Izinqumo Zokukhetha Ezingokomthetho E - United States

Umthetho olawula ukhetho e-United States yisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi, esixutshwe kaningi sezimiso zikahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni, ukulungisa umthetho-siseko, nemithetho yokwahlulela. Lesi sakhiwo sibonakalisa icebo lezwe lobuzwe, lapho imibuso inegunya elibalulekile ekuqondiseni kokhetho kuyilapho uhulumeni ubeka isivikelo nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo. Ukuqonda lesi simiso kubalulekile kubafundisi, kubafundi, nakwabantu ababophele izakhamuzi, njengoba siveza ngokuqondile inqubo yedemokramenti kanye namalungelo okuvota.

Emkhawulweni wayo, umthetho wokhetho wase-U.S. ulinganisa isidingo sezindinganiso ezifanayo zesizwe kanye nokuvumelana kwezindawo ukuze zivumelanise izinqubo nezindlela zomphakathi wazo ezihlukile nezimo ezizimo ezizihambelayo. Umphumela uwumsebenzi onciphile ngokwezindawo ezihlukene ngokwezindawo ezinjengezikhathi zokubhalisa, izimfuneko zokuhlukanisa, izindlela zokuvota, nokubala izinqubo. Lokhu kuhlukahlukahluka, nakuba kunikeza amathuba okuhlola, futhi kudala izinselele ezihlobene nokulingana, ukungena, nokungena, nokuphepha.

Isisekelo: Igunya Lomthetho - sisekelo Nezinqumo Eziyinhloko

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza itshe eliyindatshana yomthetho wokhetho. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala ungalinikanga ngokuqondile ilungelo likahulumeni lokuvota, wanika imibuso ethile yokukhetha imibuso nohulumeni. ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 4 inikeza izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni igunya lokumisa "Izinkathi, izikhala neMidanti Zokukhetha Ezimele," kodwa futhi unika uMkhandlu amandla "okwenza noma ukuguqula imithetho enjalo"" Loluhlelo luye lwaba yinhloko yomthetho wokuvota wesizwe welungelo lokuvota.

Izinqumo Ze - 15, Ze - 19 Nezama - 26

Izinguquko ezintathu zomthetho - sisekelo zibucayi ngokukhethekile ekuchazeni ukuthi ubani ongavota:

  • ISichibiyelo se 15 se-1870): Iveza ukuncishwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe ngokohlanga, umbala, noma ubugqila bangaphambili. Naphezu kwalokhu, kwasetshenziswa ukuhlola kokufunda nokubhala, izintela zokuvota, kanye neminye imigoqo eyaqhubeka kwaze kwaba i-Voting Rights Act ka-656.
  • Isichibiyeli se 19 (1920): i-aupending elula kwabesifazane, ifinyelela umvuthwandaba wamashumi eminyaka. Ayisusanga ezinye izithiyo zokuvota, kodwa yandisa kakhulu i-vota.
  • Isichibiyeli se 26 (1971): sanciphisa inkathi yokuvota yaba ngu-18, sisabela empini ethi labo abadala ngokwanele ukuba kubuthwe inkonzo yezempi kufanele babe nelungelo lokuvota.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSichibiyelo se 17 (1913) sashintsha ukukhethwa kweZinqumo ze-U.S. ekukhethweni yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukuze kuqondiswe amavoti athandwayo, futhi iSichibiyelo sama-24 (1964) saqeda intela yokuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni. Lokhu kulungisa kugcizelela ukubopheka koMthetho-sisekelo ekuhlanganyeleni kakhulu.

Imithetho Emikhulu Yokukhetha

ISishaya - mthetho siye samisa imithetho eminingi ephawulekayo ebeka izindinganiso zesizwe futhi inciphisa imikhuba yobandlululo.

