Table of Contents
Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemibuso kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni buhlela cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela emigwaqweni esiya kuyo izingane zethu ezikoleni. Ukuqonda indlela lemibuso ehlukene ngayo, ehlanganyelwayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ephikiswayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde isakhiwo sikahulumeni esiyinkimbinkimbi esibusa iUnited States. Lesiqondiso esiningi sihlola ukulingana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, sihlola indlela lesimiso sobuzwe esithinta ngayo izinqumo nezimiso zansuku zonke.
Buyini Ubuzwe Futhi Kungani Bubalulekile?
I-Federalism ibhekisela ekuhlukaneni kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sokubusa kwaseMelika savela eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787, lapho abasunguli befuna ukwakha uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla kunawo wonke ngaphansi kweZihlokwana zoMhlangano kuyilapho besalondoloza ukuzimela okuphawulekayo kwemibuso ethile.
Isimiso sikahulumeni siphathelene ngoba sithinta ngokuqondile indlela imithetho enziwa ngayo, ephoqelelwa, futhi echazwa ngayo ezweni lonke. Uma ukhokha izintela, ubhalisa ukuvota, uthola ilayisense yokushayela, noma uthumela izingane zakho esikoleni, usebenzelana nalengxenye yemibuso. Isimiso sidala ukucindezeleka okukhulu okuye kwavela emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, ukujwayela ukushintsha izidingo zesizwe kuyilapho uzama ukulondoloza ubukhosi bamazwe.
Ivumela amagunya asekela ohulumeni bezwe asiza ukulondoloza ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwabo nohulumeni kahulumeni. Ivumela futhi ukuba kunikezwe inkululeko yokuzama imiqondo nezinhlelo ezihlukene. Ngezinye izikhathi ama- States abizwa ngokuthi "amanxusa entando yeningi" ngenxa yalesizathu. Lendlela yokuhlola yenza amazwe ahlukene akwazi ukuvivinya amakhambi ezimiso ezihlukahlukene, ngezindlela eziphumelelayo ezithathwa amanye amazwe noma ngisho nakuhulumeni.
Ukuqonda Amandla Kahulumeni Ohulumeni Abawuhulumeni
Uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso semibuso elinganiselwe, elinganiselwe. Imibuso elinganiselwe yimibuso ethile enikwe uhulumeni kahulumeni, futhi ikakhulukazi iSishayamthetho, ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.. Ngokungafani namanye amazwe amaningi lapho uhulumeni oyinhloko unegunya elibanzi, uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States ubala ngokuqondile lokho uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe ongakwenza.
Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Asesifundazweni
Eminingi yalemibuso ihlelwe eSiphakamisweni I, iSiqeshana 8. Ihlanganisa igunya lokuqoqa intela nokuqoqa intela, imisebenzi, izikhotho, izikweletu; ukukhokha izikweletu; ukulungiselela ukuvikela okuvamile nenhlalakahle evamile; ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe naphakathi kwemibuso; ukumisa izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni; ukukhokha nokusekela amabutho ahlomile; ukumemezela impi; nokugcina isimiso seposi. Ingxenye I, iSigaba 8 iqukethe izigigaba ezingu-7 ezicacile zokuphathisa iSishaya - mthetho.
Lamandla abalayo akha isisekelo sombhalo wamandla onke kahulumeni. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bakhetha ngamabomu ukuchaza amandla kahulumeni kunokuba banikeze igunya elibanzi, elingacaci. Lendlela yabonisa ukukhathazeka kwabo ngokudala uhulumeni onamandla kakhulu ongasongela inkululeko nobukhosi bombuso.
Imibuso Eyinhloko Esetshenziswayo
I-National Defense and Military Affairs: Uhulumeni wezwe unegunya elikhethekile phezu kokuzivikela kwesizwe, kuhlanganise namandla okumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela, ukugcina amabutho empi, nokulawula amabutho empi. Leligunya lezempi elisenkabeni liqinisekisa ukuhlanganisa isimiso sokhuseleko lwesizwe futhi livimbele amazwe ahlukene ukuba aqhube imisebenzi yawo yempi yakwamanye amazwe.
Expany Relations kanye ne-Immigration: Zonke izindaba eziphathelene nenqubo yakwamanye amazwe, izivumelwano, kanye nobudlelwane bezizwe zehla ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni. Izibonelo zamandla ayishumi nesishiyagalombili asohlwini luhlanganisa amandla alawula ukufuduka nokuhlelwa kwemvelo, imali yokukhokha nokulawula imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, nokunikeza izimvume nemvume yokugunyaza komthetho wokuthuthukisa isayensi nobuciko. Lokhu kulawula okukhethekile kwezwe lonke kuqinisekisa i-United States ukuba ikhulume ngezwi elilodwa ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke.
Ukuhlanganisa ne-Interstate Communist: uhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela onegunya lokukhokha imali nokulawula inani layo, uqinisekise imali eyodwa yesizwe. IChwebo lika Claus liye laba omunye wemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu yamandla kahulumeni, uvumela iSishaya-Mkhandlu ukuba silawule umsebenzi wezomnotho onqamule imigqa kahulumeni.
Impahla Engafundwanga: UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iKhomishane amandla okuthuthukisa isayensi nobuciko ngokuthola imvume namalungelo omgunyathi. Lokhu kwakha isimiso sombuso esifanayo sokuvikela amalungelo empahla engqondo, ukusungula inguquko nomsebenzi wokwakha ngaphesheya kwemingcele yombuso.
Ukwanda Kwamandla Kahulumeni Ngencazelo
Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo ubala imibuso ethile kahulumeni, ubukhulu balemibuso buye bakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngencazelo yokwahlulela nangokusetshenziswa kwezigaba ezithile zomthetho - sisekelo.
I-fault ne FANT Claus: I-Imfanekiso ne-Seant Clause inikeza u-Bhunga olugunya lokungenza imithetho edingekayo ukuze kufezwe amandla ayo adwetshwe. Lomusho uqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu uyakwazi ukusebenzisa amandla abekwe kuMthetho-sisekelo, ugcizelela izinga lohlu olubaliwe.
KuMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ngaphansi kweSishaya - mthetho sikaClause esidingekile nesifanele yanamandla okumisa ibhange lesizwe lokufeza amandla alo okuqoqa izintela, ukukhokha izikweletu, nokuboleka imali. Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo samisa ukuthi imibuso kahulumeni ayihlanganisi kuphela leyo ehlelwe ngokucacile kodwa futhi leyo eshiwo ngokunengqondo njengokudingekile ukuze kukhishwe amandla adwe.
