswa kowesifazane oshintshwayo owayekhishwe emsebenzini wakhe kwakuwubandlululo olusekelwe ebulilini ngaphansi kwe-EU’s Amedial Treatment Directive. INkantolo yathi “uma umuntu engaphathwa kahle ngenxa yokungavunyelwa kwakhe, ilungelo lakhe lokulingana liyaphulwa.” Lesi sinqumo savulela indlela ukuqaphela kwakhe kamuva ubulili njengemfanelo evikelekile emsebenzini nangaphandle.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Zokulingana

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka entuthuko engokomthetho, ilungelo lokulingana libhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu.

Ukungafani Nokucwaswa Ngokwengeziwe

Abantu ngokuvamile babhekana nobandlululo ngezizathu eziningi kanye kanye – ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane onsundu angase abhekane nakho kokubili ubuhlanga nobulili, futhi umphumela ohlangene awunawo nje umphumela. izimiso zomthetho ezisingatha isici ngasinye esivikelekile ngokuhlukaniswa zingahluleka ukuveza umonakalo oyingqayizivele wokucwasana kwemigwaqo. Izinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho ziqala nje ukusungula izimiso ezisingatha le nkinga eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukungalingani Kwesimiso Nokuhlelwa

Imithetho inganqabela ukucwasana okuqondile kuyilapho ivumela ukwahlukana kwezakhiwo kuqhubeke. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwahlukana kwezinhlanga ngengcebo, izindlu, imfundo, nobulungisa bobugebengu ngokuvamile kubangelwa amashumi eminyaka endlu yomthetho elandelwa izimiso ezingokomthetho ezingathathi hlangothi ebusweni ezikhuthaza ukungalungi. Ukuthatha izinhlelo zobumpumputhe noma zohlanga kungakuvimbela ukungalingani okungaqondakali. Isenzo sokuqinisa ukulingana kwezezombangazwe nezinye izinyathelo zokulungisa kuhlala kunengxabano.

Izithiyo Zokuphoqelela Nokuthola Ubulungisa

Ngisho nalapho kunemithetho enamandla enqabela ukuhlukana, izisulu zivame ukubhekana nezithiyo eziphawulekayo zokugcinwa kwemithetho: izindleko eziphakeme zomthetho, usizo olulinganiselwe olungokomthetho, ukwesaba ukuziphindiselela, nokuntula ulwazi ngamalungelo azo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubandlululo oluningi luyehluleka ngoba ukucwasa ngenhloso kunzima. Ukucwasana okungaqondile (ithonya elihlukile) kuyaqashelwa kwezinye izifunda kodwa kuhlala kungenalusizo.

Ukumelana Nezingxabano Nezombangazwe

Intuthuko eqondene nokulingana ivame ukubangela ukuphikiswa okukhulu. Ukwanda kwe-LGBTQ+ amalungelo kuye kwahlangatshezwana nokuncishiswa kwemithetho, kuhlanganise nemithetho kwamanye amazwe evimbela amalungelo okudluliswa kwemithetho noma evumela ukwenqaba izinkonzo ezisekelwe ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo. Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano zobulungisa zobuhlanga njenge-Black Live Matter ziye zabhekana nokuphikiswa okunzima, futhi ukwenqaba izinhlelo zemfundo nomsebenzi kuye kwabekelwa inselele ngokomthetho futhi kwezinye izimo zihlehlela emuva.

Ukwehlukana Kwezinombolo Nezinhlobo Ezihlanganisayo Zokungalingani

Njengoba imiphakathi iqala ukuhlelwa ngokwesilinganiso, izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo zisuka kubandlululo olungokobukhoma ekuqasheni nasekubolelweni kwemali ebhadlikile nokufunda ngemitapo. Lezi zici zivame ukudwebela ekungalinganini okukhona okusekelwe emalini, ewubala, nakwenkathi, zisongela ukudala umphakathi onezigaba ezimbili.

Imfundo, Umphakathi Wangaphakathi, Nendlela Ephambili

Ukulingana okuhlala njalo kudinga isiko elibheka izinto ezihlukahlukene futhi elimelene nokucwasa.

Imfundo Yamalungelo Abantu

Ukunyusela amalungelo abantu ezikoleni ezisontweni zangemva kwesikole kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde izimiso zokulingana, isithunzi, nokwehlukana. Izinhlelo ezinjengesimiso se- se-Amnesty International Human Rights Education [ zinikeza abafundisi imithombo yokusiza ukuthuthukisa izingxoxo zokulingana nobulungisa bezenhlalo. Uma abantwana befunda ukuqaphela nokubekela inselele ukuguquguquka kwakuqala, bangaba yizisulu zokuguqula.

Ukuhlelwa Komphakathi Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo

Izinhlangano ze-rasroot ngokuvamile ziyizithunywa eziphumelela kakhulu zoshintsho. Amaqembu anjenge- American Liberies Union (ACLU) isebenzisa i-ligitation, ukudlulisa, nemfundo yomphakathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulingana. ENdiya, izinhlangano ezinjenge Human Rights Law Network zinikeza usizo olusemthethweni emiphakathini encitshisiwe. E-South Africa, i-Legionac Resources Centre iyaqhubeka isebenzisa izakhiwo, izwe, kanye nezemfundo yomphakathi ukulingana kwezenhlalakahle.

Amandla Angokomthetho Futhi Wazi Ngo - 93 Imikhankaso Yakho Elungile

Ohulumeni no-NGOS bangakhankasela imikhankaso yokuqapha echaza izivikelo ezimelene nokungavumelani namafayela ngolimi olucacile, banikeze ukwaziswa ngendlela yokuwanikeza amafayela akhonondayo, futhi bawanikeze usizo olungokomthetho olukhululekile noma oluphansi. Izinhlelo zezimoto namapulatifomu e - Internet zisetshenziswa ngokwandayo ukusiza izisulu ukuba zisize izincwadi futhi zibike ubandlululo.

Ukuqoqwa Kwemininingwane Nokulandisa

Ukuze kulwiwe nokungalingani kwezimiso, ohulumeni kumelwe baqoqe futhi banyathelise ukwaziswa okungahambisani nemiphumela ngemiphumela yobuhlanga, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izigaba. Lo kwaziswa kungaveza ukuhluka, inqubo yokwazisa, futhi kugcine izinhlangano zinesibopho sokulandisa. Nokho, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kumelwe kuhloniphe imfihlo futhi kugweme ukugcizelela izinkolelo eziguquguqukayo.

Isiphetho

Ilungelo lokulingana liye labekwa emthethweni wezizwe zonke nowesizwe iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa, nokho igebe phakathi kwesimiso nomkhuba lisekhona. Izinqumo zenkantolo yezwe ezithatha indawo ziqhubele phambili amalungelo ezinhlanga ezincane, abesifazane, abantu abakhubazekile, namanye amaqembu, kodwa ukunqoba ngakunye kulandelwa izinselele ezintsha. Ukusekela nokunweba isilinganiso kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukugcizelela okuqinile, imfundo egcwele, kanye nomphakathi wesizwe ongafuni ukwamukela ubuhlanga obuvamile banoma isigaba sikabani. Njengoba izinhlangano zihlukana kakhulu futhi zihlangana, imfuneko yokuqaphela ilungelo lokulingana kwabo bonke ayigcini nje kuphela isibopho esingokomthetho kodwa esingokokuziphatha okudingekayo ezweni elilungile nelinokuthula.