UMthetho Ka - 1965 (VRA) Wamalungelo Abantu

Icatshangelwa omunye wemithetho yamalungelo abantu ephumelela kakhulu, iVRA yenqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni. Amalungiselelo ayinhloko ahlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala nezinye izinqubo zobushiqela, kanye nemfuneko ngaphansi kwengxenye 5 yokuthi amazwe athile anomlando wokucwasa athola imvume kahulumeni ("preclate") ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2013 [[FL:0] Shelby County v. [FLT]] yahlasela inqubo esetshenziswa ekunqumeni ukuthi yimaphi amazwe ahlanganisiwe, imfuno yemithetho engaphambili. Lokhu kuholele ekuvisweni kwemithetho emisha yokuvota-otiwe. [[FLT:]

I - National Voter Brigister Act ka - 1993 (NVRA)

Ikaningi ibizwa ngokuthi "Motor Voter Act," i-NVRA ihlose ukwenza ukuvota kutholakale. Kwakudinga ukuba amazwe anikeze amathuba okubhalisa lapho abantu befaka imvume yokushayela noma bevuselela imvume yokubhalisa, futhi anikeze amafomu okubhalisa. Yagunyaza futhi ukuba igcine imiqulu enembile kodwa ingabasusi abavoti ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuvota. Umthetho uye wandisa kakhulu izinombolo zokubhalisa, nakuba izinselele zisekhona.

Usizo LweMelika Luyakhipha Umthetho Ka - 2002 (Hava)

Idlulisiwe ngemva kwempikiswano kamongameli ka 2000, u HAVA wagunyaza izinguquko ezimisweni zokuvota nasekuqondiseni. Yadala i-Eunt Application Commission (EAC) ukuze inikeze isiqondiso nezimali. Amalungiselelo abalulekile ahlanganisa izimfuneko zokubhalisa ilungiselelo, ukuvota kombhalisi kahulumeni wonke, nokuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwabavoti ngokukhubazeka. I-HARVA yakhuthaza futhi amazwe ukuba athathe indawo yemishini yokuvota ephelelwe isikhathi, nakuba yanikeza inkululeko enkulu ekuyisebenziseni.

Ezinye izimiso ezibalulekile zikahulumeni zihlanganisa i - Abbesee Voing Act ehlanganisa iMithetho Yezakhamuzi Efanayo Neyokugudla Ulwandle (UOCAVA), evikela impi nabavoti baphesheya, noMthetho Wempi Nezolwandle i - Voters Malement (MOVE), owasungula lezozivikelo.

UMthetho Kahulumeni: I - Enjini Yokhetho

Ngoba kungokokhetho, ukuchaza kwemikhawulo yokuvota ($registers memorivery memorial memorial memorive), imithetho yokubhalisa, ukukhetha kwakuqala, indawo yokuvota, kanye nomklamo we-collet (-*.) iMiyalo-mthetho yoMbuso ivame ukuphatha isivikelo sayo siqu samalungelo okuvota, ngezinye izikhathi sibanzi kuneso kulowo obekwe e-U.S. izishaya-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Izishaya-mthetho zomthetho-mthetho zidlulisela imithetho yokukhetha okumelwe ivumelane nomthetho kazwe, kodwa zigcina ukuqondisisa okuqinile.

Ukubhalisa Izincwadi Ngezinombolo Nokucaciswa Kwazo

I-United States yamisa imingcele yayo yokubhalisa, esukela ezinsukwini ezingu-15 kuya kwezingu-30 ngaphambi kokhetho, nakuba eminye inikeza ukubhaliswa kosuku olulodwa. Imithetho ye-Voter ID ithanda ukuphikisana kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe zifuna i-ID yezithombe; ezinye zithatha amabhukwana angathathi rhoto noma zisebenzise ukuqinisekisa. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe ye-Galislaturesting slates izimfuneko zokuvota ama-ID [[[, iqokomisa ukwehlukahlukana okukhulu. Abaxhasi baphikisa lemithetho ivimbela ukukhwaba; abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ayithathi i-encranchise, asebekhulile, futhi abathola imali ephansi.