ICenterst Claus: EGibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S., iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela amandla amakhulu eSishaya-mthetho okulawula intengiselwano yesifunda. Ngaleyondlela, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho we-New York onikeza imvume yokusebenza yesikebhe esinesitimu, enquma ukuthi ukuhwebelana komthetho womphakathi emaphethe ulwandle kwathatha indawo yokuqala. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi ibhizinisi lika Clausle lanika igunya hhayi nje kuphela ekuhwebelaneni izinto ezinhle kodwa nakweminye imisebenzi ehamba phambili kwemigqa, imisa isimiso esiqinile sombuso waseNew York ekuqondiseni ezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano.
Incazelo yeCommerce Claus iye yaqala ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amandla oMkhandlu wokulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene nawo aye abonakala eyindlela yokwenza uMkhandlu ukwazi ukulawula cishe noma yini. Amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano zesifundazwe, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yawathatha, ahlanganisa amandla okulawula izinto "ibhizinisi lezentengiselwano yezwe, futhi cishe yonke into, ishintsha, ithinta ezentengiselwano eziphakathi kwezifunda.
Ukuphakamisa nokusebenzisa iMimandla: Igunya lokukhokha intela, ngokwesibonelo, livumela uMkhandlu ukuba uphakamise imali cishe engenamkhawulo futhi ulawule ingcebo yesizwe ngokuphumelelayo. Khona - ke uKhongolo-kathi lungasebenzisa lemali, ngokweziphakamiso zemibandela ezizweni, ukuze lunxenxele amazwe ukuba amise imithetho yokuthi uMkhandlu awugunyaziwe ukuba uzenzele wona ngokwawo.
Ngokwesibonelo, kusobala ukuthi uMkhandlu awunawo amandla okulawula ubudala obuncane kakhulu bokuthenga noma ukuphuza uphuzo oludakayo. Noma kunjalo, iSishaya - mthetho siye sabeka ngokuphumelelayo isilinganiso sobudala sokuphuza esincane sesizwe esineminyaka engu - 21. Sakwazi ukwenza lokhu ngokumane senze isimo sokunikezwa kwezimali zomgwaqo ezifundazweni ukuthi amazwe asebenzisa amandla awo ukuveza inkathi yokuphuza efunwa yiSishaya - mthetho.
Ukulinganiselwa Kwamuva Embusweni Wama - compatel
Naphezu kokwanda kwegunya likahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngezikhathi ezithile iye yabeka imingcele embusweni kahulumeni. Icala lika-United States v. Lopez ngo-1995 lathatha umthetho ongekho ngokomthetho we-Gun Free School Zone Act ngoba yadlula amandla eKhomishane yeKhomishane yeSishaya-mthetho ukuya "ethengiseni... phakathi kwezifunda eziningana". ISikhulu seSikhulu sikaWilliam Rehnquist sabhala, "Siqala ngezimiso zokuqala. Umthetho-Constitution wakha uHulumeni we-Frederal Reaced Reucture of produmentance". Eminyakeni engamashumi amashumi ayisithupha, iNkanto yeNkantolo yathola ukuthi lapho kusungulwa umthetho kahulumeni, uKhomishane wadlula amandla anikezwa yi-Commerciod Claus.
Lesi sinqumo sabonisa ukuthi kusenemingcele enengqondo egunyeni likahulumeni, ngisho nangaphansi kwamalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo achaza kabanzi njengoCelas Cleas weChwebene.
Ababusi Bakahulumeni Negunya Eligciniwe
Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenza ngaphansi kwemibuso ehlelwayo, ohulumeni bezwe basebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Izwe linegunya elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "igunya lamaphoyisa avamile""-_igunya lokumisa ukumiswa kwempilo, ukulondeka, inhlalakahle, nokuziphatha kwezakhamuzi zabo, ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Namandla Agciniwe
Imibuso engekho e - United States egunyazwe uMthetho - sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo e - United States, igcinelwa i - United States, noma abantu.
ISichibiyelo seshumi siyala ukuba uhulumeni kahulumeni ube nalawomandla awuphathiswe wona kuphela uMthetho-sisekelo, nokuthi wonke amanye amandla angavinjelwe yimibuso uMthetho-sisekelo agcinelwe umbuso ngamunye, noma abantu. Injongo yalenguquko iwukuphinde uqinisekise izimiso zobuzwe futhi uqinise umqondo kahulumeni olondolozwe kuphela, onezigaba.
Ngokuyisisekelo, igcinela amazwe (noma abantu) noma yimiphi imibuso uMthetho-sisekelo ongayiniki uhulumeni kahulumeni, ngaphandle kwemibuso uMthetho-sisekelo uyigodlela ngokuqondile imibuso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi igunya lombuso alibalwanga kodwa liphinde lichazwe ngokulandelana [1] izifundazwe zingasebenzisa noma yiliphi igunya elinganikezwanga uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni noma elinqatshelwe nguMthetho-Constitution.
Imibuso Kahulumeni Nemithwalo Yemfanelo
Imfundo: amazwe anegunya eliyinhloko ngenqubo yemfundo, kuhlanganise nezindinganiso zohlelo lwemfundo, uthisha, izahlulelo zemfundo, izimfuneko zokuxhasa izikole, nezimfuneko zokuphothula. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza izimali ezithile futhi umise izimfuneko ezithile (kakhulu kakhulu ngokuphathelene namalungelo omphakathi nabafundi abakhubazekile), amazwe nezifunda zendawo zenza izinqumo eziningi zemfundo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani izimiso zemfundo zihluka kakhulu ngokwezinga lemali, izindinganiso zemfundo, iziqondiso zemfundo, nezimiso zenhlangano.
IPublic Safety and Criminal Law:[ amaZwe anegunya elikhulu lokuchaza ubugebengu, ukumisa izijeziso zobugebengu, nokugcina izinhlangano zomthetho ezimisa umthetho. Ukuqulwa kwecala okuningi kwenzeka ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. EUnited States inquma ukuthi yikuphi ukuziphatha okuhlanganisa ubugebengu (ngaphandle kwamacala kahulumeni), ukubeka iziqondiso zokugweba, ukusebenza kwezimiso zamajele, kanye nokulawula iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo. Yingakho imithetho yobugebengu ingehluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe ezithile.
