Ukwakheka komphakathi wentando yeningi kusekelwe esimisweni sikahulumeni olinganiselwe, umqondo ovimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba isebenzise igunya elingalawulwa. Lesi simiso asiyona into engaqondakali; sakhiwe ngezinqubo eziqinile ezivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kunomahlukume. Izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo zisebenza njengesisekelo salesimiso, zinikeza amathuluzi angokomthetho nangokwenhlangano ukuze kuvinjelwe ubushiqela, kuqinisekiswe ukulandisa, futhi kuthuthukise ubulungisa. Ngaphandle kwalezizikhungo, umugqa phakathi kokubusa okungokomthetho nokubusa ngempoqophaza, kushiya izakhamuzi zisengozini yokulawulwa yilabo abanegunya.

Isisekelo Sikahulumeni Olinganiselwe

Uhulumeni olinganiselwe usho ukuthi labo ababusayo kumelwe basebenze phakathi kwemingcele echazwe ngokucacile emiswe umthetho-sisekelo. Lemingcele ayiyona nje engokomfanekiso; iyaphoqelelwa ngezinkantolo, izinqubo zomthetho, nezimiso zezombangazwe. Umthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme obopha wonke amagatsha kahulumeni, uqinisekisa ukuthi akukho siphathimandla noma inhlangano engokomthetho engenza okungaphezu kwegunya layo. Lesimiso sesisekelo sidala ukubikezela, ukuvikela inxusa ngalinye, futhi sithuthukisa indawo lapho ukungenela kwedemokhrasi kungachuma khona.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene: isikhulu, isikhulu, i-accouncil, neyahlulelo. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi yalo eyisisekelo, futhi alikho igatsha elingasebenzisa amandla anikezwa elinye. Lengxenye ivimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla endaweni eyodwa futhi idala isimiso lapho ukufisa kuphikisana nesifiso sokuvelela. Imithetho ephoqelelwayo, i-pasctical iyenza, futhi ichaza. Uma lemisebenzi ihlala ihlukile, ingozi yokubusa komthetho owethule. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nomholi othandwa kakhulu akanakumane ahlulele umthetho noma intando yendlu yomthetho.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Nakuba ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuhlukanisa imisebenzi, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuvumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lilinganise amandla amanye. Umphathi angawumisa umthetho, isishaya-mthetho angaqinisekisa noma alahle ukumiswa futhi athathe izintambo, futhi ijaji lingashaya imithetho engavumelani nemithetho. Lokhu kuqondisa futhi kudala ukuhleleka okunamandla lapho amandla enziwa njalo kunokuhlanganiswa. Ukuhlola nokulinganisela kokubambisana, ukuphebeza, nokuhlehla, ukuvimbela impatho noma izenzo zobushiqela. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli angamisa umthetho, kodwa alawule ukuxhasa ukumiswa kwemithetho, futhi izinkantolo zingabukeza ukulawulwa komthetho womthetho womthetho. Lenhlangano ingenye yezikhungo eziphumelelayo ekuvimbeleni ukuxhashaniswa kwegunya.

Ubumbano Oluyisivikelo Sesimiso

Uhulumeni usakaza amandla phakathi kukahulumeni ophethe nezifunda-sifunda noma ohulumeni. Lokhu kubusa okumbaxambili kwakha izingqimba eziningi zokubusa, ngasinye esinezici zaso zegunya. Uma amandla esakazwa emazingeni ahlukene, akukho hulumeni oyedwa olawula ngokuphelele ukuphila kwezakhamuzi. I-Federalism ikhuthaza ukuhlolwa kwezimiso ezisezingeni likahulumeni, ivumela izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola izindaba zezenhlalo nezezomnotho. Inikeza futhi ukuhlola embusweni wezwe, njengoba imibuso ingamelana nokulawulwa kwemibuso yezwe ngezindlela ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe. Lo mbutho wokwakha ubaluleke kakhulu emazweni amakhulu, ahlukene lapho izimiso zeyunifomu zingafanelani zonke izingxenye.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Namandla Agunyaziwe