Izindlela zokukhangisa: Nge-Person, i-absee, kanye ne-Mail-In

Amazwe ayahluka ekuthatheni kwawo ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, akukho nyaka wokuphuma kwe-colles, kanye nokuvota ngeposi yonke. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Oregon, iWashington, iColorado, nezinye izifundazwe eziningana ziqhuba ukhetho ngokusuka ngokuyinhloko ngeposi. Ezinye zidinga izaba ngombhexeshi ongekhoyo webhola. Umqedazwe we-COVID wandisa izinguquko eziningi zesikhashana, futhi ezinye izifunda ziye zakhuthaza ukuthutha ngokukhetha okuhlala njalo noma ukunweba. Umklamo wezimiso zokuvota, imishini yokuhlola imishini ye-electal (REoptical, noma imishini yokufaka uphawu yephepha lephepha elibhalwe ngesandla − [1] futhi uhulumeni-9, nakuba uHaVACA wakhuthaza ukuthutha kwezinhlelo zephepha ezingena maphepha.

Ukuvuselela Nokushintsha Izindawo

Ngemva kobalo ngalunye lweminyaka edlulile, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziphinde zidwebe imingcele yezindawo zomthetho nesifundazwe. Inqubo yezombangazwe kakhulu. "Izigodi zidonsela izifunda ukuba zithande iqembu elithile noma iqembu" ziye zabekelwa inselele enkantolo ngaphansi kwe-Encial Protection Clause no-Voting Rights Act. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi i-counting gergermermerderinginging arectiveriging ayifaneleki ezinkantolo zikahulumeni (RUch] v. Isizathu Esivamile[[FLT:], 2019]), sishiye inguquko njengezintlawulo zezwe ezizimele zokuzibophakela. Izimo eziningi, kuhlanganise ne-California, Michigan, ne-Arizona zenhlangano ezinjalo.

Ukuncoma Amalungelo Nokuthola Ithuba: Izimpi Eziqhubekayo

Indaba ilokhu ikhona. Imithetho nemikhuba enwebayo noma evimbela ukungena kovoti iyakhishwa kaningi. Izindawo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [[NTL:0] Imithetho ye-Id ye-Voter:[ Njengoba kuphawuliwe, lokhu kusuka kunezimfuneko ze-ID yezithombe eziqinile kuya kwezinye izindlela ezivumelanayo. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi zinganciphisa ukuvela phakathi kwenani elithile labantu.
  • Unikezelo lwe Voters ngokukhubazeka: AmaMelika anomthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA) ne-HARA afuna izindawo zokuphenya ukuba zingeneke futhi zivote imishini ukuze ivumele ukuvota okuzimele. Kodwa izinkinga zokuvuma ziyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni.
  • Usizo lolimi: Ingxenye 203 ye-Voting Rights Act igunyaza izikhundla zokukhetha izilimi ezimbili eziphethe iqoqo lenani eliphawulekayo labantu abambalwa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulumi ezingayi siNgisi zingahlanganyela.
  • Ukungavumelani okungalawuleki: Izwe lilinganisela amalungelo okuvota kubantu abanezinkolelo zecala, nezimiso ezisukela ekuhlukaniseni okuhlala njalo kuya ekuzilungiseni ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho ukhululwa. Lokhu kuthinta ngokungenakuqhathaniswa imiphakathi emincane. Ngemininingwane kahulumeni ngemininingwane yesifunda, bheka i- i-Secrentification Project[[[FFLT:3]].
  • [ Ukuphikiswa okungaqondakaliyo Ukuguqula: Ezinye izifundazwe, kuhlanganise iFlorida ne Iowa, muva nje ziwabuyisele amalungelo okuvota kubantu ababeboshiwe, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo kuye kwaphikiswa.

Ukulondeka Kokhetho Nobuqotho

Ukulondeka kwezokukhetha kuye kwabhebhetheka kusukela lapho kukhathazwa ukungenela kwamanye amazwe okhetho lwango - 2016.

