Umlando Ophathelene Namalungelo

Ilungelo lokuvota liyindawo yokuthatha isinyathelo sentando yeningi, kodwa ukuqaphela kwalo ngokugcwele e-United States kuye kwaba uhambo olude noluncintiswano oluthatha amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Kusukela ekusungulweni kweRepublic, i-franse yayimngcingo ngamabomu, igcinelwe inani elincane labantu (h_abesilisa abamhlophe, abanikazi bempahla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuncitshiswa kwemithetho yezomthetho-mthetho, kanye nezimiphetho zotshani kuye kwanwebeka kancane kancane, nakuba ngokuvamile, kwandisa i-volorator. Ukuqonda leli bhande elingokomlando kudingekile ekuqondeni kokubili intuthuko eyenzekayo kanye nezinga lokuhlala okuqhubekayo esimisweni.

Inkathi Yokusungulwa: Yalinganiselwa

Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ugunyazwa ngo-1789, izimfanelo zokuvota zashiywa kakhulu ezweni, futhi cishe wonke amazwe angenamthetho wabelungu abanikazi bempahla. Lokhu kwabonisa inkolelo ebanzi yokuthi yilabo kuphela abanesigxobo esibonakalayo emphakathini (8) izwe noma ingcebo ekhokhelwayo − abangathenjwa ukwenza izinqumo zezombangazwe. Abesifazane, ama-Afrikaan America, amaMelika oMdabu, kanye namadoda amaningi amhlophe ampofu akhishwa ngokulandelana. Umthetho wokuqala wesizwe wokuqamba imvelo ngo 1790 owengeziwe ukuba ube yizakhamuzi ezizimele zesizwe ezihlangene "abamhlophe abakhululekileyo,""" abafaka imingcele yobuhlanga ngokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe.

Izichibiyelo Ze - 15 Neze - 19: Ukwanda Okuphawulekayo

IMpi Yomphakathi neReconstructon yaletha umzamo wokuqala omkhulu kahulumeni wokuvikela amalungelo okuvota. Ngo-1870, iSichibiyelo se-15 samemezela ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota "ngeke linqatshwe noma livalwe i-'umbuso] yi-United States noma yimuphi uHulumeni ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila. Ngokwezimiso, lesi simo esikhuthaziswe aseMelika, futhi phakathi nenkathi emfushane, u-Black Consot wish izinkulungwane zezikhulu ngapha nangapha kwe-South. Nokho, ukuphela kwe-Revolunteon ngo-1877 kwavula umnyango wobudlova, ukuncishiswa kwezincwadi, ukukhokhwasa, nezinye izindlela zeCrow ezaqeda intengo engcono kakhulu phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka eliseduze.

ISichibiyelo se-197 se-19th , sagunyazwa ngo-1920, savimbela ukucwaswa kokuvota okusekelwe ebulilini, kwandisa ukucwasa kwabesifazane ngemva komkhankaso oqhubekayo wokumasha, ukungalaleli kwesizwe, nenhlangano yezombangazwe. Kodwa ngisho nale ntuthuko yayingeyomhlaba wonke: abesifazane abaningi abanemibala, ikakhulukazi abesifazane boMdabu base-Melika nase-Asia, bahlala benqatshelwe ukuba bavote ngenxa yemithetho yobuhlanga kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-192020.

UMthetho Ka - 1965 Wokugunyaza Amalungelo Abantu: Inkathi Yenguquko

Isimiso sanamuhla samalungelo okuvota samiswa yi-Voting Rights Act (VRA) ka-65, sadluliselwa ekuphenduleni ngokucindezelwa ngobudlova kwabamasheshi bamalungelo omphakathi eSelma, Alaba. Ukucwaswa kwezinhlanga okuvinjelweyo kwezindlela zokuvota, ukuqeda ukuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala, futhi kwadingeka amazwe nezindawo ezinomlando wobandlululo ukuze kuthole ukuvunyelwa kwezwe nomthetho kazwelonke (vLMBreance"). Isigaba 2 seVRA sabe sokhetho sivumela amaqembu ukuba azimele abeke inselele izinqubo zokuvota ngokukhetha umba enkantolo. Amashumi eminyaka, iVRA yathathwa njengenye yemithetho ephumelela kakhulu, ukuvota futhi yanda ngokuphawulekayo, yanda ngokuvolwa ngokuphawulekayo.

