Isingeniso: Isidingo Esikhulayo Sokuqashelwa Komshado Wesiphambano

Imishado yomhlaba wonke neyamaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukene iye yanda emashumini eminyaka amuva, iqhutshwa ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukufuduka okukhuphukile, nokuthatha ama - Internet. Ucwaningo lwango-2020 lwe-Pew Research Center eUnited States luthole ukuthi cishe oyedwa kwabasanda kushada nothile wohlanga oluhlukile noma ubuzwe obuhlukile, futhi abaningi balezo zinyunyana bahlanganisa abantu abahlala emazweni ahlukene. Nakuba uthando lungase lungazi mingcele, umthetho uvame ukuqaphela okungokomthetho umshado owenziwe kwelinye izwe kungahluka kakhulu lapho umbhangqwana uthuthela kwelinye izwe, uthinta yonke into ekuthuthelekeni kwefa.

Kudokotela abangokomthetho, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nemibhangqwana ngokwayo, ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho yesizwe, izivumelwano zezizwe zonke, nenqubo yomphakathi okuhlukile akuseyona into engenziwa ngokuzithandela. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezilawula ukuqashelwa kwemishado ehlobene nezindawo zomphakathi, sihlola izinselele eziphakamayo, futhi sinikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo sokulawula lendawo eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho wemikhaya nowezizwe zonke.

Ukuqashelwa Kwezincwadi Zomshado Ezingokomthetho

Izimiso Ezivamile: I - lex Loci Celestionis Ne - common

Amazwe amaningi alandela isimiso se- i-lex locis.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma umbhangqwana ushada ngokomthetho eMexico ngaphansi komthetho waseMexico, umshado uyoqashelwa njengewufaneleke e-United States, ngisho noma lomkhosi ungavumelani nemithetho yomshado kahulumeni wase-U.S. Nokho, lokhu kushada kungancitshiswa umthetho wezwe [ wecala , ovumela uhulumeni ukuba unqabe ukuqashelwa komshado wangaphandle uma ungqubuzana nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zasekhaya, njengokuvinjelwa kwesithembu, ukulalana, noma ukushada nothile.

Izivumelwano Nemihlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Amathuluzi amaningana asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ahlose ukuvumelanisa ukuqashelwa komshado emingceleni. Okubaluleke kakhulu yi- Ingqungquthela ka- 1978 emkhosini nasekuqashelweni kwe-screens (i-FLT:1] (iNhlangano yomshado). Yaklanyelwa ukunciphisa “imishado exhuzulayo” ."/izivumelwano eziqashelwayo ezizweni ezithile kodwa hhayi ezinye. I-Convention ifuna izimpawu zokuqaphela imishadolo egujwa ngokomthetho ngaphansi komthetho wezwe lomkhosi, ngezizathu ezilinganiselwe zokwenqaba (umz., ukwephulwa kwesimiso somphakathi esibalulekile).

Nokho, amazwe ambalwa kuphela (kuhlanganise i-Australia, iNetherlands, ne-United Kingdom) aye agunyaza uMhlangano weHague ka- 1978. Amazwe amaningi amakhulu, kuhlanganise ne-United States ne-Canada, awayona imibuthano. Ngenxa yalokho, izivumelwano ze-biverdal nemithetho yasekhaya yemithetho ihlala iyimishini eyinhloko yokuqaphela umshado. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eminingi nge-Convention, bheka umbhalo we- we-Hague Conference [.

Another relevant instrument is the United Nations Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age and Registration of Marriages (1962), which sets standards to prevent forced and child marriages, though its enforcement mechanisms are weak. Countries also use regional frameworks, such as European Union regulations on jurisdiction and recognition of judgments (Brussels II bis), which indirectly affect marriage recognition by governing divorce and parental responsibility.