UMthetho woMkhaya:[[FLT: 1] Umshado, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, nefa ngokuyinhloko kuyizindaba zomthetho wezwe. Izwe libeka izimfuneko zelayisense zomshado, isisekelo sesahlukaniso, izindinganiso zezimiso zokunakekela abantwana, futhi lilawula ukwabiwa kwempahla uma othile efa. Lombuso uchaza ukuthi kungani imithetho yomshado nesehlukaniso ihlukahluka phakathi kwemingcele yombuso.
[[NTL:0] Isivumelwano noMthetho ohlangene: Amazwe amisa imithetho elawula ubunikazi bempahla, ukuthengiselana kwezindawo, ubuhlobo bendawo, nokugcinwa kwesivumelwano. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezihilela amalungelo empahla nesivumelwano. Leligunya livumela izigaba ukuba zivumelanise indawo nomthetho ngezimo zendawo kanye nezintando.
I-As States ilawula futhi iqondise ochwepheshe belayisense kuhlanganise nodokotela, abameli, abahlengikazi, othisha, abameleli bezindawo, neminye imisebenzi eminingi. Umbuso ngamunye ubeka izindinganiso zawo siqu ukuze ube nekhono lobuchwepheshe, ukuhlolwa, nochwepheshe abaphula izindinganiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso noma zomthetho. Yingakho amalayisense avamile angazidluli ngokuzenzekelayo phakathi kwamazwe.
Ibhukwana lokwethula: [[FLT]] Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni enikeza izimali eziphawulekayo emigwaqweni emikhulu futhi ebeka izindinganiso ezithile zokuphepha, izifunda zinomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokwakha nokulungisa imigwaqo, ukukhipha amalayisense okushayela, ukubhalisa izimoto, nokumisa imithetho yezimoto. Amazwe anquma isilinganiso sesivinini emigwaqweni eminingi, amisa izimfuneko zokuhlola izimoto, futhi amise imithetho yemfundo yabashayeli.
Impilo ye-Public: amazwe anegunya elikhulu lokuvikela impilo yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokuqondisa amathilomu nokuphepha kokudla, izikhungo zokunakekela impilo, ukulawula izifo ezithathelwanayo, nokulawula izimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi. I-United States ingaphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu, ukugoma okugunyaziwe (ngokuthobela imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho), kanye nokulawula izingozi zempilo yendawo ezungezile.
I-Administrations: Amazwe anomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuqhuba ukhetho, ngisho namahhovisi kahulumeni. Imisa izinqubo zokuvota zokuvota, ukumisa izindawo zokuhlola, ukuklama, nokuvota. Lokhu kulawula kukahulumeni kuye kwaholela ekuhlukahlukahlukani kwenqubo zokuvota ezweni lonke, kuhlanganise nokungafani kokutholakala kokhetho, imithetho yokuvota yeposi, nezimfuneko zokuvota.
Imingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni
Nakuba imibuso inemibuso emikhulu, ibhekene nokulinganiselwa okuningana okubalulekile. Amazwe awakwazi ukusebenzisa amandla uMthetho - sisekelo awunika uhulumeni ngokuqondile, njengokukhokha imali noma ukuqhuba ubuhlobo bezinye izizwe. Amazwe awakwazi futhi ukwephula amalungelo omuntu ngamunye avikelwe uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S., kuhlanganise nalawo aseBill of Rights (njengoba esetshenziswa ezindaweni ngeSichibiyelo Se - 14) namanye amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbuso ngamunye unomthetho - sisekelo wawo ongase ubeke imingcele eyengeziwe emagunyeni kahulumeni.
Amandla Akhona: Lapho Igunya Lombuso Kahulumeni NeleloHulumeni Liwohloka
Amanye amagunya kahulumeni avumelana, okusho ukuthi kokubili ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bangawasebenzisa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukukhokha Intela
Ohulumeni bahulumeni nohulumeni banamandla okukhokha izintela zentela ze-levy. Uhulumeni uqoqa intela yeholo, intela yentela yentela yepulazi, intela yezindawo, nentela ehlukahlukene. Izwe lingaphoqa intela yalo yeholo, intela yempahla, intela yempahla (ngokuvamile enikwa ohulumeni bendawo), kanye nezinye intela. Lokhu kusho ukukhokha izintela kubantu ngabanye kanye namabhizinisi emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni emholweni ofanayo noma ekuthengiseleni.
Intela yamanje ivumela isilinganiso ngasinye sikahulumeni ukuba sikhulise imali edingekayo ukuze sifeze imisebenzi yaso. Nokho, kusho futhi ukukhokhisa intela kubhekene nezibopho zentela eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kumelwe zivumelane nemithetho eminingi yentela. Ezinye izifunda-mazwe azinayo intela yeholo, kuyilapho ezinye ziphoqa amazinga aphakeme ngokwesilinganiso, ziveza ukukhetha okuhlukile mayelana nendlela yokukhokha izinkonzo zikahulumeni.
Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho
Ohulumeni bamazwe nabezwe bagcina izinhlangano zomthetho futhi bangamangalela amacala. Izinhlangano ze-FBI, i-DEA, ne-ATF ziphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni yobugebengu, kuyilapho imithetho kahulumeni neyamaphoyisa ephoyisayo iphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni. Okunye ukuziphatha kungaphula kokubili umthetho kahulumeni nowombuso, okungase kuphoqelele abantu ukuba bathweswe izikhundla zobubusi (nakuba lokhu kuyinto engavamile ukuyenza).
Leligunya elihambisana nalesisikhathi lenza ukuba amaphoyisa akhethekile kahulumeni abeke umthetho othile (njengokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, ubuphekula, nobugebengu obuhleliwe) kuyilapho evumela amazwe ukuba aphathe iningi labashushisi bobugebengu.
Ukwakha Izakhiwo
Womabili amazinga kahulumeni angakha futhi alondoloze izakhiwo. Uhulumeni uhlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwezwe, izakhiwo zikahulumeni, ukufakwa kwezempi nezinye izakhiwo. Amazwe akha imigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho, izakhiwo zomphakathi, nezinye izakhiwo. Ngokuvamile, izakhiwo zezakhiwo zezakhiwo zihilela ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, kanye nemisebenzi yokwakha exhaswa ngezimali imibuso.
Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile
Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile sihilela kokubili igunya likahulumeni nombuso. Imithetho yeFederal enjenge-Cease Air Act ne-Cupera Water Act imisa izindinganiso zesizwe futhi ilawule izinto ezithile ezingcolisayo, kuyilapho izifunda ngokuvamile zisebenzisa futhi ziphoqelele lezi zindinganiso zikahulumeni futhi zingamisa izimfuneko ezengeziwe, eziqinile. Amazwe alawula futhi izindaba zendawo ezungezile ezingahlanganisiwe umthetho kahulumeni.
Leligunya elikhona livumela ukuba kube nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zesizwe kuyilapho livumela amazwe ukuba anikeze isivikelo sendawo ezungezile esikhudlwana uma ekhetha.
Ukulondolozwa Kwemali Nemali
Ingxenye yezimali ibhekene nomthetho ovela kuhulumeni wombuso nombuso. Amabhange esizwe aqashwa futhi alawulwa ngokuyinhloko yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuyilapho amabhange anezimemezelo zikahulumeni ebhekene nomthetho kahulumeni (kanye nokwengamela okuthile kukahulumeni). Umshuwalense ulawulwa ngokuyinhloko ezingeni likahulumeni, kuyilapho izimali zilawulwa ngokusemthethweni. I-Conshera ihlanganisa kokubili izinhlangano zikahulumeni nabameli jikelele.
UClaus Oyinqaba: Lapho Imithetho KaFederal NeyaseHulumeni Ingqubuzana
Uma kucatshangelwa ubunkimbinkimbi bemibuso kahulumeni nombuso, kuphakama izingxabano ngokungagwegwesi. UMthetho-sisekelo ukhuluma lokhu ngoSupremacy Claus, otholakala eSiphakamisweni VI, esiqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano yi-"UMthetho ophakeme weZwe" lokhu kusho ukuthi uma imithetho kahulumeni nombuso ingqubuzana, umthetho kahulumeni uyanqoba.
Imfundiso Yenkohliso
Ukukhululwa kwenzeka lapho umthetho kahulumeni ususa noma uvimbela umthetho wezwe endaweni ethile. Intethelelo ingaboniswa (lapho umthetho kahulumeni usho ngokucacile ukuthi uhlenga umthetho wezwe) noma usho (lapho izinkantolo zinquma ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni udedela umthetho wezwe ngokuphelele).
Ukucindezelwa: Ngezinye izikhathi kusho ngokucacile ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uhlehlisa umthetho kahulumeni endaweni ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezezindiza wezwe ululalula imingcele yezezindiza, yezindlela, nezinkonzo. Uma uMkhandlu uveza ngokucacile inhloso yawo yokukhulula umthetho wezwe, izinkantolo zizokuphoqelela ukuba ukhululwe.
Intethelelo: Ngisho nangaphandle kolimi olucacile, izinkantolo zingathola ukuthi uMkhandlu ohloselwe ukuba ungene emkhakheni wonke wokuqondisa, ungashiyi thuba lomthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni zokubusa okungokwesiko, njengokufuduka noma izindaba zakwamanye amazwe.
Intengo: umthetho woMbuso uncishiswa lapho ungqubuzana ngokuqondile nomthetho kahulumeni, ngokwenza kube nzima ukuvumelana nayo yomibili imithetho noma ngokuma njengesithiyo sokufeza izinjongo zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umthetho kahulumeni ufuna ukuziphatha okuthile nomthetho wezwe uyawunqabela, umthetho kahulumeni uyadelwa.
Izibonelo Eziwusizo Zokulingeka
Izimpikiswano zokuzikhohlisa ziphakama emongweni othinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ezokuxhumana, umthetho kahulumeni uqeda imithetho eminingi yezinkonzo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngentambo. Ezinzuzoni zezisebenzi, umthetho we-ERISA uchitha imithetho eminingi kahulumeni ehlobene nempilo epholisiweyo nodweliso lwemihlala-khaya. Ekulondekeni kwezidakamizwa, ukuvunyelwa kwemithi kwe-FDA yombuso kululaza ezinye (kodwa akuzona zonke) umthetho kahulumeni omelene nabakhiqizi bemithi.
Nokho, umthetho kahulumeni awuwenzi umthetho wezwe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ezindaweni eziningi, umthetho kahulumeni ubeka indawo ephezulu yokuvikela kuyilapho uvumela amazwe ukuba anikeze izisivikelo ezinkulu. Ngokuvamile umthetho wendawo ezungezile usebenza ngale ndlela, ngezindinganiso zikahulumeni ezimisa izimfuneko ezilinganiselwe ezingadlula. Ngokufanayo, amazwe anganikeza isivikelo esikhulu kakhulu noma amalungelo ezisebenzi kunaleyo afunwa ngumthetho kahulumeni, uma nje engangqubuzani nemithetho kahulumeni.
Ukuvela Kobuzwe Emlandweni
I-Federalism eMbusweni kungachazwa kangcono kakhulu ngokuthi "Amandla aBaniwayo." uhulumeni wezwe wathathwa njengowombuso olinganiselwe nowabalwayo. Imibuso yezwe yayimane iyikho konke okwasala ngemva kwalelonani. Nokho, ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso kuye kwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.
IRepublic Yangaphambili: Umbuso Wesifunda Olinganiselwe
Emashumini eminyaka okuqala ngemva kokugudluzwa, uhulumeni kahulumeni wasebenzisa igunya elilinganiselwe, ugxila ngokuyinhloko ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, ekuvikeleni izwe, nasekuqondiseni ibhizinisi lesizwe. Ezweni waphatha inqubo yasekhaya eminingi, futhi uhulumeni kahulumeni wawunesimiso esincane sombuso futhi wawunesilinganiso esilinganiselwe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi.
Isinqumo sikaMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall ezimweni ezifana noMcCulloch v. Maryland wamisa izimiso ezibalulekile zikahulumeni, kodwa umsebenzi kahulumeni wahlala unesizotha. AmaMelika amaningi asebenzelana ngokuyinhloko nohulumeni bendawo, hhayi iziphathimandla zikahulumeni.