Abantu BaseMelika Abanokukhubazeka Nangemva Kwakho

Ngo-1990, amaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA) awenezelwe isivikelo sokuthola. Isihloko II se-ADA sidinga uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile banethuba elifanayo lokuvota, kuhlanganise nezindawo zokuvota kanye nezinsiza zokuxhumana eziphumelelayo. Umthetho woMmeli Wokusiza u-Melika Vote (WA) ka-2002] u-HavA [ uvule ukufinyelela ngokufuna ukuba kungeneke okungenani umshini wokuvota owodwa ongenekayo endaweni yokuhlola, kanye nesimiso esivumela ukuvota okunezelelwa kokukhubazeka ukuba kuphotha nokuzimela.

Ukuze kuchazwe kabanzi izenzakalo zenkathi yamalungelo okuvota kahulumeni, Izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza umqondisi ohambisanayo [.

Ukunikeza Imithetho Engokomthetho Yamalungelo

Imithetho ye-Federal ne-ovel yakha izakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezivikelayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zicindezela nelungelo lokuvota. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ubeka imingcele ebanzi, okuningi kwemininingwane kunqunywa ngemithetho nangemithetho yenkantolo. Ukuqonda imithetho kahulumeni emikhulu kubalulekile kubafundisi nabafundi abahlola indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo.

UMthetho Ka - 1965 (VRA) Wamalungelo Abantu

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, iVRA iwumthetho wokuvota obangela ukufaneleka kwamalungelo abantu omkhulu emlandweni waseMelika.

  • Ukuhlanganisa 2:[ Ukuvinjelwa kwezwe lonke kunoma iyiphi indinganiso yokuvota, umkhuba, noma inqubo ephumela ekucwaseni ngesisekelo sohlanga, umbala, noma ulimi oluncane.
  • Ukukhetha 4 no-5 (Indatshana): Indlela esetshenziswayo ekulawuleni kanye nomlando wobandlululo, efuna ukuba bathole imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yimuphi umthetho wokuvota noma umkhuba. Ngo-2013, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Shelby County v. Raker washaya ngokuphumelelayo inqubo yokuvota, nakuba isiqephu 2 sisagcinwa.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa 203: Kudinga izinto zokuvota ngezilimi ezimbili ezisezindaweni eziphethe abantu abaningi abahlala esiNgisini 76proficience.

Ithonya leVRA liye laba likhulu. Ngokwe- ACLU Voting Rights Project [, ukubhalisa okumnyama eNingizimu kusuka ngaphansi kwe 30% ngo-1964 kuya ku-60% ngo-1968.

I - National Voter Brigister Act ka - 1993 (NVRA)

I-"Motor Voter" Act, i-NVRA yenza ukuba ukuvota kungeneke kakhulu ngokufuna ukuba amazwe anikeze amathuba okubhalisa ezinhlanganweni zezimoto, amahhovisi omphakathi asizayo, namahhovisi ezinkonzo zokukhubazeka. Yamisa futhi izindinganiso ezifanayo zokubhalisa iposi jrein futhi yavikela abavoti ukuba bangakhishwa emibhalweni yemidwebo ngenxa nje yokuhluleka ukuvota. I-NVRA ibhalise amashumi ezigidi zezakhamuzi kusukela ekumisweni kwayo.

Usizo LweMelika Luyakhipha Umthetho Ka - 2002 (Hava)

Lapho kulandela izimpikiswano zokhetho lukamongameli ka- 2000, u-HAVA wanikeza izimali zikahulumeni ukuze kuthathelwe indawo imishini yokuvota ephelelwe isikhathi, athuthukise izakhiwo zokubhalisa zovota, futhi amise nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokulawula kokhetho. Abavoti abakhubazekile, u-HAVA wagunyaza ukuba indawo yonke yokuvota inikeze okungenani umshini owodwa wokuvota ofinyelelekayo onezici ezinjengezici ezinjengama - colleota, ama-acatelle, kanye nokuphuza i-‘andgayandgayapuff shay's.

Imithetho Edinga Ukuthathwa Yizwe

Ngaphandle komthetho kahulumeni, izigodlo zinegunya elikhulu lokumisa izinqubo zokuvota. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuhlelweni kwezimfuneko ezimbaxa-kene, kuhlanganise nemithetho ye-ID yokuvota, inkathi yokuqala yokubhalisa, ukubhalisa usuku olulodwa lwe-667, neposi jwayezi ngokomthetho. Nakuba ezinye izifundazwe ziye zandisa ukuvota (umz., ukuvota okuzenzekelayo kwe-Oregon), ezinye ziye zabeka imingcele ephikisanayo ngokungalinganiyo nemiphakathi. Ukulandelela lezinguquko ezisezingeni likahulumeni kuyagxeka, kunezinsolo ezifana ne-[FLT: 0] Ingqungquthela yezwe ye-Rontactive ye-Legisturess

