Isingeniso: Ukubaluleka Okukhulayo Kwe - UK Mayoral Evolution

Ukhetho lweMayoral eUnited Kingdom lusuka ekuhloleni okusha ekubuseni kwendawo kuya esicini esichaza isimo sezwe sezombangazwe. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwemeya yokuqala ekhethwe ngokuqondile ngo 2000, lemincintiswano iye yanikeza abavoti ithuba lokuhlela izimiso zokuthutha, zokuhlalisa izindlu, intuthuko yezomnotho, nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezisezingeni lendawo. Ngokungafani nokhetho oluvamile, olubuswa amapayipi esizwe nezindaba zezwe, izinhlanga zomphathi-meyamkhakha, ngokuvamile zixhomeke ezindabeni zendawo, ubuntu bombhangqnga, kanye nomlando ocatshangelwayo we-Cumbantres. Lokhu kubenza babe yindawo ebalulekile yeze izinkonzo zomphakathi zomphakathi zomphakathi, izifunda zezombangazwe, indlela yokuvota, ukuziphatha, nezenzo zesizwe.

Namameya manje asungulwe kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu kanye neziphathimandla ezihlangene, kuhlanganise neLondon, iManchester, iNtshona Metersland, i-Liverpool City, ne-Tees Valley, lolukhetho ludonsa ukunaka okukhulu nokusetshenziswa komkhankaso. Futhi lusebenza njengemibhede yokuhlola izimiso ezintsha zokuvota, njenge-Snodenticement Vote (ngokuseduze ithathelwe indawo i-First Past ngaphansi kwe-Evolutions Act 2022), futhi ukuze kuthathwe inqubo emisha engathonya amasigaba sesizwe kamuva. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinxulumanisi zezombangazwe ze-UKmaral revotal, izinverss, izimo zokhetho, kanye nezokudlala phakathi kwamabutho endawo nesizwe.

Ukubuka ngokuqhubekayo UK Mayoral Evolution: Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Nesakhiwo

Umlando Omfushane

Isimiso sanamuhla esikhethwe ngokuqondile sikameya we-UK eUK saqala ngoMthetho we-Greater London Authority 1999, owadala indima kaMayor waseLondon. Ukhetho lokuqala lwenzeka ngo- 2000, lwaphumela ekunqobeni kukaKen Livingstone njengomfundi ozimele. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lesi sibonelo siye sathathwa amanye amadolobha futhi sahlanganiswa iziphathimandla nge-mentendum yendawo noma ngezivumelwano zikahulumeni. Izenzakalo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa ukumiswa kwamameya emeya emeya ezindaweni ezihlangene ngo-2017, ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezinjenge-Greatercestery, i-Midlands, ne-Liverpool City Republic.

Indlela I - mayoral Ekhetha Ngayo Umsebenzi

I-UK imareal Country ihlelwa ngokhetho njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, ngaphandle okuphawulekayo kwe-London (yonke iminyaka emine kusukela ngo- 2000, futhi ngokulandelayo ngo-2024). Kuze kube muva nje, isimiso se-SPrect Vote sasetshenziselwa izimeya ezikhethwe ngokuqondile eNgilandi, lapho abavoti beveza khona indlela yokuqala neyokuqala. Uma kungekho mvoti othathayo ofinyelela ku-50% yamavoti okuqala, okukhethwa kokuqala kuyakhishwayo, kodwa okubili kukhishwa i-Ecstates Act 2022 kugunyaza ukushintshela ku-First Past ye-Post yabo bonke okhetho abasha, futhi i-meyamateria akhona i-moral ishintsha lesimiso. Lokhu kulindeleke ukuba kunciphe ukuvota amahlelo amancane.