Impi Yombango Nokwakhiwa Kabusha: Igunya Lombuso Lokwanda
IMpi Yangaphakathi kanye nokulungisa okwalandela (iziphendulo zeshumi nane, neshumi elinesihlanu) zanda kakhulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene namalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane, ikakhulukazi, ekugcineni saba isisekelo sokufaka isisekelo sokuvikela iBill of Rights kuhulumeni, hhayi nje uhulumeni.
Lezi zinguquko zanikeza uMkhandlu amandla amasha okuphoqelela amalungelo omphakathi futhi zivimbele imibuso ukuba iphule izivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo.
Inkathi Eqhubekayo Ne - New Declaration: Ukwanda Okulawulayo
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi namashumi amabili namashumi amabili kwamiswa umthetho kahulumeni owengeziwe womsebenzi wezomnotho, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi yashaya imithetho kahulumeni njengegunya elingaphezu kwegunya lombuso.
Ekuqaleni, iNkantolo ePhakeme yachitha izinhlelo eziningi zeNew Deal njengengaphezu kwegunya likahulumeni. Nokho, ngemva kuka 1937, iNkantolo yaqala ukusekela umthetho kahulumeni obanzi wezomnotho ngaphansi kweChwethem Clause kanye namanye amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kwenza ukuba kusungulwe izinhlelo ezibanzi zikahulumeni ezithinta ubuhlobo bezisebenzi, ezolimo, ukuvalwa kwemali, ukugcinwa kwemali nezinye izindawo eziningi.
Inkathi Yamalungelo Omphakathi: Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa
Ngo-1950 nango-1960 kwasetshenziswa kakhulu amandla kahulumeni ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo omphakathi, ikakhulukazi ukulwisana nobandlululo lobuhlanga. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zayala ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole nezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi, iSishaya - mthetho samisa umthetho ophawula amalungelo omphakathi obalulekile, futhi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zamisa imithetho emelene nokungahlangani. Lokhu kwamelela ukubekwa okuphawulekayo kwegunya likahulumeni ezindabeni ezishiyelwe ezindaweni ngokwesiko.
Inkathi Yanamuhla: Ukucindezeleka Okuqhubekayo Nemingcele Eqhubekayo
Kusukela ngawo 1990 kuqhubeke, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngezikhathi ezithile iye yabeka imingcele embusweni kahulumeni, nakuba igunya likahulumeni lilokhu libanzi. Izinqumo ezifana ne-United States no-Lopez no-United States v. Morrison wathola ukuthi imithetho ethile kahulumeni yayidlula igunya lobukhomanisi ngaphansi kwe-Chwele Clauske. INkantolo futhi ilinganiselwe amandla ohulumeni abalawula izinhlelo zikahulumeni ukuba basebenzise izinhlelo zikahulumeni.
Naphezu kwalokhu kulinganiselwa, uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya elikhulu kakhulu kunalelo owawunalo eriphabliki yokuqala.
Indlela Uhulumeni Ozimele Okuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke
Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kahulumeni nohulumeni kunethonya eliqinisekile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke, ngisho nalapho izakhamuzi zingazi ukuthi kusebenza izakhiwo zikahulumeni.
Ukunakekelwa kwempilo
Ukuhlolwa kwezempilo kuhilela ukuxubana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho kahulumeni neyombuso. IMedicare noMedicaid bayizinhlelo zikahulumeni (amazwe anika iMedicaid ngokuvumelana nezimiso eziphawulekayo). I-Affordcable Care Act emisiwe izimfuneko zikahulumeni zomshuwalense wempilo, kodwa izifundazwe zinqume ukuthi zingazisebenzisa yini izintengo zazo siqu zomshuwalense nokuthi zingaba yini zandisa izinkampani zezezokwelapha zeMedicaid. i-Medicaid kanye nezinkampani zezoMpatria ezilawula imishuwalense (ngaphandle kwemishuwalense ebekwe ngumthetho kazwelo ka-ERISA). I-FDA ivumela izidakamizwa nemishini yezokwelapha ezisezingeni likahulumeni, kuyilapho kusho ukuthi ilawula imikhuba ye-Edica.
Umsebenzi
Izisebenzi zivikelwe yiyo yomibili imithetho yemisebenzi kahulumeni nombuso. Umthetho we-Federal umisa iholo elilinganiselwe (amazwe angamisa isilinganiso esiphezulu), unqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ezicini ezivikelweyo, lulawula ukuphepha emsebenzini nge-OSHE, futhi lubusa ukuhlelwa kwenhlangano nokuhlelwa kwenani. Izwe linganikeza isivikelo esengeziwe, njengeholo eliphansi kakhulu, izivikelo zomkhaya, noma isivikelo sombuso esimelene nokungahlangani kwemithetho. Amazwe aphatha futhi izimiso zezisebenzi zokukhokha kanye nomshuwalenselo wokungasebenzi (ngezindinganiso zikahulumeni nemali).
Isivikelo Sethengiselwano
Isivikelo sezentengiselwano sihlanganisa zombili izinhlangano zikahulumeni (njenge-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and Federal Trade Commission) nabameli jikelele nabezentengiselwano. Umthetho we-Federal ulawula imikhiqizo nemisebenzi ethile, kuyilapho ngokuvamile amazwe anemithetho yawo yokuvikela abathengi. Uma uthenga umkhiqizo, ubuyisela into ethile, noma uphikisana namacala, kungenzeka ukuthi ubiza amalungelo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, umthetho kahulumeni, noma kokubili.
Imfundo
Nakuba imfundo ngokuyinhloko iyimisebenzi kazwelonke, umthetho kahulumeni nezezimali ezisekela inqubo yemfundo ephawulekayo. Imithetho ye-Federal ivikela abafundi ngokukhubazeka (i-IDEA), inqabela ukucwaswa (isihloko se-IX kanye neminye imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi), futhi ibeke izimfuneko zezikole ezithola izimali zikahulumeni. Nokho, kunezimo zemfundo, izinga lokuxhasa isikole, izinga lokuxhasa isikole, nezimfuneko zokuphothula. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani izinga lemfundo nemali yemali ihluka kakhulu emazweni ngisho nasemazweni.
Ubulungisa Bobugebengu
Ubugebengu obuningi buqulwa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Nokho, amacala athile aphula umthetho kahulumeni futhi aqulwa enkantolo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukufuduka, ubugebengu bentela kahulumeni, nobugebengu empahleni kahulumeni. Uhulumeni ubuye uthonye uhulumeni ukuba ubulungisa bumiswe ngokwezimali (ngokwesibonelo, iminikelo yemishini yokuphoqelela ukugcinwa komthetho noma izinhlelo) futhi abekwe ngezimfuneko zomthetho (ezinjengalezo ezivikela ukuphenywa okungacabangeli nelungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko).