Iphepha lamalungelo lidweba ngokucacile inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye uhulumeni angenakuyiphula. Lezi zimiso zihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yenhlangano, neyokunyathelisa, kanye namalungelo ahlobene nenqubo yobugebengu nempahla. Ngokubhala lamalungelo, umthetho-sisekelo uzibeka ngaphaya kokufinyelela komthetho ovamile noma isenzo sobuphathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso semibuso ehlelwayo sisho ukuthi uhulumeni angasebenzisa amandla akhethekile awanikeziwe. Noma yini engadwetshwanga igcinelwe abantu noma izifundazwe.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nokungawuqondi Umthetho - sisekelo

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okuhlola imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni futhi zizenzi buthaka uma ziphikisana nomthetho-sisekelo. Leligunya liqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo uhlala ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, futhi akukho senzo somthetho-mthetho noma sokuphatha esingawuphikisa. Ukuhlola kokwahlulela kusebenza njengokuhlolwa kokugcina kwamandla kahulumeni, kunikeza inqubo kubantu ngabanye namaqembu ukuba bavimbele izenzo ezingavumelani nomthetho-sisekelo. Kugcina ubuqotho besivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho ngokuwenza ukuba usebenze ngokuphoqelelwa. Ngaphandle kokubukezwa komthetho, imingcele yemithetho yezomthetho ingaba ukusikisela nje kokugcina imibandela eboshelwayo kunokuba iboshelwe.

Okwenza Lezi Zivikelwe Zibaluleke

Ukubaluleka okungokoqobo kwezindawo zomthetho-sisekelo ezivikelayo kudlulela ngalé kwenkolelo-mthetho ecatshangelwayo. Zithinta ngokuqondile izinga lokubusa nesivikelo sesithunzi somuntu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Uma lezizinqubo zisebenza kahle, zidala izimo zokuzinza kwezombangazwe, ukukhula kwezomnotho, nokuthembana emphakathini. Uma zehluleka, imiphumela ingaba mikhulu: ukulahlekelwa inkululeko, ukukhukhuleka kwezimiso zentando yeningi, nokunyuka kwemithetho yobuphostoli.

Ukuvimbela Ukugxilisa Amandla

Amandla ngokwemvelo athambekele ekugxiliseni ingqondo ngaphandle kokuba imingcele yokwakha iwavimbela. Umthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa, izinga likahulumeni, noma umuntu elingabusa isimiso sezombangazwe. Ngokususa igunya ezinhlanganweni eziningi futhi ifuna ukubambisana, lezi zinqubo zenza kube nzima nganoma yimuphi umbango ukuba ulawule ngokuphelele. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yobushiqela nokuvikela isimo sobuningi somphakathi wentando yeningi. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi umthetho wemithetho esekelwe kuhulumeni ngaphandle kokuhlukana okunamandla uvame ukuwa ekubeni ube yizigebengu.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Amancane

Ukubusa okukhulu kuyisimiso sentando yeningi esiyisisekelo sesimiso sentando yeningi, kodwa ngaphandle kwesivikelo seqembu elincane, kungaba ukucindezela kweningi. Izivikelo zomthetho ziqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo amaqembu amancane, abaphikisi bezombangazwe, kanye nabantu abangavikelekile awanikelwa ngenxa yomzwelo othandwayo. Izinkantolo zokuzimela, isivikelo sokukhuluma, nenqubo efanelekile ivumela amaqembu amancane ukuba abeke inselele imithetho yobandlululo futhi ahlanganyele empikiswaneni yomphakathi. Lezizivikela zakha indawo zokuphikisana, ukusungula inguquko, nokushintsha kwezenhlalo, zivimbela iningi ekulahlekeni noma ekucindezeleni labo abanamandla angenamandla ezombangazwe.

Ukunikeza Uhulumeni Icala Nokubona Ingaphandle

Amasethi acindezela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zithethelele izenzo zazo futhi zithobele ukuqondisa. Amakomiti asemthethweni, ababali-mthetho abazimele, nokubukeza kokwahlulela konke kunengxenye ekuzilandiseni komphakathi. Ukuvikela komthetho-mthetho kudinga ukuba izenzo zikahulumeni zibe zomphakathi, zihlolwe, futhi zibekelwe inselele. Lokhu kubonakala ngaphandle kwecala kuqeda ukonakala nokungaqondi kahle, njengoba izikhulu ziyazi ukuthi zingabekwa icala lokuziphatha okubi. Uma umphakathi uyakwazi ukubona ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani futhi ubani ozenzayo, ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni kuyakhula, futhi ukufaneleka kwesimiso kuyaqiniswa.