Izakhamuzi ze - EU zithatha amaqembu ezombangazwe, amaqembu azimele, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amaqembu omphakathi.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Ama-may awehluka emandleni awo kuye ngehhovisi. I-Mayor yaseLondon inegunya elikhulu lokuthutha (i-Transport yase-London), i-polic (iGunya lamaphoyisa ase-Metropolitan), indawo yokuhlala, uhlelo, nentuthuko yezomnotho. Iziphathimandla zemetrol zilawula izimali zokuthutha, amakhono nokuxhasa umsebenzi, nokuvuselelwa kwemisebenzi, kodwa hhayi izinkonzo zokuzicisha ngaphandle kokuba zivunyenyiswe ngokuqondile. La mandla enza ukhetho lwasemeya lwezigidi zabantu, kusukela emakhaya emalini emalini emali emalini emali.

Ukuncintisana Kweqembu Emjahweni We - UK Mayoral: Abadlali Abayi - Domin Namabutho Ase - Emerging

Iqembu Le - “Labour ”

ILabour ilokhu iyiqembu eliphumelela kakhulu kukhetho lwe-UK imaral commissions yaseLondon (Sadiq Khan), iManchester (Andy Burnham), iLiverpool City Rearence (Ste Renotam), neWest Yorkshire (i-Brabin), phakathi kwabanye. Izenzo eziqinile zeqembu ezindaweni zasedolobheni kanye nezibopho zalo ezingokomlando kuhulumeni wendawo kanye nezinyunyana zezohwebo ziwunikeza isisekelo esiqinile. I-Labourceraur paracesssssssss, isvocation, intelligement, ne-gest commental. Nokho, ngaphakathi kuhlukana izimpikiswano njengamandla omphathi besifunda nobudlelwane nohulumeni abaphakathi kuye kwabangela ukuxabana ngezinye izikhathi.

Iqembu Elifuna Ukuzigcina Liyiqembu

Abameli be-Houchen abambalwa kodwa banezikhundla ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise ne-Tees Valley (Ben Houchen) ne-West Midlands (Andy Street). Impumelelo yaleliqembu kulezindawo ibonisa ukuhlangana kwezici zendawo, njengokugxila kukaHouchen eTeesside Freeport kanye nokuvulwa kabusha kwemisebenzi yensimbi ye-SSI, kanye nesizinda somgwaqo njengesikhulu sezentengiselwano. Izimiso zezentengiselwano zithambekele ekugcizeleleni ukukhula kwezomnotho, izimiso zebhizinisi, nokuphikisa i-Labour intela nokusetshenziswa kwemali. Esimweni samanje sezombangazwe, baye benza futhi izihloko zezindaba ngokusebenzisa isikhulu se-odaradiod ukuze bavice ngokuqondile i-HS2 kuvice izikhulu zikahulumeni we-HS2.

Izideleli Ezikhululekile

AmaLiberal Democrates anendawo elinganiselwe kodwa ephawulekayo ekhona kukhetho lomphathi-maduzane. Balandela ukhetho lokuqala lwe-London ngaphansi kukaSusan Kramer, futhi muva nje, baye bancintisana ezindaweni ezinjenge-South Yorkshire ne-North East. Umnikelo wabo uhlanganisa ukuxubana kwezindawo, isenzo sendawo ezungezile, nokuphikisa kokubili i-Labour ne Conservative. Eminye imincintiswano ethuthukisiwe, baye bawina ngokuqondile, njengoMayor of Cambridgeshire noPeterboughed Adversed Authority ngo 201717 (okuthathwa ngu-Conservativement in 2017).

Iqembu Eliluhlaza

IGreen Party ayikawinwa umbuthi we-odar okhethwe ngokuqondile e-UK, kodwa abavolontiya baye benza ngokunamandla, ikakhulukazi eLondon (eSiân Berry njalo isendaweni yesithathu) naseNtshonalanga yeNgilandi. Imikhankaso yabo igxile ekusebenzeni kwesimo sezulu, ezindaweni zomakhelwane eziphansi, nasekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho. Njengoba isimo sezulu sinyuka, amaGreenland ayaqhubeka emisa ukhetho njengendawo eyinhloko yokulwa kwesimiso sendawo ezungezile.