Umshado Nomkhaya
Umthetho womshado nowomkhaya ngokuyinhloko yizindaba zikahulumeni, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni unendima. I-United States inikeza izimvume zomshado futhi ibeka izimfuneko zomshado, isehlukaniso, nokuwinwa kwezingane. Nokho, umthetho kahulumeni unquma ukuthi imishado efanayo yobulili kumelwe iqashelwe (ukulandela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme), futhi umthetho kahulumeni ubusa izici ezithile zokugcinwa kwezingane. Umthetho kaMasterl wentela uphatha imibhangqwana eshadile ngokungafani kunabantu abangashadile, futhi izinhlelo zikahulumeni ziqaphela imishadolo enikezwa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.
Ukubukeka Kwendawo Ezungezile
Umoya owuphefumulayo namanzi owuphuzayo ulawulwa yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni nombuso. Imithetho ye-Federal enjenge-Cease Air Act ne-Cupera Water Act imisa izindinganiso zesizwe, kodwa ngokuvamile ihlela izindinganiso zezwe futhi ingabeka izimfuneko eziqinile. Amazwe alawula ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo kanye nemithombo eminingi yokungcola, kuyilapho uhulumeni ulawula eminye. Uma ukungcola kwendawo ezungezile kwenzeka, ukuhlanza kungahlanganisa umthetho we-Superfusion, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, noma kokubili.
Izimpikiswano Zamanje Nezimpikiswano EziseFederalism
Ukulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso kuseyimpi eshubile, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ezicini eziningana.
Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho
Impi ephakathi kokugunyazwa kwensangu engokomthetho nomthetho kahulumeni ibonakalisa ukuxabana kwemithetho kahulumeni. Izifunda eziningi ziye zagunyaza insangu ukuze zisebenzise inqubo yezokwelapha noma eyokuzijabulisa, kodwa insangu ihlala ingekho emthethweni ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Uhulumeni kahulumeni ukhetha ukungawamangaleli amabhizinisi ensangu kahulumeni, kodwa lokhu kusho ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuhulumeni kunokuba ushintshe umthetho. Lesi simo sibangela ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho nezinselele ezisebenzayo emabhizinisini nasezindaweni eziphethe insangu.
Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Okufuduka
Umthetho woku-omisa uhulumeni kuphela, kodwa izifundazwe nezindawo zifeza indima ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza. Impikiswano engaphezulu "kwamadolobha angenabantu" elinganisela ukubambisana neziphathimandla zezokufuduka zikahulumeni, nemithetho kahulumeni ezama ukuxazulula izindaba zokufuduka, iphakamisa imibuzo ngezindima ezifanele zohulumeni nohulumeni. Izinkantolo ziye zathi amazwe awanakukwazi ukwakha imithetho yawo siqu yokufuduka, kodwa imibuzo iyaqhubeka mayelana nokuthi imibuso emingaki kumelwe isize ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni.
Isimiso Sokunakekelwa Kwempilo
I-Affordal Care Act yabangela izimpikiswano ezinkulu ze-socialism, nezinselele zokuphikisa ukuthi izigunyazo zezempilo zikahulumeni zidlulise igunya lobukhomanisi. Nakuba iNkantolo ePhakeme yasekela ingxenye enkulu yomthetho, yalinganisela ikhono likahulumeni lokuphoqelela amazwe ukuba andise iMedicaid. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nenqubo yosizo lwempilo zivame ukuhilela imibuzo yokuthi uhulumeni noma izifunda zikahulumeni kufanele ube nomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko.
Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokushintsha Kwendawo Ezungezile
Isimiso sokushintsha isimo sezulu sihilela imibuzo yokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni kufanele umise izindinganiso zesizwe ezifanayo noma ukuthi imibuso kufanele ibe nesizotha yini ukuze isebenzise izindlela zayo.
Ukubuyiselwa Kwezibhamu
Amalungelo ezikhali nemithetho ihlanganisa kokubili umthetho kahulumeni nombuso. ISichibiyelo Sesibili silinganisela kokubili igunya likahulumeni nombuso, kodwa phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho, womabili amazinga kahulumeni angalawula izibhamu. Umthetho we-Federal umisa izimfuneko ezithile (njengezihlolo zesizinda sokudayisa abadayisi), kuyilapho imibuso ihluka kakhulu emithethweni yayo yezibhamu, kusukela ekuyekeni okuyekelelayo kuya ekuvinjelweni kakhulu. Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi umthetho kahulumeni kufanele yini ususe imithetho kahulumeni yezibhamu noma ukuthi kufanele ube negunya elikhulu lokulawula izibhamu.
Ukuqamba Amalungelo Nokuphathwa Kokhetho
Nakuba izifundazwe zinikeza ukhetho, umthetho kahulumeni uvikela amalungelo okuvota futhi ulawula izici ezithile zokhetho lukahulumeni. Izimpikiswano ngezimfuneko zokuvota, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota, nezinye izinqubo zokukhetha zivame ukuhlanganisa imibuzo mayelana negunya likahulumeni nombuso. I-Voting Rights Act Act ifuna amagunya athile asemthethweni kahulumeni ukuze ithole imvume ngaphambi kokushintsha izinqubo zokuvota, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yalinganisela lemfuneko ngo-2013, iqalisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nokuqondisa imithetho ye-voti kazwe.
Indima Yezinkantolo Ekufushaniseni Isifunda Sesizwe Se - Relations
Izinkantolo, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni imingcele phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nohulumeni. Ngencazelo engokomthetho - sisekelo, izinkantolo zinquma ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni idlula igunya lobuhlanga, ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni iyaphikisana yini nomthetho kahulumeni, nokuthi ingaxazululwa kanjani izingxabano phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni.
Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nokulwela Uhulumeni
Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme okuhlola kokwahlulela, asungulwe eMarbury v. Madison (103), enza izinkantolo zikwazi ukuchitha imithetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni ephula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla enza izinkantolo zibe izibhexi eziyinhloko zezimpikiswano zombuso, ukunquma ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinegunya ezindaweni ezincintisanayo.