Ukungqubuzana Kwemithetho Okusetshenziswayo

Uma umshado uhilela izinkolo ezivela emazweni ahlukene, noma wenziwa kwelinye izwe lapho umbhangqwana uhlala kwelinye, kuphakama imibuzo yezingxabano. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi yimuphi umthetho obusa wokufaneleka (umz., umthetho ofanele, ukubhalisa) futhi yimuphi umthetho olawula ukufaneleka [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [umz.3] (umz., ikhono lokushada, ukuvumelana, iminyaka emincane). Ngokuvamile, amazwe asebenzisa imithetho ehlukene: eminye imithetho esetshenziswayo yendoda, eminye imithetho yendawo yomkhosi, neminye umthetho wendawo yomkhosi, kanye neminye imithetho yekhaya.

Izindlela eziguquguqukayo zingaholela ekubeni umshado ube ofanele kwelinye izwe kodwa ongekho kwenye indawo.

Izinselele Ezivamile Ekuqashelweni Kwesiphambano Somshado

Ukungafani Ebudaleni Obungokomthetho Nezimfuneko Ezivumelanayo

Umthombo ovamile wokungavuselelwa yizinto eziphikisanayo ebudaleni obuncane bomshado. Nakuba amazwe amaningi emisa iminyaka engu-18 ubudala, amanye avumela ukushada esemancane ngemvume yabazali noma ngemvume yokwahlulela. Umshado owenzelwa esizweni lapho iminyaka engokomthetho ingu-16 ingaqashelwa ezweni lapho ubuncane bungu-18, ikakhulukazi uma umntwana engaphansi kweminyaka efunekayo ngesikhathi somshado. Inqubo yomphakathi ivame ukufakwa lapha.

Imishado Edumile

Isithembu singokomthetho noma sibekezelelwe emazweni angaphezu kwama-40, ngokuyinhloko ezingxenyeni ze-Afrika, iMpumalanga Ephakathi, ne-Asia. Indoda ingase ishade namakhosikazi amaningi ngaphansi komthetho wezwe layo. Kodwa uma umkhaya uthuthela ezweni elinqabela kakhulu isithembu (umz., i-United States, Canada, ingxenye enkulu yeYurophu), imishado yesibili nelandelayo ngeke iqashelwe ngenxa yezinjongo zokufuduka noma ifa. Lokhu kubangela izinkinga ezinkulu eziwusizo, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni zamakhosikazi alandela.

Imishado Efanayo

Ukuqashelwa kwemishado efanayo-ubulili kuye kwaba enye yezimpikiswano ezinkulu kakhulu emalini omphakathi. Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe angaphezu kuka-30 aye abhalisa umshado oxubile, kodwa amanye amaningi awaziqapheli nhlobo izibopho ezinjalo. Ngisho nasemazweni avumela umshado owengeziwe, imishado kahulumeni. Ukuqaphela okungokomthetho kungaba yinkinga (umz., eUnited States [[FLT: 0]]] wawa kanye. Hodges). Imibhangqwana evumela umshado owengeziwe, uhulumeni ungaba nokuqaphela okusemthethweni lapho umshado wayo usebenza khona ezweni lokugubhalisa kodwa uncishiwe amalungelo awo, uthinta amalungelo entela, izinzuzo, nesinqumo sezezokwelapha. INkakhulululo YaseYurophu: [Frve] futhi iqala ukuqaphela ezinye izivumelwano zemishado ngokomthetho.[3]

Imishado Esebenza Ngeposi Nezingcingo

Amanye amazwe avumela imishado ukuba yenziwe ngevoti (yedwa noma bobabili abahlukene) noma ngokunganaki nge-computer. Imishado enjalo ivame ukubhekwa ngokusola ezinye izifundazwe, ezingase zidinge ukuba khona kwamaqembu. Imishado elawulayo ivame kakhulu ikakhulukazi empini noma phakathi kwezinhlengo, kodwa ibhekene nezingozi ezinkulu ezingaveli uma kamuva umbhangqwana uthuthela ezweni elidinga ukubukeka komuntu siqu.