Imikhosi Ezimele Neyesifunda

Abazofuna ukubhapathizwa baye bavezwa emijahweni yemeya, edumile kakhulu uKen Livingstone ngo 2000, abazozimela baye bawina izihlalo endaweni yeziphathimandla ezihlangene (isinye, uMayor waseBristol City Regiant – nakuba leyo ndima yaqedwa kamuva). Amaqembu esifunda anjengeSigungu seSizwe saseScotland (SNP) noPymru awalwi nokhetho lwamaNgisi kodwa athonya impikiswano emongosi. UHulumeni wase-Wales usungule amameya akhethwe ngokuqondile eCardiffion nezinye izindawo, lapho uPym Cyru encil.

Ukuthambekela Kokuziphatha Kwezigaba: UTurnout, I - Demographics, Nokwethembeka

Izinhlendla zokuvinjelwa

Uvoter ujikeleza kukhetho lwemeya ngokungaguquguquki kunezivotelo ezivamile, ngokuvamile ehla phakathi kuka-30% no-45%. Izindawo eziphansi kakhulu zivame ukuthathwa ngokhetho lwemishini noma zihlanganiswe nabaphathi be-meya abanamandla aphansi abangenamandla avelele kakhulu. ILondon, ngokugqunywa kwe-profile ephezulu kanye ne-volotorate enkulu, ngokuvamile ibona i-crout ephakeme (42% ku-2021, 53% ngo- 2000). I-Turrout ithonywa ukubaluleka okucatshangelwayo kwe-meyardy, ukuncintisana kwemincintiswano ye-mncinti, kanye nemfanelo yomkhankaso.

Ukuthambekela Kwezibalo

Abavoti abasha (18934) baye babonisa ukuthembisana okukhulayo kokhetho lomameya, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezimiso ezibonakalayo zentsha ezinjengohambo ngebhasi ngokukhululekile kubantu abangaphansi kuka-25 eManchester noma emikhankasweni yokukhokha izindlu. Ngokungafani, abavoti abadala bahlala bethambekele kakhulu ekuvoteleni futhi bathambekele ekuthandeni abazohlolwa abathathwa njengabalinganiselwe ezindabeni ze-fiscal. Imiphakathi emincane yesizwe, ikakhulukazi eLondon nase Birmingham, iye yaba izisekeli eziyinhloko zohambo lwebhasi olukhululekile, kanye neLabour ngokwesiko oluwina kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Nokho, kunezimpawu zokungena kwe-Conservatived phakathi kwe-Asiya e-Asiya na-Afyo-Caribean, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zomthetho ne-odromagence, ikakhulukazi ezisemkhandleni.

Impikiswano Ngokwethembeka Kweqembu

Ukhetho lwamuva nje luye lwabona ukuthambekela okukhulayo ekuvoteni okungokomthetho, lapho izindaba zendawo – ezokuthutha, izindlu, izinga lomoya-kudlula ukuthembeka kweqembu lesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, kunyulwa kwe-Tees Valley ka-2021, i-Conservative Ben Houchen yawina izwe eligcwele naphezu kokuhola kwe-Labour yesizwe, ngoba lokhu kungaholela ekuvotelweni kwezentengi, ngoba yabonwa njengeyisa indawo yakhona. Ngokufanayo, ukunqoba kuka-Andry Street eNtshona ye-Midlands ngo-2021 kwabonisa ukuthi i-Conservative in Cuntury ingawina endaweni eyi-Cuniaur ngokubhekisa phambili ekukhuleni kwezomnotho. Lokhu kungaholela ekuvoteleni okuhlukanisa ngokwezentengo yesifunda, lapho abavoti besekela khona u-Labour ezindaweni zokuvota endaweni yabo lapho bevota, noma ngokukhetha okuvamile.