Imvelaphi Nentuthuko Yomlando

Ukuqonda lomlando kuchaza ukuthi kungani lezi zinqubo zihlelwe ngendlela ezihlelwe ngayo nokuthi kungani zisebenza.

I - Magna Carta Nemingcele Yamandla Ekuqala

IMagna Carta ka-1215 ingenye yezincwadi zakudala kakhulu zokumisa imingcele egunyeni lobukhosi. Yamemezela ukuthi inkosi yayingawudluli umthetho futhi amalungelo athile ayengawabantu abakhululekile. Nakuba iMagna Carta yasebenza engxenyeni ewumngcingo yabantu, yamisa isimiso sokuthi ngisho negunya eliphakeme kunawo wonke kumelwe lisebenze phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho. Lomqondo womthetho ophakeme olawula uhulumeni waba yisisekelo somthetho ocatshangelwa kamuva. Umbhalo kamuva wathonya izimemezelo zamalungelo nentuthuko yenqubo eqinile ehlala iqinile emithethweni yanamuhla.

Ifilosofi Yokukhanyiselwa

Izazi zokukhanyiselwa zaguqula indlela abantu ababeqonda ngayo uhulumeni namalungelo. UJohn Locke walwela amalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, enkululeko, nasempahla, futhi wasekela ukuthi uhulumeni usemthethweni uvela ekuvumeni kwababuswayo. UBaron de Montesquieu wachaza ngokwehlukana kwemibuso njengendlela yokuvimbela uhulumeni wobushiqela. UJean-Jacques Rousseau wathuthukisa imiqondo yobukhosi obuthandwayo nesivumelwano somphakathi. Lemiqondo yanikeza isisekelo sokuhlakanipha sobukhomshiqela banamuhla bemithetho yesonto futhi yaguqula ngokuqondile inguquko yaseMelika neyaseFrance. Imithetho-Constitution ye-U. yasebenzisa kakhulu lemidathale miqondo yobushiqela lapho ihlela isimiso sombuso wabo sohulumeni esilinganiselwe.

Umzamo WaseMelika

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owagunyazwa ngo-1788, ulokhu ungenye yezibonelo ezinethonya elikhulu kakhulu zokuvikelwa komthetho-sisekelo. Abakhi bezakhiwo bakha isimiso samagunya ahlukene, uhulumeni, futhi babala amandla ngokukhethekile ukuze bavimbele ukubekwa kwegunya ababenalo ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani. IBhili Lamalungelo, yenezelwe ngo1791, futhi ivikelwe ngokwengeziwe inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela saklanyelwa ukukhuthaza ukuvumelana kwezenzo ezinkulu. Impindano yezeluleko yamiswa yiNkantolo ePhakathi e [[FLT]]. [183], iqinisa indima yezinkantolo njengengxenye enkulu yencazelo ye-mthetho womthetho womthetho. Lendlela yokuhlola i-Melika i-stna i-struptic i-transtylementsmentmentment

Imithetho - sisekelo Yangemva Kwempi Nethonya Lezizwe Zonke

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, izizwe eziningi zamukela imithetho-mthetho emisha eyahlanganisa izivikelo eziqinile ekubuseni ubudlova. UMthetho weSisekelo waseJalimane wamisa inkantolo eqinile yomthetho-sisekelo futhi wavikela isithunzi somuntu njengenzuzo eyisisekelo. Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya wadala isimiso sombuso esizimeleyo namalungelo ayisisekelo aphezulu. Umthetho - sisekelo waseJapane walahla impi nedemokrasi emisiwe ngokuhlolwa kwemithetho yezomthetho wezomthetho. Lemithetho-mthetho-mthetho yangemva kwempi yaveza ukuvumelana kwembulunga yonke ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-mfashini sidingekile ekuvimbeleni imikhosi esabekayo yempakathayo. Izimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise neSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samanqandawo-Hulumeni elungile, waqinisa lezizimiso nezinqubo zombuso wezwe lonke zokulandisa icala ngemingcele yezwe.