I-Ceremonies yesiko nezenkolo ziphikisana nobhaliso lomphakathi

Emasikweni amaningi, imikhosi yenkolo ibaluleke kakhulu, kuyilapho ukubhalisa komphakathi kubhekwa njengomthetho wezentengiselwano. Nokho, amazwe amaningi aseNtshonalanga adinga ukubhaliswa komphakathi okufanelekile njengesimo sokuqashelwa ngokomthetho. Umbhangqwana oshade kuphela esontweni noma emaSulumane ngaphandle komthendeleko wombuso womshado owenziwe impoqo ungathola ukuhlangana kwawo kungaqondakali ngenxa yezinjongo zokufuduka noma ifa. Lokhu kuyinselele evamile emibhangqwaneni evela emazweni lapho izikhulu zenkolo ziqhuba khona imishado ebophayo ngokomthetho (umz., ezinye izizwe zamaSulumane) ezithuthela ezikhundleni zezwe.

Izicelo Ezingokomthetho Zokungavunyelwa

Ukuthuthwa Kwabantu Nokubuyiselwa Kwamalungelo

Omunye wemiphumela eshesha kakhulu yokungaphinde kungene ukuhlukana kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Ama-pasal emvume (ahn) okungawavumeli ukuba aphinde angene ezweni. I-passel imelass (ezokuhlanganisa umkhaya, indawo yokuhlala ehlala kulo, noma izakhamuzi), ukuthatha isiqinisekiso somshado osemthethweni. Uma izwe elimemile lingawubheki njengombhangqwana oshadile, oshade naye wangaphandle angase anqatshwe ukungena, abekwe ebhayisekeni yesikhathi eside esiyingozi, noma ngisho naso kanye nokudingiswa. Lena bekuyimpikiswano enkulu yemibhangqwana ehlangene engokwandeni ehlangene nabehlukene ngaphambi kokulingana komshado, futhi ihlala iyinselele imibhangqwana emishadweni ethwe yisibangeni elingu noma emishadweni ethile. Ukuqondiswa okungokomthetho kokuqashelwa ngomshado wangaphandle, bheka i-U. U. U. U. Umnyango wezwe lomkhaya wokwamuko-FLD.[FF.]

Ifa Nokwaba Ifa

Uma umshado ungaqashelwa, umngane womshado osele ulahlekelwa amalungelo efa azimele emikhandlwini eminingi yokuthola izingane. Angase abhekwe njengesihambi esingokomthetho, ngisho noma ahlala nofile amashumi amaningi eminyaka futhi akhulise abantwana ndawonye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe amaningi akhulula abangane bawo abashadile ezintela zefa noma izinto eziza kuqala ekunakekeleni izindawo; abangane bomshado abangaqashelwanga balahlekelwa yilezinzuzo. Ukuze bazivikele, imibhangqwana emishadobani ephakathi kwemidabu kufanele icabangele ukubopha izivumelwano zefa nezivumelwano zangaphambi komthetho ezinikeza amalungelo asobala efa lamazwe.

Isehlukaniso Nelungelo Lokugcina Izingane

Kukhona futhi ukunqanda ukuhlukanisa. Uma umshado wombhangqwana usebenza kwesinye isifundazwe kodwa hhayi esinye, isiphi inkantolo esinegunya lokuqeda isibopho? Futhi yimuphi umthetho osebenza ekwahlukaneni kwempahla, i-almon, nelungelo lokugcina umntwana? Kwamanye amazwe, izinkantolo zizosebenzisa [ i-fori kodwa zinganqaba ukunikeza isehlukaniso uma umshado ngokwawo uthathwa njengongasizi ngaphansi komthetho wendawo. Amalungelo abantwana angathinteka: umshado ongakholeki ungaholela ekubuzeni nge-ptting nomthwalo wemfanelo wobuzalo, ikakhulukazi uma igama likababa lingasembhalweni ngenxa yokungaqiniseki komshado.