Izinselele Zokwabelana Ngamalungelo

Naphezu kwesimiso somthetho esichazwe ngenhla, amalungelo okuvota asasongelwa ekhulwini lama-21. Izindlela ezintsha zokuvimbela, izinselele zobuchwepheshe, kanye nezithiyo zokuphatha ziyaqhubeka zivela, ngokuvamile zinemiphumela engenakulinganiswa kubavoti bemibala, abavoti abavoti abathola imali ephansi, abavoti abancane, nabavoti abakhubazekile. Othisha kufanele baziqaphele lezinselele zokusiza abafundi ukuba bahlole impilo yedemokrati.

Imithetho Yezincwadi

Kusukela ngo-2024, izifundazwe 36 zinemithetho ecela noma edinga uhlobo oluthile lokuthola noma ukukhomba kule mishini. Eziyisishiyagalombili zalezi zimfuneko ze-ID yezithombe eziqinile ezivumela ezinye izinhlobo zokuzichaza, njengentela yenzuzo noma izitatimende zasebhange. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izigidi zezakhamuzi zokuvota zingabambalwa kakhulu futhi zithole imali ephansi abantu abambalwa.

Uhlelo lokukhipha nokugcina uhlu

Ngaphansi kokuzifihla ngokuhlanza amavota, ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasusa abavoti ababhaliswe besebenzisa ama-algorithm afanayo noma isiphambano esinonya esinephutha. Ngo-2018, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umkhuba ka-Ohio wokususa abavoti abahlulekayo ukuvota enkathini yeminyaka emibili futhi abangabuyiseli isaziso sokuqinisekisa ( HYUSTED v. A. Philip Randolph Institute). Ukuzihlanza okunjalo kuye kwaboniswa ngokusheshisa izakhamuzi ezivoti zemibala nemvelo.

Ukuncishiswa Kwezindawo Ezingcolisayo Nokusakazisa Kwakuqala

Ezweni lonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi kakhulu, izikhulu zokhetho ziye zavala noma zathutha izindawo zokuvota, okuholela ekulindeni isikhathi eside, ukuthatha uhambo olude, nokudideka mayelana nokuthi uzovota kuphi. Umbiko ka - 2020 weNhlangano yezemfundo yezemfundo wathola ukuthi phakathi kuka - 2012 no - 2018, izilinganiso ezabona ukwanda kwemiphakathi yabo yabaNsundu nabaseSpain zazicishe zancipha kakhulu ku - 20% ekuhloleni izindawo zokuvota kunezindawo eziningi zelungu.

Izithiyo Zokuthola Izincwadi Ezikhubazekile

Naphezu kwe-ADA ne HAVA, izindawo eziningi zokuhlola azifinyeleli ngokoqobo. Umbiko ka-2017 we-Ecomment Appendice Commission wathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-17 kuphela ezindawo zokuhlola ayengenamingcele yokuthola, njengemigoqo, iminyango emincane, noma ukuntuleka kwe-packing. Izingcingo zokupaka ezibonwayo noma ezivayo zingabhekana nezinselele zokuthinta imishini yamascreen engakwazi ukuzwa noma ukuxhumana ngezindlela ezibonisa ikhono lokusebenza.

Imingcele Evimbela Ukuthumela Iposi

Ubhadane lwe-COVID 16) lwaholela ekwandeni kokuvota ngeposi, kodwa kusukela lapho izifunda eziningana ziye zaqinisa imithetho, zidinga ubufakazi obuqinile kakhulu bezincwadi ezingekho, zinciphisa izindawo zokubeka amathikithi, noma zinciphisa ifasitela ngenxa yokubuya kwamavoloti. Lezinguquko zingathinta ngokukhethekile abavoti ngaphandle kwenkonzo yeposi yasekhaya, abantu abagobekile, nalabo abakhubazekile abathembele ekukhetheni iposi ezinhlangothini ezihlukene.

Ukuthola Imvume Yabantu Abakhubazekile

Ukucabangela ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingavota ngokuzimele nangasese kuyimfuneko eyinhloko yokulingana kwentando yeningi. Ukutholakala kokhetho kudlulela ngalé kwezindawo zokuvota; kuhlanganisa zonke izinyathelo zenqubo yokuvota(ukusuka ekubhaliseni) ukuya ekuvotileni. Izindawo ezilandelayo zibalulekile ekuklanyweni kokhetho oluphelele.