Izinselele Nezinhlelo Zokusebenza

Amagophe omthetho-sisekelo awakho phakathi nendawo. Kumelwe ajwayelane nezimo ezintsha futhi amelane nezingcindezi eziphikelelayo. Ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala, izinselele eziningana zivivinya ukuqina kwalezi zinqubo futhi zidinga ukuzibophezela okuvuselelwe ekulondolozweni kwazo.

Ukubusa Kweziphathimandla Nokuphakama Kwezombangazwe Ezinamandla

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, izikhulu ziye zandisa amandla azo ngokuncishiswa kwezindlu zomthetho nezinkantolo. Iziqondiso eziphethe, izimemezelo eziphuthumayo, nezinguquko zesimiso esiphuthumayo zingadlula izinqubo ezivamile zomthetho. Lokhu kuthambekela ekuncishisweni kwezikhulu kululaza ukwahlukana kwemibuso futhi kugxilise igunya ehhovisi elilodwa. Uma izishaya-mthetho zihluleka ukubekela inselele ukuphambano kwezikhulu, futhi lapho izinkantolo zinqikaza ngokulinganisela komthetho-mthetho ngokuyingozi. Izakhamuzi nezinhlangano kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile futhi ziqinisa indima yazo ezingokomthetho ukuze zivimbele ukulawulwa okuvamile kwamandla empathiyo okulawulayo okungalawulwa.

Imishini Yamanani Namalungelo Okuzifihla

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iye yaveza amathuba amasha okuhlola uhulumeni. Ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yeMisa, ukuqashelwa kobuso, nokubukelwa kwamaphoyisa kungaqeda amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu ngisho nalapho eqhutshwa ngaphansi kwegunya elingokomthetho. Izinqanda zomthetho-mthetho eziklanyelwe inkathi ye-aragon kumelwe zichazwe futhi ziqiniswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe inkathi yobuchwepheshe. Izinkantolo seziqashelwe ukusingatha lezi zindaba, zikhipha umthetho wokuthi ulwazi lwezezinombolo luvikelwe ngezindaba ze-Gajimeter eziqinisekisa ukuthi i-omPrimende ye-opera i-octive i-octalsssssssssssssssss, ukuqapha izingozi zomthetho, nokuqapha komphakathi ngezingozi zenkululeko.

Amandla Ezomnotho Nezimali Zomkhankaso

Ukugcwala kwengcebo yezomnotho kungaguqula imibuso yezombangazwe, kunciphe ukulingana okuhloselwe ukuvikela. Izimiso zezimali zenkampano ezivumela ukusetshenziswa okungenamkhawulo kunganikeza abantu abacebile nezinhlangano ithonya elingalinganiyo ngokhetho nenkambiso. Lokhu kungaphazamisa ukuma komphakathi nokuqeda ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi. Eminye imithetho yemithetho ibeka imingcele emikhankasweni yeminikelo noma idinga ukuboniswa kwemali ekhona kwezombangazwe. Ezinye zishiyela lezindaba ekwakheni umthetho. Inselele ukulinganisela amalungelo enkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nesidingo sokuvimbela ukonakala nokulondoloza ukulingana kwezombangazwe. Inguquko ethuthukisa ukubonakala, iminikelo elinganiselwe, neminikelo emincane ingasiza ekulungiseni ukulinganisela.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Kusongelwa

Isimiso sokwahlulela esisebenzayo sixhomeke ezinkantolo ezizimele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuhlasela kwenkululeko yokwahlulela kuye kwanda emazweni amaningana. Ohulumeni baye bazama ukumisa izinkantolo nabasekeli bobuqotho, besabisa abahluleli, noma bephula izinkantolo zokulawula amacala abucayi kwezombangazwe. Uma ukuzibusa kokwahlulela kuwohloka, izivikelo zomthetho zenza ukuba kungaphoqelelwe. Ukuvikela ukwahlulela kudinga ukulondeka, ukuxhasa imali eyanele, kanye nempucuko yezombangazwe ehlonipha izinqumo zenkantolo. Amaqumbhunga nezinhlangano zomphakathi womhlaba wonke afeza indima enkulu ekuhloleni izinsongosongelo zokwahlulela nokuvikela.