Izindlela Zokufinyelela Izindawo Zokwamukelwa Komshado

I - European Union

Phakathi kwe-EU, isimiso sokuqaphelana sinamandla, kodwa asikho ngokuphelele. IBrussels II bis (Isivumelwano 2201/2003) sibusa ukubusa nokuqaphela ukwahlukanisa nomthwalo wemfanelo wabazali, kodwa asikukhulumi ngokuqondile ukufaneleka kwemishado. Amazwe e-EU asekhululekile ukwenqaba ukuqaphela umshado ophikisana nenqubo yawo yomphakathi, njengetshe elingunxantathu noma isibopho esifanayo. Nokho, iNkantolo yokwahlulela yaseYurophu iye yabhebhebhethekisa kakhulu ukuvunyelwa kwenkululeko, ifuna ukuba ilungu lihloniphe imishado eyenzeka ngokomthetho kwamanye amalungu ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe usongo olucacile nolungathi sína lwamalungelo ayisisekelo. Ukuhlola kwamuva, [FOct: 0] izivumelwano zezezezwe. [FU.]

Amazwe Avamile Omthetho Amelene Nomthetho

Amazwe omthetho womphakathi (umz., iFrance, iJapane) athambekele ekuncikeni kakhulu “ekuhlolweni kwemithetho yempi ehlangeneyo futhi athambekele kakhulu ekulandeleni ukubusa kwe-of-celebration. Amazwe avamile omthetho (umz. United States, United Kingdom) avame ukuhlanganisa isimiso somphakathi ngaphandle kwe-le-rethoribacybory futhi angahlola“ ukufaneleka okungokomthetho” ngesisekelo. Lokhu kungaholela ekuncipheni kwemiphumela emishadweni efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umshado phakathi kwabazala bokuqala eFrance ungaqashelwa kakhulu. kodwa unqatshwe ngokwezimo ezinjengoTexas ukuthi imisha enqabela imishado enjalo.

IMpumalanga Ephakathi Namazwe AmaSulumane

Emazweni amaningi amaSulumane azimele, umthetho wesikhundla somuntu siqu ulawulwa umthetho wenkolo (u-Sharia). Imishado ivame ukuqashelwa ngokusekelwe ekuzihlanganiseni kwenkolo yomyeni nokwesikhundla samaqembu ngaphansi komthetho wamaSulumane. Abesifazane abashadelwe amadoda angewona amaMuslim bangase babhekane nezinkinga, njengoba amanye amazwe avimbela ukuhlangana okunjalo. Isithembu sivunyelwe, kodwa izimfuneko zokubhalisa ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Uma umbhangqwana oshadile usuka ezweni lamaSulumane-major uya ezweni elivamile laseNtshonalanga, umshado wesibili ungeke uqashelwe ngaphandle kokuba izwe elimemile linezindawo zokuhlala ezikhethekile (umz., u-UK uqaphela imishadolo yenculo yezentekozo esemthethweni uma umkhosi wezenhlalo).

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zemibhangqwana Ehamba Ngezinhlangothi

Ukuze ithole amathuba okuqashelwa kwemingcele, imibhangqwana kufanele ithathe izinyathelo ezingokomthetho eziqhubekayo ngaphambi nangemva komshado:

  • Obtain i-Apastille noma i-Opastile: Amazwe amaningi adinga ukuqinisekiswa okungokomthetho kwezitifiketi zomshado zakwamanye amazwe. Umbastoli ngaphansi kwe-Hague Apostille Convention (1961) uqinisa lokhu ekusayineni kwezifundazwe. Hlolani neziphathimandla zezwe.
  • Ubhalisa imishado nge-Mercount’s Country: Eminye iminyango inikeza ukubhalisa imishado ngokuzithandela okwenziwa phesheya. Lokhu kungakha umlando olula kamuva.
  • Funa Iseluleko esingokomthetho ku-Bompi Juris Disciptions: Ummeli womkhaya onolwazi ngomthetho wezwe lonke kwelinye izwe uwusizo, kodwa ukuya kummeli kwelinye izwe kubalulekile. Izingxabano zingaphakama ezidinga uchwepheshe wokuhamba ngemikhumbi.
  • Ukufaka isivumelwano se-Prenuptial noma se-Preptial: Lokhu kungacacisa amalungelo empahla, ifa, kanye negunya uma kuqhathaniswa nesehlukaniso. Kufanele kuklanyelwe ukuphoqelelwa kuwo womabili amazwe ahlobene, okungase kudingeke ukulandela imithetho ehlukile.
  • Cabangela umshado Wangaphakathi Wokuqala: Imibhangqwana eminingi inedili elincane lomphakathi ezweni eliqashelwa kakhulu (umzk., iDenmark, eyaziwa ngemithetho yomshado ekhululekile nezitifiketi ezingaziwa kakhulu) phambi komkhosi omkhulu ongokwenkolo noma ongokwesiko.
  • [[QTY:0] Gcina Umbhalo Ophelele: Gcina amakhophi aqinisekisiwe esitifiketi somshado, izinguqulo ziqinisekiswe umhumushi ofungelwe, kanye nobufakazi bokufaneleka komshado (umz., bhaka i-affidavits, izithombe, i-partricary).

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo Nemizamo Yokulimaza

Ukuthambekela kokuvumelana cishe kuyoqhubeka, kushukunyiswa ukunyakazisa, izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu, kanye nethonya lezinkantolo zesizwe. I-Hague Conference on Private International Law njengamanje isebenza emsebenzini omusha wokuqaphela ubuhlobo obufanayo bobulili, nakuba intuthuko ithatha kancane. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, njengokubhalisa umshado ngokusekelwe ekubophekeni kwamalungelo abantu, ingawenza lula ulwelwe-eqeba oluqinile. Okwamanje, izimpikiswano zamalungelo abantu, ngokwengxenye yelungelo lokushada futhi ithole umkhaya ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 12 soMhlanga waseYurophu wenkululeko elwela amalungelo abantu. Impicazelela ukwenqaba imishado yakwamanye amazwe.

Izinguquko ezingokomthetho emazweni amaningana. Ngokwesibonelo, iPortugal neMalta manje ziqaphela imishado efanayo yangaphandle yezokuhlangana kwabesifazane kungakhathaliseki imithetho yabo siqu yasekhaya. E-United States, iThe Honence for Marriage Act (2022) inikeza ukuqaphela okungokomthetho kwayo yonke imishado esemthethweni esifundeni lapho yayenzelwa khona, igumbuqele amalungiselelo omthetho womshado. Le miphumela ibonisa ukushintshela kancane kancane kancane ekuqapheleni umehluko omkhulu oqhubekayo oya eqenjini yomshado.

Isiphetho

Imishado ehlanganisa abantu abafayo neyamazwe ngamazwe iyiqiniso elihle elingokoqobo lezwe elixhunyiwe, kodwa isebenza ngokwehlukana komthetho. Kusukela esithebeni kuya emishadweni yokungeniswa kwezincwadi, kusukela ekuhlanganeni kwelungu elingunoshede kuya ekubopheleleni isibopho sobulili, izinselele zihlukene njenge mibhangqwana ngokwayo. Ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho akuyona nje indaba yamaphepha kuphela − inquma amalungelo ayisisekelo okuhlala, ifa, ilungelo lokuwina, nesithunzi.

Ukuze ihambe kulendawo, imibhangqwana kanye nabaqondisi bayo ngokomthetho kumelwe baqaphe, bathathe isinyathelo, futhi bafunde. Ukuqonda ukugujwa kwe-lex locis, ukuhlukaniswa kwezimiso zomphakathi, nemihlangano yezizwe kubalulekile. Njengemizamo yokuvumelanisa nokuqaphelana, kunethemba lokuthi imishado embalwa “enganqamuki”. Okwamanje, ukuhlelwa nokulahlwa kolwazi kuhlala kuseyimifelandawo eqinile yokwakha amasiko namazwe aphila.