Ukusebenza Ngobuciko Nomshini Wokuthuthukisa Umzimba

Ngaphansi kwesimiso se-Snodicement Vote, ukuvota ngamaqhinga kwakuvamile, futhi okuthandwayo okubili kudlala indima ewujuqu emincintiswaneni esondelene. Ngo-2024, ukushintshela kuFist Past i Post kungase kunciphise lomkhuba kodwa kungacindezela futhi abambalwa njengokwesaba ukuvota kwabo. Ushintsho lulindeleke ukuba luzuzise amaqembu amabili amakhulu, nakuba abavoti abazimele abanezici eziqinile zingaqhubeka.

Umphumela Wezombangazwe Zesizwe: Indlela IWestminster Ebeka Ngayo Isithunzi

Nakuba ukhetho lukameya lubonakala luyindawo, bathonywe kakhulu isimo sezwe sezombangazwe. Ukuthandwa kweqembu elibusayo kungathuthukisa noma kuvimbele abameleli balo bendawo, kuyilapho abaphathi be-profile ephezulu bengaba amanani esizwe futhi ngisho nabaphikisi bokuhola kweqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Andy Burnham uqobo lwasobala phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 nokulwa kwakhe nohulumeni we-Conservative ophezulu wezikhulu zezombangazwe eziphezulu ezisesitejini sombuso. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, ukhetho lwama 2021 – olubizwa ngokuthi “uper Wesine” - lwabonwa njengomthetho waphakathi kwesigaba sikahulumeni kaBoris Johnson, futhi imiphumela yakhe yachazwa njengendawo ehlangeneyo ebumbeni yokhetho lwe-2019 ye-19.

I-Brexit ifeza indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezingxenye ezinkulu njenge-Tees Valley ne-West Midlands, lapho abameli be-Consorvative basekela khona obala ukushiya i-EU futhi bakhankasele “ukulawula” kwenani lokutshala imali lendawo. Izikhulu zezindawo ezisasele njengeLondon ne-Greater Manchester kwadingeka ukuba zihambele phambili ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokukhetha, ngokuvamile zigxile ezinkingeni ezingokomnotho ze-Brexit. Izindleko zokuphila, izinhlekelele zenkonzo yomphakathi, kanye nokuswelakala kwezindlu kuye kwaba yizihloko eziyinhloko emikhankambisweni yamuva nje, ngokuvamile kuboniswa impikiswano yezombangazwe yezwe kodwa enziwa endaweni.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni omkhulu nomphathi-meya okhethiwe buwumthombo wengxabano ongapheli. Uhulumeni wamanje weLabour uye wafuna ukuqinisa ushintsho, kodwa kusasele izingxabano mayelana nezindlela zokuxhasa imali, inqubo yezokuthutha, kanye nezisulu zokuhlala. Izikhulu zedolobha eziphumelelayo njengoSadiq Khan no-Andy Burnham ziye zaba izinkulumo eziyinhloko eziphikisana nesimiso sikahulumeni, zisebenzisa amapulatifomu ukuze zilwele amandla nemithombo eyengeziwe.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukukhetha Kwemisebe Ye - mayoral Ekugxileni

ILondon: Umenzi Wezombangazwe ZaseMayoral

IMayor yaseLondon yokhetho iwumncintiswano omkhulu kakhulu we-ULZER, uheha ukunaka kwezwe lezindaba nemikhankaso eminingi ye-million-pond. Ngo-2024, uSadiq Khan (uMlabour) wawina igama lesithathu elingokomlando, ukunqoba iConservative Susan Hall phakathi kwezimpikiswano ngokwanda nobugebengu. Ukunqoba kukaKhan kwagcizelela ukubusa kwezwe enhloko-nkulu, lapho iqembu liye lawina khona zonke izinqumo zemeyameya kusukela ngo 2008. I-Tornout eLondon ihlala iphakeme kunezindawo zonke, kodwa ukwethembeka kwe-Labour kunamandla, cishe ngama-30% kuphela amavota abavoti abashi phakathi kwezindawo eziphethe i-Australia. Ukhetho lwaseLondon luphawuleka kakhulu futhi ngendima yezizwe eziyingcosana: 2024, izibalo ze-Khan, ukuvota kwezene, ukuvota okungunda okubalulekile.