Ukuqinisa Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Ngekusasa

Ukugcinwa komthetho-sisekelo kudinga umzamo osebenzayo wezakhamuzi, izinhlangano, nabaholi. Ukuncishiswa kwemali kungavumela ukuba kunciphe kancane kancane, kwenze kube nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuwa ngokushesha. Amasu amaningana angasiza ekuqiniseni lezi zindawo ezivikela izizukulwane ezizayo.

Imfundo Yesibalo Nokuqaphela Umphakathi

Izakhamuzi azikwazi ukuvikela lokho ezingakuqondi. Imfundo yomphakathi efundisa isimo sikahulumeni, injongo yokuvikela komthetho-sisekelo, namalungelo eziwavikelayo kubalulekile. Izikole, imithombo yezindaba, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zonke zinendima zokudlala ekuthuthukiseni ukufunda umthetho-sisekelo. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi umsebenzi uhlola kanjani, zisengozini kakhulu yokuqaphela izinsongo nokufuna ukulandisa. Ukuqaphela komthetho ngokomthetho kudala futhi isiko lamalungelo akhuthaza uhulumeni ngaphambi kokuba uqale.

Izinguquko Zezici Nezinguquko Zanamuhla

Izimiso zomthetho-mthetho kumelwe zishintshele ekusingatheni izinselele zamanje. Ukuguqulwa kwezimiso zezezimali zomkhankaso, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yezezimali, nokucaciswa kwezimiso eziphuthumayo zezezimali kungasiza ekuvaleni izikhala ezikhona ezivikelweni ezikhona. Amanye amazwe aye athatha izikhomisha ezizimele, aqinise amahhovisi omthetho-sisekelo okhethekile, noma asungule izinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo. Inguquko yezinhlangano kufanele izimisele ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala, ukulandisa, nokusabela ngaphandle kokulahla izimiso eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni olinganiselwe. Izindlela zokuhlola ngokomthetho-sisekelo, lapho zikhona, zingasiza ekutholeni izinguquko ezidingekayo futhi zakhe ukuvumelana kwenguquko.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasezweni Nemithombo Yezindaba Ezimele

Umphakathi wezakhamuzi onamandla kanye nomphakathi ozimele ubalulekile ukuze uqinisekise ukuvinjelwa komthetho-sisekelo. Izinhlangano ezingakhokhi uhulumeni ziqondisa izenzo zikahulumeni, zithathe iziphakamiso zemithetho yokuphulwa kwamalungelo, futhi zisekele izinguquko ezingokwenqubo. Izintatheli ezikhokhisayo zidalula ukonakala, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, nemizamo yokululaza izinhlangano zentando yeningi. La badlali banikeza umphakathi ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze bagcine abaholi futhi bahlomele ushintsho. Ukuvikela indawo yomphakathi nemithombo yezindaba ukuba isebenze ngokukhululekile kuyisivikelo somthetho ngokomthetho. Imithetho evikela izikhulu, ivikela abafukulamuli, futhi ivumela ukubhikisha okunokuthula kube yizingxenye ezibalulekile yesimiso sombuso esinempilo.

Isiphetho

Izinqanda zomthetho-mthetho azizona isiqinisekiso senkululeko ehlala njalo; zingamathuluzi adinga ukunakekelwa njalo nokusetshenziswa ngokuqapha. Ukwehlukana kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, ukulawula, izindleko zamalungelo, nokuhlola ukwahlulela ndawonye kwakha uhlelo olulinganisela igunya likahulumeni futhi luvikele isithunzi somuntu siqu. Lezi zinqubo zinezimpande ezijulile emlandweni futhi zihlala zibalulekile phakathi kwezinselele zanamuhla kuhlanganise nokuqashwa kwezikhulu, ukuhlola kwezezomnotho, ukulinganisela kwezomnotho, nezinsongoze ekuzimeleni kokwahlulela. Isibopho sokulondoloza lezisivikelo sixhomeke esizukulwaneni ngasinye. Ngemfundo yomphakathi, inguquko, nezakhamuzi ezikhuthele, izimiso zikahulumeni ezilinganiselwe zingahlala zikhona futhi ziqhubeke zisebenza njengesisekelo sobulungisa nenkululeko.