Ukulondoloza Umnotho Nosizo Oluyi - compal

I-Cybersecurity and Infrapublicture Security Agency (CISA) isebenza nezikhulu zikahulumeni nezikhulu zokhetho zendawo ukuze zivikele izimiso zokuvota. Imali yosizo ngaphansi kwe-HARA ihlela imishini yokulungisa nokuhlola izingozi. Izifundazwe eziningi manje zidinga ukuhlola kwangemva kokhetho oluphathelene nephepha lokuhlola izibalo ze-electal ```i-allot'''' ngokumelene nobude obusebenza ngogesi'."ukuqinisekisa imiphumela. Amakhathi engozini lokufaka i-paji (RLLA) athathwa njengesilinganiso segolide futhi asetshenziswa ezifundazweni ezinjenge-Coloradow neRhode Island.

Izincwadi Nemizila

Isabela ekukhathazekeni ngokugawulwa kwephepha, izifunda eziningi zidinga amavoti akhokhelwayo ephepha (VPAT). Ngo-2024, cishe wonke amavoti ase-U.S. afakwa ezimisweni eziveza umbhalo wephepha. Imfuneko engokomthetho yezincwadi ezigciniwe iyahlukahluka; ezinye izifunda ziyazigunyaza ngomthetho kuyilapho ezinye zincika ezinqumweni zokuphatha.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kombuso Nombuso

I-ECommup Application Commission imisa iziqondiso zesimiso sokuvota ngokuzithandela. IKhomishane ye-U.S. Inikeza i- isikhungo sabavoti nabalawuli. I-colfication ihlanganisa nokuhlanganyela ubuhlakani bosongo nokuqondisa ithebula phezulu. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zokhetho oluhloniphekile lwe-U.S..____nezinkulungwane zezindawo zendawo zokuvota).

Ukuzama Imali Nenkulumo Yezombangazwe

Ukuma okungokomthetho komkhankaso wezombangazwe kanye nemali kwezombangazwe kuye kwalolongwa yizinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ngokuphawulekayo kakhulu Buckley v. Valeo [19976] kanye Isicizelo se-United United v. FEC [2010]. Lemithetho yamisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa imali ukuthonya ukhetho kuyindlela yenkulumo evikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Imingcele Nezindawo Zokuvimbela Imizamo Yomkhankaso

I-Federal Evolution Campaign Act (FECA) ka-1971 kanye nokulungisa kwayo imingcele eminikelweni kwabanikeli nasemadilini, futhi ifuna ukuvezwa kwabanikeli. I-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) imisa lemithetho. Nokho, izindleko ezizimele ze-Super PACs nezinhlangano ezingazuzisi zingaba nezingenamkhawulo, uma nje zingavumelani nemikhankaso. Izimfuneko ze-disciation ziye zancishwa ukuphakama kwemali ye-"fish"active Commission" amaqembu angabazi obala obala abani babo.

Ukusiza Umphakathi Nokukhetha Izinguquko

Eminye imibuso nomasipala inikeza izimali zomphakathi ezivumela ukuchithwa kwemingcele, njengezinhlelo zaseNew York City nase-Connecticut. Ngezinga likahulumeni, isimiso somphakathi sezimali sabaphathi bezimali siye sashiywa kakhulu abantu abafuna ukukhokhelwa ngenxa yokungaxhaswa ngokwezimali okunganele. Izihlongozo eziqhubekayo zihlanganisa izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo zokugumbuqela iziNhlomelo United, izimvume ezandisiwe, kanye nezimiso ezihambelanayo ezincane.

Ukuze uthole ububanzi bomthetho wezezimali wamanje, hlola umqondisi we-FEC walabo abazobhapathizwa namakomiti.

Izinselele Nezinhlangano Ezishintshayo

Naphezu komthetho oqinile, izinselele ezinkulu ziyaqhubeka ezidinga inguquko.