Ukutholakala Kwezindawo Ezingcolisayo

Izindawo zokugqwala kumelwe zibekwe emizini efinyelelekayo, enezintambo ezithandeka, iminyango ebanzi, nendawo eyanele yokuqondisa izihlalo zabakhubazekile noma ezinye izinsiza zokuhamba. Izindawo zokuphakamela kumelwe zihlanganise izindawo ezingenekayo eduze komnyango. ADAULLIS list for Polling Places, etholakala ku-[FLT] National Network[[], inikeza isiqondiso esiningi ngesilinganiso, izimpawu, nezinye izimfuneko. Ngeshwaba, izifunda eziningi ziqhuba kuphela ukuhlola kwekhesasekhesa futhi azikwazi ukulungisa ukugxabanisela.

Imishini ephumelelayo

Ngaphansi kwe-HAVA, yonke indawo yokuhlola kumelwe ibe nomshini owodwa ovumela abavoti abakhubazekile ukuba baphawule futhi baphonse i-collet ngasese futhi ngokuzimele. Izici zingahlanganisa:

  • [[UMTL:0] I-collet ye-salve: ama-headphones afunda ngokuzwakalayo i-collet, ngezimiso ezinkulu, ze-actelline zokwenza izikhethelo.
  • Bralle makepi: Kubavoti abayizimpumputhe noma abanombono ophansi.
  • Imibukiso ekha phezulu ye-linuco kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibuko: Kubavoti abangakwazi ukubona kahle noma ukukhubazeka kokuqonda.
  • [[UMTL:0] SIPÍandàpuff:[ Kubavoti abakwazi ukunyakazisa izandla ngesandla.

Izikhulu zezokukhetha kufanele zihlole lemishini ngaphambi kwanoma yiziphi izisebenzi zokuvota nezitimela lapho zisebenza, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezimo zokuvota ezisemajukujukwini noma ezisemakhaya.

Ukutholakala kwe-Maillandin kanye ne-Balot Ekude

Kubantu abaningi abakhubazekile, ukuvota ngeposi kususa imingcele yokuhamba nokungena ngokoqobo. Nokho, inqubo yokufaka ifomu yokufaka imvilophu, ukubhala nokusayina ngokwako kungaveza izithiyo. Ezinye izindawo zokuhlala eziwusizo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhanjiswa kwe-coblotronic: Ukuvumela abavoti ukulayisha futhi baphawule ama-computer ama-computer abo siqu ngokusebenzisa i-software efinyelelekayo, bese ushicilela futhi ubuye ngeposi noma esabelweni esiphansi.
  • Uvume ukuthi ivoti 93byשmail efinyelelekayo (RAVBM): Izimiso ezenza abavoti abakhubazekile baphawule ibhola labo elinophawu lwesisetshenziswa esigunyaziwe ekhaya bese beshicilela ikopi yephepha ukuze babuye.
  • [ susa imvilophu yokubuya enemiyalo emikhulu: inciphiso ebunkimbinkimbi ekuphatheni izinto ngokoqobo.

Usizo Ezimpondweni

Abavoti abakhubazekile banelungelo elingokomthetho lokuletha othile abakhethele ukubasiza, noma ukucela usizo kumbonisi we-votor. Lomsizi akufanele abe umqashi noma ummeleli wenhlangano (ngaphandle futhi kwelungu lomkhaya). Izisebenzi ezinamaphutha kufanele ziqeqeshelwe ukunikeza usizo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ikhono − abanye abavoti bangadinga usizo lokuphawula i-balot kodwa bangalusebenzisa ngaphandle kosizo. Umthetho Wokhetho (uma usebenza esizweni) futhi imithetho efanayo iqinisekisa ukuthi usizo lukhona ngaphandle kokuthobela umvoti ukuba aphinde ahlole noma athathe imposiso.

Ukuvikelwa Okungokomthetho Nokuphoqelelwa

Abaqondisi abahlangabezana nezindaba zokuthola imvume bangafaka izikhalazo noMnyango we-Cuvil Rights Division, i-Ecomment Application Commission, noma ngokumangalelana ngasese ngaphansi kwe-ADA. Izinhlangano zezempatho njenge- Council on Disability iye yakhipha imibiko eningiliziwe etusa iziqondiso zokufinyelela nezimiso zokugcinwa.

Ukuthambekela Kwamanje Ekufuneni Amalungelo

Izindawo zamalungelo okuvota ziyaqhubeka zishintsha ngokushesha, zithonywe izinqumo zenkantolo, izenzo zomthetho, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nezimpande zotshani eziqinile. Izimo zamuva zibonisa intuthuko yokufakwa kwemingcele kanye nezithiyo ezintsha zokuhlanganyela.