Izinqumo zenkantolo ezichaza i - Commerce Claus, Imfuneko Nethiyo uClaus, ISichibiyelo Seshumi, namanye amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo akha ukulinganisela okuwusizo kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso.
Imfundiso Emelene Nemithetho
INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ekutheni uhulumeni wezwe awunakukwazi "umyali" ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni bezwe ngokuphoqelela ukuba basebenzise noma baphoqelele izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Izwe alinakuphoqelelwa ukuba limise imithetho ethile noma lisebenzise izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuze ziqondise izinhlelo zomthetho kahulumeni. Lesisimiso, esisungulwe emacaleni anjenge New York v. United States (1997), sivikela ubukhosi bukahulumeni ngokuqinisekisa imibuso ukuba ihlelwe ngokwezilinganiso zikahulumeni.
Nokho, uhulumeni kahulumeni ungathola imiphumela efanayo ngokusebenzisa izimali zikahulumeni ezinemibandela ukuze uvume ukusebenzisa izinqubo ezithile. Le ndlela iye yasetshenziswa kakhulu ekuthonyeni isimiso sikahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengokuphepha emgwaqweni omkhulu, imfundo, nokunakekelwa kwempilo.
Izinzuzo Nezingozi ZobuFederal BaseMelika
Isimiso sikahulumeni sinezinzuzo nezingqinamba ezithinta indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo futhi akhonza ngayo izakhamuzi.
Izinzuzo Zobuzwe
Uphendlo lweProlity: Amazwe angasebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga zedemokrasi, ukuhlola izindlela ezihlukene. Ukusungula okuphumelelayo kwezwe kungathathwa ezinye izifundazwe noma uhulumeni, kuyilapho ukuhlola kwehlulekile ukuthinta isifundazwe esisodwa kuphela kunalo lonke izwe. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwaholela ezicini ezisezingeni ezifana nenguquko yezenhlalakahle, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, kanye nezokunakekelwa kwempilo.
Iziphetho ezicaciwe: Izwe lingavumelanisa izinqubo nezimo zendawo, izintando, nezidingo. Okusebenza ezindaweni zasedolobheni ezinabantu abaningi kungase kungafanelani nezindawo zasemaphandleni, futhi uhulumeni uvumele lokhu kuhluka. Izakhamuzi zingakhetha ukuphila ezizweni ezizimiso zazo ezivumelana nentando yazo, zidala uhlobo oluthile lwe-socialism.
I-Multiple Access Actes:[ I-Federalism inikeza izindawo eziningi zokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe nesimiso sokulawula. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kohulumeni bendawo, bombuso, nohulumeni, namaqembu ahlulekayo ukufinyelela imigomo yawo ngezinga elilodwa angazama elinye. Lokhu kulingana kwamaphuzu okufinyelela kungathuthukisa ukungenela kwentando yeningi.
Iphawu eSontweni: Amandla okuhlukanisa phakathi kohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni adala okunye ukuhlola ngokumelene nobushiqela. Akukho hulumeni oyedwa olawula zonke izici zokuphila kwezakhamuzi, futhi imibuso ingamelana nokucusumbula kukahulumeni (ngemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo). Le gebe yamandla ivikela inkululeko ngokuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwegunya ngokweqile.
Izibalo ze-Ademon yendawo: Federalism ivumela izifundazwe ukuba zilondoloze amasiko ahlukene ezombangazwe, amasiko, ne-generation. Izwe lingabonisa izindinganiso nezindawo ezithandwayo zezakhamuzi zalo ngezindlela ezingenakukwazi ngazo isimiso sezwe esifanayo.
Izingozi Zobuzwe
Ukulingana: IFederalism ingaholela ekuhlukahlukahlukanisweni okuphawulekayo kwamalungelo, izinkonzo, nezivikelo ezisezweni. Izakhamuzi kwezinye izizwe zingathola imfundo engcono, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, noma isivikelo esingokomthetho kunalezo ezikweminye imibuso. Lokhu kungabonakala kungalungile futhi kungaphula izimiso zezakhamuzi ezilinganayo.
Ukulandelana: Ukuhlukaniswa kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso kudala ubunkimbinkimbi obungadida izakhamuzi futhi kwenze kube nzima ukwazi ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinecala lalokho. Ukushaya ihlombe kungaholela ekubhaleni, izikhala ezihlanganisayo, noma izimfuneko eziphikisanayo.
I-ace ku-Mozansi: Umncintiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe ngezinye izikhathi ungaholela ku "umzila ophansi," lapho izifunda khona izindinganiso eziphansi (ngokwesibonelo, ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile noma amalungelo ezisebenzi) ukudonsa amabhizinisi. Lomncintiswano ungalulaza izivikeleko ezibalulekile.
Izinkinga zokuhlanganisa: Izinkinga ezidlula imigqa yezwe esendaweni ezungezile (njengokungcola noma izifo ezithathelwanayo) kungaba nzima ukubhekana nazo uma igunya lihlukaniswa phakathi kwezifundazwe. Izinkinga zokuhlanganisa zingadinga ukungenela kukahulumeni, kodwa ukunquma ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni sifanelekile kungaba nokuphikisana.
Ababhebhethekisa iNdlandla: Ukuguquguquka kwemithetho kazwelonke kungadala izithiyo zokuhamba kwezwe. Amalayisense ochwepheshe angadlulisi phakathi kwezifunda, izindinganiso zemfundo ezihlukene, nezimfuneko ezihlukene zomthetho zingenza kube nzima ngabantu ukunqamula imigqa yesifundazwe.
Icala eliyi-Protial for Priestce: ngokomlando, ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwacelwa amalungelo ezindawo ukuze kulwelwe imikhuba ecindezelayo, ngokuphawulekayo ubugqila nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga. Nakuba amandla kahulumeni engasetshenziswa kabi, ukuzibusa ngokwezimo ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwenza ukuba ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye okudinga ukungenela kukahulumeni ukuze kulungiswe.
Amacebiso Awusizo Ezokuthutha Izindawo Nezimiso ZoMbuso
Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kahulumeni nekahulumeni kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukusebenzisa izimiso zikahulumeni futhi zisekele izithakazelo zazo.