Ukucindezelwa Kwemishini Yokuxhumana Nokuthola Impikiswano

Eminyakeni yamuva, izifunda eziningi zamisa imithetho eqinile efuna amavoti, isithiyo sokuvota, ukunciphisa izinsuku zokuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokukhipha amavota. Abaxhasi baphikisa lezi zinyathelo zokuvimbela ukukhwabanisa futhi bandise ukwethemba; abaphikisi bathi bawukuvimbela kwanamuhla kovota, ukuphazamisa ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi yemibala, asebekhulile, nabafundi. Impi iye yaholela ekuncishisweni kwemithetho yama - Voting Rights Act, uMthetho-Constitution, nemithetho yezwe. UJohn Voting Rights Admentality, okungabuyisela i-previtance Act, kuhlongozwa kuyi-Congress Congress, kodwa kungamiswanga.

Ukulungisa Inguquko

Ukulawula kuseyithuluzi elinamandla lokunqanda ukuncishiswa nokuncishiswa kwenani lokuvota. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yenqaba ukungenela ekuthatheni imvume, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zagadla amabalazwe ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni (umz. ePennsylvania nase North Carolina). Imishini yokuvota okuzimele, ukuvota okulinganiselwe, kanye nezingxenye eziningi zezifunda iyanda inguquko ezikhula njengezindlela zokwakha ukumelelwa komthetho wezwelo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nendlela Yokusebenza Kwanamuhla

Ubuchwepheshe bokuvota buzivelela ngokushesha. Ukubhalisa nge-operater kutholakala ezindaweni eziningi kodwa i-inthanethi ikhathazekile. Abadayisi bemishini babhekene nokuhlola izinhlelo ze-software eziyingozi nezingozi ezilandelanayo. Ukuphoqelelwa kwezincwadi ezisemthethweni nemishini efaka izingozi eziyingozi kuye kwathola ukusekelwa kwe-bipartistan. Nokho, ukuxhasa izimali zokukhetha kuvame ukuphelela, imibuso eminingi yendawo ithembele emishinini egugile, futhi izisebenzi zokuvota sezandisa umsebenzi we-othofu sekunzima kakhulu.

Izinguquko Ezixoshiwe Neziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izimfuneko zokumisa uhlelo olungokomthetho zihlanganisa: ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo kwevota (AVR), okwamanje okuthandwa ezifundazweni ezingaphezu kwezingu-20; ukwenza i-Evotion Day ibe iholide likahulumeni; ukwenza i-ediction Day ilinganise inkathi yokuvota yakuqala; nokwandisa iposi-mkhondo. I-Four People Act (H.R. 1) eSivumelwaneni se-117th sazama ukwenza izinguquko eziningi ezinjalo, kodwa azidlulanga. Kulelozwe, izinguquko ziyaqhubeka ziphikisana, kanye namanye amazwe aqhubekela ekungeneni ezindaweni ezibanzi kuyilapho amanye evimbela.

Isiphetho

Umthetho olawula ukhetho e-United States awukho owehlayo noma owenziwe ngokulandelana. Yisimiso esiphilayo esizivelela ngomthetho, ukuhlaziywa, nokuphikiswana komphakathi. Kusukela ku-Reconstan-era ukulungisa izimpikiswano zamuva ngokuvota iposi nokwehla kwe-inthanethi, ungqimba ngalunye lomthetho lubonisa ukulwa okuqhubekayo ngokuthi ubani okhethayo, ukuthi ukuvota kufakwa kanjani futhi kubalwa kanjani, nokuthi kufinyelelwe kanjani ngokulunga. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuthatha lesi simiso akuwona umsebenzi wemfundo kuphela kodwa ukubaluleka kwesizwe. Ukuqonda imithetho elawula ukhetho enika izakhamuzi amandla okusekela isimiso sokwenza kube khona kokubili okulondekile nokufinyelelekayo, kusekela isithembiso sentando yentando yezwe elakhiwe kuso.

Njengoba umjikelezo wokhetho wamashumi amabini nangaphezulu, eminingi yalemibuzo engokomthetho izoncishwa ezinkantolo nasezindlini zomthetho kulo lonke izwe. Ukuhlala waziswe ngemithombo ethembekile enjenge NCSL Evolutions neMikhankaso ekhasini ne Center yeJaji [[FLT] Brennan [ ibalulekile kunoma ubani ozinikele ekuvikeleni nasekuqiniseni inqubo yokukhetha.