Ukumangalelwa NeNkantolo Ephakeme

Kusukela Selby County v. Hoker (2013), ijaji likahulumeni liye lafeza indima eqhubekayo ekulolongeni amalungelo okuvota. Izenzakalo eziningi ezinkulu ziye zakhuluma ngemithetho ye-gerrymander, i-votertium ye-Id, neposi jrain blattesting metations. [[FLT:]] Brnoch v. [Democratic National Committence[[FLT:]] [2021], iNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo isekela imingcele emibili ye-Orverymanstering, eyenza kube nzima ukubekela imithetho ngaphansi kweSigaba sesibili se-VRA. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekukhithini kwezweyozweyo, nemiphumela exubene. [FT][FT][5]

Ukwanda Kwezinqola Zomsila Kwamanye Amazwe

Nakuba ezinye izifundazwe zilinganisela ukufinyelela, ezinye ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokuyandisa. Kusukela ngo-2024, amazwe angu-22 ne-Footi yeColumbia baye bafaka ukubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo (AVR) ezinhlanganweni zezimoto. I-AVR iye yaboniswa ekuthuthukiseni amazinga okubhaliswa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abasebasha nabambalwa. Eminye imithetho eyandayo ihlanganisa inkathi yokuvota yasekuqaleni yamasonto amabili noma ngaphezulu, ingekho ukuvota, futhi i-19692792 ibhalisa. Amazwe anjenge-Coloradorado, iHawaii, neWashington onke aye abona ukwanda okukhulu ngemva kokusebenzisa inqubo enjalo.

Ubuchwepheshe, Ukulondeka, Nokutholakala

Ukuhlangana kwezobuchwepheshe nokuvota kuletha amathuba nezingozi. Ukubhalisa nge-othone sekuye kwanda kakhulu ezifundazweni eziningi, ukunciphisa amaphepha namaphutha. Izincwadi zokuvota nama-electronic scan e-barcline zingasheshisa i-check

Ukuphamba Nemfundo Yomphakathi

Izinhlangano ezingafaki nzuzo ziyaqhubeka zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni nasekukhuliseni i-vontact. Amaqembu anjengeNhlangano yaMavoters, Common, neNaACP Legal Defense Fund anikeza ulwazi olushisayo lomvoti, usizo olungokomthetho, nemikhankaso yezemfundo yomphakathi. Izikole nabafundisi bangahlanganyela futhi ngokukhuthaza ukubhaliswa komvoti, bafundise nge-Voting Rights Act, futhi benze nokhetho lokugcona olubonisa ukuvota okuwusizo ngezidingo ezihlukahlukene zokuthola imvume.

Umphumela Wokufinyelela Ulimi

Ngaphansi kwe-CRC 203 ye-VRA, izifunda ezinabantu abaningi abalinganiselwe abahlala esiNgisini ← proficicieus kumele inikeze izinto zokuvota kanye nosizo lwamazwi olubhalwe ngezilimi ezimbili. Lokhu kuyisidingo esikhulayo njengoba izwe lihlukahluka ngokolimi. Nokho, ukuvuma, futhi abavoti abakhuluma izilimi ezingahlanganiswanga yi-Act (njenge-Arabhu noma isiTagalog kweminye imiphakathi) bangase babhekane nezithiyo. Imizamo yokuvocanga iyaqhubeka iqhubekisela phambili ukuhlanganisa ulimi kanye nezisebenzi zokuhlola ezingcono.

Isiphetho

Indaba yamalungelo okuvota nokuthola okusemthethweni okhethweni lwaseMelika ingeyokulwa okuqhubekayo, ukunqoba okuqhubekayo, nokuqapha okuqhubekayo. Kusukela ekukhetheni okuncane kwekhulu lama-1789 kuya ekuvikeleni okubanzi kodwa okuntekenteke kwekhulu lama-21, isizukulwane ngasinye siye sabhekana nenselele yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota alinikezwa nje kuphela kodwa litholakala cishe kusona sonke isakhamuzi esifanelekayo. Kubafundisi, lomlando unikeza ukwaziswa okucebile ngezingxoxo zekilasi ngedemokramente, ubulungisa, nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi. Ngokufundisa kokubili isisekelo somthetho kanye neqiniso lomthetho kanye nomthetho wovota (* kuhlanganisa imingcele ebhekene nabantu abakhubazekile, kanye namanye amaqembu anezikhundlayo asebe abakwazi ukuzuza ukuthatha izikhundlana ezingeni. Ukuvota okuzayo kuxhomeke ekuqondeni okuwuqonda kahle nokwembula umlando wawo wonke.