Yazi Ukuthi Yimuphi Uhulumeni Okufanele Uthintane Nawo
Uma unenkinga noma uzibuza, ukwazi ukuthi kuyindaba kahulumeni noma kazwelonke kukusiza ukuba uthintane nezikhulu ezifanele. Izindaba ezihilela i-Social Security, iMedicare, ukufuduka, noma intela kahulumeni ziyizindaba zikahulumeni. Impikiswano ehilela amalayisense okushayela, ukugunyaza ochwepheshe, izindaba zobugebengu, imfundo, noma intela kahulumeni ziyizindaba zikahulumeni. Ezinye izimpikiswano (njengesivikelo sabathengi noma indawo ezungezile) zingahlanganisa womabili amazinga.
Lazi Ilungelo Lakho Ngaphansi Komthetho Wesifunda NowoMbuso
Amalungelo akho angase avikelwe umthetho kahulumeni, umthetho wezwe, noma kokubili. imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso ngezinye izikhathi inikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunomthetho kahulumeni. Lapho ubhekene nempikiswano engokomthetho, cabangela kokubili imithombo yomthetho kahulumeni nowombuso yamalungelo namakhambi.
Qaphela Amathuba Okuqapha Ezikhundleni Ezihlukahlukene
Uma ufuna ukuthonya isimiso, cabangela ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinegunya kulendaba. Ezinye izindaba zidingidwa kangcono esilinganisweni sikahulumeni noma sendawo, kuyilapho ezinye zidinga isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kukusiza ukuba ulwele imizamo yokulawula ngokuphumelelayo.
Hlala Uzazi Izinguquko Ezibangelwa Uhulumeni
Ukuhlala wazi ngalezi zinguquko kukusiza ukuba uqonde ukuthi zingawathinta kanjani amalungelo akho nemithwalo yakho yemfanelo.
Ikusasa LobuFande BaseMelika
Ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso kuyoqhubeka kuguquka ngenxa yezimo ezishintshayo, amandla ezombangazwe, nezincazelo zokwahlulela.
Ubuchwepheshe Nobuzwe
Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisayo buphakamisa imibuzo emisha yombuso. Ingabe ukuqamba amanga kufanele kuqondiswe ngokuyinhloko yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni? Imininingwane yezindaba zomuntu siqu ingavikelwa kanjani mayelana nomthetho kahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni, noma kokubili? Ingabe ukuhlakanipha okungeyokwenziwa kufanele kutholwe izindinganiso ezifanayo zesizwe noma izindlela zikahulumeni ezihlukene? Lemibuzo izodinga ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo kwezindima zikahulumeni nombuso.
Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nezinselele Zendawo Ezungezile
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nezinye izinselele zendawo ezungezile ezinqamula imingcele yezwe nezwe kungase kudinge ukusebenzelana okwengeziwe kombuso, kodwa cishe amazwe ayoqhubeka enendima ebalulekile ekusebenziseni amakhambi futhi adlulele ngalé kwemingcele kahulumeni.
Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Nomthetho Wezenhlalo
Impikiswano ngokunakekela impilo, imfundo, nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle nezenhlalo iyoqhubeka ihilela imibuzo ngezindima ezifanele zohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezomnotho Ezomnotho Zembulunga Yonke
Njengoba umsebenzi wezomnotho ukhula kakhulu, kuphakama imibuzo yokuthi umthetho kahulumeni nombuso uyasebenza yini noma ukuthi izindinganiso zikahulumeni zidingekile yini. Amabhizinisi ngokuvamile akhetha imithetho efanayo yesizwe kunezimfuneko ezihlukene zikahulumeni, kodwa izifundazwe zingafuna ukulondoloza ukuvumelana nokuhleleka.
Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngemibuso Yombuso NoMbuso
Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngokubusa kukahulumeni nokuhlukana kwemibuso kahulumeni, kunemithombo eminingi yengcebo.
[[NT.0] I-Constitution Ancodion, elondolozwe yi-Murail of Congress, inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe komthetho-mthetho, kuhlanganise naleyo ehlobene nemibuso kahulumeni nombuso. Lencwadi ihlanganisa ukufushaniswa kwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme nemongo yomlando.
I-[[QURT:0]Legal Information Institute eCornell Law School inikeza izincazelo ezifinyelekayo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nezimiso zombuso, kanye nokuxhumena kwezehlakalo ezihlobene nezimiso.
Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni anikeza ukwaziswa ngemithetho kahulumeni, izinhlangano nezinkonzo.
I-website USA.gov isebenza njengendawo yokubopha ukwaziswa nezinkonzo zikahulumeni, isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi yiziphi izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisingatha izindaba ezihlukahlukene.
Izinhlangano zezenkolo nokucabanga okunamandla kuwo wonke amaqembu ezombangazwe kunyathelisa ukucwaninga nokuhlaziya ezindabeni zikahulumeni, kunikeza imibono ehlukahlukene ngokulinganisela okufanele kwegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni.
Isiphetho: Ukuphila neFederalism
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni kuyisici esichazayo sokubusa kwaseMelika, esithinta cishe zonke izici zesimiso somphakathi nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Nakuba lesisimiso sidala ubunkimbinkimbi futhi ngezinye izikhathi siholela ezingxabanweni, sinikeza nezinzuzo ezihlanganisa ukuhlola izimiso, amakhambi alungisiwe, kanye nokuhlola amandla kahulumeni.
Ukuqonda indlela imibuso kahulumeni neyombuso ehlukene ngayo, ehlanganyela futhi encintisana ngayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise izimiso zikahulumeni, zisekele inzuzo yazo ngokuphumelelayo futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezicini zentando yeningi. Njengoba isizwe sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha namathuba, ukulinganisela phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni kuyoqhubeka kushintsha, kudinga ukunakwa okuqhubekayo nokuboshelwa izakhamuzi, abenzi bezimiso, nezinkantolo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqala ibhizinisi, ufuna izinkonzo zikahulumeni, usekela izinguquko zesimiso, noma uzama ukuqonda indlela imithetho ethinta ngayo ukuphila kwakho, ulwazi lwe-constitution lunikeza umongo obalulekile. Isimiso sombuso waseMelika, kanye nabo bonke ubunkimbinkimbi nokuphikisana, sihlala siwumzamo wesibindi wokwahlukanisa nokuhlanganyela amandla kahulumeni . .an uzama okuqhubeka ukubumba isizwe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngemva kokwakhiwa koMthetho-sisekelo.