IManchester Enkulu: Isici Sokushisa

U-Andy Burnham uye wasebenza njengoMayor we-Greater Manchester kusukela ngo-2017 futhi waphinde wakhethwa ngo-2024 enabaningi abakhushuliwe. Ukuthandwa kwakhe, okwakhelwe ekugxileni ekuthutheni iBee Network, ukungabi namakhaya, nezindlu, kuye kwamenza waba umholi wesizwe sobuLabour. Ukhetho lwangu 2021 olukhulu lwaseManchester lwabona uBursham ewina ngo 67% wamavoti, naphezu kokulahlekelwa yindawo kwenye indawo. Lokhu kubonisa indlela isigebengu esinamandla sendawo esinganqoba ngayo amagagasi ezwe.

ENtshonalanga: Inqaba Engaphansi Kokucindezela

Ander Street (Compervation) wathola ukunqoba okuncane ngo-2024 ngokumelene noRichard Parker kaLabour, wawina ngamavoti angaphezu kuka-5000. Impumelelo yomgwaqo yakhiwa ngedumela lakhe njengemeya yezebhizinisi eyanikeza izihlalo ngisho nalapho i-Commonwealth Games ithola ifa. Nokho, umngcele wawunciphile, ubonakalisa ukubuya kweLabour esifundeni ngaphansi kwe-Keir Starmer. I-West Midlands ibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka kwe-Conservatived uma kunezihlalo ngisho nalapho isithombe sesizwe sithandwa iLabour, uma kunezimpikiswano zendawo zikhona ngokufanelekile ngaphambi kokuba i-pare.

Isigodi Seties: I - “iconetic Conservative Win ”

Ben Houchen (I-Conservative) waphinde wakhethwa ngo-2024 ngokukhucululwa kwezwe ngo-72% wevoti, naphezu komboniso wesizwe onamandla ka-Labour. Impumelelo kaHouchen kuthiwa ibangelwa ukuphishekela kwakhe ngonya ukuvuselelwa kwezomnotho, kuhlanganise neTeessidenside Freeport, ukuvulwa kabusha kwendawo ye-Redcar imboni yezensimbi, nokuphikisa ngamandla kokuncishwa kwe HS2. Ubuye wasungula ukudluliswa kwesicelo esiphambanayo, wathola ukusekela kwakhe kokubili i-Conservative neLabour Reavery. I-Valley ibonisa indlela ukhetho lwe-moval olungaveza ngayo imiphumela encishwayo.

Indima Yeziphathimandla Nezinjini Ze - Metro Ezihlangene

Ukumiswa kwezikhulu zemetro zeziphathimandla ezihlangene ngo-2017 kwamelela ukuhlelwa kabusha okukhulu kokubusa kwendawo. La mameya amisa isihlalo segunya elihlangene, elihlanganisa abaholi bomkhandlu abavela kulendawo ukuze baqondise intuthuko yezomnotho, ezokuthutha, izindlu, namakhono. Nakuba amandla awo elinganiselwe kakhulu kune-Mayar yaseLondon, anamandla amakhulu okulawula i-Unigated Education Universesty Fulment Fund (UK ufaka izimali zokwakha i-EUC). Izisebenzi zobuzwe ezadala lezi zindawo zombuso zakhona zahlaselwa ngokuqondile yiziphathimandla zendawo nohulumeni we-UK, ngokuvamile nge-Monitor of Hostling, Counity, Community and Local Statevity.

Iziphathimandla ezihlangene azifani nomkhandlu we-ocester; ziwungwengwezi lwezikhundla ezibusayo ezihlala phezu kwemikhandlu yendawo. Lokhu kuye kwadala izingxabano, nabaholi abathile bomkhandlu benomuzwa wokubekwa eceleni. Nokho, izikhulu zemetro ziye zazibonakalisa zinekhono lokuphakamisa izakhiwo zazo, ukukhanga ukutshala imali, nokusekela uhulumeni omkhulu. Impumelelo yabaphathi be-metro ihouse iye yaholela ekubizeni ukukhubazeka okuqhubekayo kwe-evolution, kuhlanganise nokulawula izintambo zenja, ukusekela umsebenzi, kanye nokunikeza izindlwana ezithambile kakhulu.

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo: Okungaphambili Kwe - UK Mayoral Evolution

Umphathi we-module ungaba ukwanda. Uhulumeni weLabour uye wazimisela ukujulisa uguquko, nezihlongozo zokuthola indawo ezintsha ezindaweni ezinjenge Devon, Cornwall, ne-East Midlands. Ukuthuthela eFirst Past the Post kunganciphisa ithonya lamaqembu amancane kodwa futhi kungaholela ekubeni nemiphumela ecacile, mhlawumbe inciphe umvosi. Ngokuphambene, ukubonakala okwandayo kwezindawo zemeyameya phakathi nezinhlekelele – kusukela e-CHOVIID kuya enteleni yokuphila – kungakhuthaza ukuthembisana okwengeziwe.

Umkhankaso wobuvoti nowezimo ezihloselwe ukuvota uyoqhubeka ukhula, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha esebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana yezenhlalo ukuze ithole ukwaziswa okungokombangazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuvela kwezindaba ze- “zezombangazwe” ezinjengomoya ohlanzekile, ezokuthutha umphakathi, nezokuhlala kungenza ukwethembeka kweqembu lomphakathi kube buthaka ngokwengeziwe. Kukhona futhi ukuphikisana okukhulayo mayelana nokulandisa komphathi-mameya: abanye baphikisa ukuthi banamandla amakhulu kakhulu anganqandeki, kuyilapho abanye bekholelwa ukuthi badinga ngisho nokuphumelela ngokwengeziwe.

Izimo zika Voter zisikisela ukuthi uma nje ukhetho lwemeya lusagxile emiphumeleni engokoqobo yendawo, ziyodonsa ukhetho oluhlukile oluhlanganisa izigaba zeqembu lesizwe. Ngakho - ke ukhetho lwezombangazwe lwe-UK imaralal aluyona nje i-microscom yaseWestminster, kodwa inkundla enamandla evuza impumelelo, ulwazi lwendawo, nekhono lokunikeza.

Isiphetho

Ukhetho lweMayoral e-UK luye lwakhula lwaba isenzakalo esibalulekile sokhetho, esihlanganisa izimpikiswano zendawo nezindawo zezombangazwe. Amaqembu ahlala eyisiqondiso esinamandla sokuvota, kodwa ukukhula kokuvota okunamandla, abavoti abazimeleyo, nokuziphatha kokukhetha okusekelwe ekwakheni kwe-UK kuye kwanezela ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi. UVoter uveza izimpawu zokukhula kwemiphakathi emisha nembalwa, ikakhulukazi lapho amameya eye asekela khona izimiso ezithandwa ngokuqondile. Ukudlala phakathi kwezombangazwe zesizwe nezokubusa kwendawo kuyoqhubeka nokulungisa imiphumela, njengoba amagunya aphethe ezindawo ngokwawo ngokwawo. Kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ikusasa lezombangazwe zaseBrithani, lengxube yezindawo zezezwe eliphansi nezindawo ezingokozwe lonke, ikakhulukazi lapho amanxusa enziwayo enziwayo enziwa kakhulu khona i-meyasemkhankane futhi ebanzi yocwaningo lwezwe lonke.

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