Ukuziphendukela Kwezindlu Ezibucayi ZaseJapane

Izindawo zokuhlala zaseJapane zisesimweni sokungalingani okujulile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amagumbi asemadolobheni agcwele kakhulu anjengeziteshi ezingu-23 ezikhethekile zaseTokyo ziyala ukunyuka kwamanani ezwe nokuntuleka okungalawuleki kwezindawo zokuqasha. Kwesinye, amapulatifomu asemaphandleni agcwele kakhulu anjengeShimane ne Wakayama agcwele amakhulu ezinkulungwane [[FLT]] [amashumi eminyaka]] [amakhaya ahlukene] [angenamandla] awohloka ngokushesha kunaleyo engaphinde ilungiswe noma ibhungane. Lokhu kufana nokuwohloka kwasemaphandleni kuye kwaba amashumi eminyaka enziwa, kuphasa kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlelwa kwezindawo zasedolobheni, ukuncibilika kwemali emali emuva, kanye nokuncitshiswa kwenani elilandelayo lezomnotho. Izindlu zezindlu ezikhona kuphela ezikhona ngaphandle kwemali kanye nokuncitshiswa yinhlekelele yeze zomnotho, futhi inzuzo yomphakathi, kanye nokuvusembukwa kwezelelwe umphakathi.

Amaqembu ezombangazwe eJapane ayizimoto eziyinhloko lapho imiqondo yesimiso iba umthetho. Iziteshi zawo, izingxoxo ezihlangene, namarekhodi emithetho ahlela ngokuqondile ukutholakala, izindleko, nezinga eliphezulu kwezindlu. Kodwa esikhathini esiningi sangemva kwenkathi yokungalawuleki, izindlu zaphathwa njengendawo yezentengiselwano yezente kunokuba zibe yisimiso somphakathi esiphambili. Isimo sengqondo sezwe siye saqala ukushintshwa, siqhutshwa ukukhushulelwa ukukhushulelwa, ukukhushukunyiswa ukukhushulelwa kokungabi namakhaya, inkinga esobala esobala yekhaya elingenanto [, kanye nokukhula kwenani elincane lezizukulwane ezingenakho ukukwazi ukuqala imikhaya. Ukuqonda indlela abathathi bezombangazwe baseJapane abaye basabela ngayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi amaqembu ezombangazwe asabela ngayo ekusabeleni kokuthatha izenzo zombili, futhi lapho behluleka ukuthatha izimpande zenkinga.

Izinga Eliyinhloko Lenkinga Yezindlu

Ukuminyana Kwamadolobha Nokweba Abantu

Inani labantu baseTokyo liye laqhubeka likhula njengoba ingqikithi yesizwe incipha. Amagumbi angu-23 enhlokodolobha anezela abafuduki abanenetha abangaba ngu-130 000 enkathini yonyaka ka-2020 kuphela. Lokhu okuye kwaqhubeka kubangela ukuncintisana okunonya kwezindawo zokuqashisa. Amagumbi e-Studio phakathi neTokyo avame ukuyala ukuqasha izakhiwo eziqashiwe nyaka ngamunye ngenyanga kanye kanye noma ngaphezulu, kuyilapho isilinganiso semali yokuqasha edolobheni siye senyuka ngaphezu kwengu - 30% kwabaholi abasebenzayo. Izindlu eziphansi ezingenisa abaqashi abambalwa, kuhlanganise nenani elandayo lezisebenzi ezingezona ezendlula imingcele, ngokuvamile zizithola ziphuma ezindlini ezikhona kanye nezindawo ezingenisa ijubane elifanele. Umphumela uba ukukhushuba isilinganiso esikhuphukayo sobumpofu [FLD] [FFFLAN] ngezindawo zokuhlala nabantu abadala.

Ukuncipha Kwenani Labantu Emakhaya Nenkinga Yase - Akiya

IJapane yasemaphandleni ibhekene nenkinga ehlukile: amakhaya amaningi kakhulu anabantu abambalwa kakhulu. Njengoba izizukulwane ezisencane zithuthela emadolobheni, zonke iziqithi zilahlekelwa intela yazo, izikole eziseduze, futhi izakhiwo zezindlu ziwohloka. Ngo-2023, iJapane yayinezindlu ezifakelwayo ezilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-9 zezindlu ezingenalutho. Izindawo eziningi zisezindaweni zokuhlala zangemva kwempi ezihlala abantu abambalwa kodwa manje zihlala zingenalutho njengoba umphakathi ukhula. Ohulumeni bendawo abanayo imali yokuchitha izakhiwo eziyingozi, kanti abanikazi abaphethe abavamile abavamile abakwazi ukukhokha intela intela yempahla ezintweni ezingasasebenzi. Inhlekelele ye-akiya ayiyona nje impoqolo noma ukuphepha; futhi ilimaza izinga lamazwe nezindawo ezintsha zokuhweba ezisezindaweni ezihlala abantu abahlala kuzo.

Ingcebo Yokuguga Nezindlu Ezingaphumelelanga

Izindawo zokuhlala zaseJapane zidume ngokunedumela elibi kakhulu. Ikhaya laseJapane elivamile libhidlika ngemva kweminyaka engama-30-40, uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka engu-70-100 eYurophu noma e-United States. Lo mjikelezo “wentela nokwakha” ukhuthazwa yimithetho yentela esekelwe ekuncipheni kwenani eliphansi kanye nemboni yokwakha engenisa inzuzo ezakhiweni ezintsha. Umphumela uba inqwaba enkulu yamakhaya amadala avikelekile, angenamandla aqinile, ikakhulukazi emaphandleni asemaphandleni. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe ziye zaphikisana kodwa azizange zifake izinguquko ezandile ekulungiseni isakhiwo esishayo, naphezu kwenzuzo esobala yendawo ezungezile nezomnotho.

Ukungabi Namakhaya Nokudla Izindlu

Inani labantu baseJapane abangenamakhaya liye lehla kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2000, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuqiniswa okuqinile kokulwa nokulala emigwaqweni nokwanda kwezikhungo zesikhashana. Nokho lifihle ukungabi namakhaya , abantu abalele kuma-panet cafes, imanga thaga, noma emasofeni abangane, ahlala esabalele. Ukuhlolwa kwesizwe kwalinganisela ukuthi imikhaya yaseJapane eyizigidi ezingu-2, eziyisigidi, eziyizi - 1,2,000 iphila “ngobumpofu,” isebenzisa imali engaphezu kwesigamu semali yabo eholishini lokuqasha noma iphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezibucayi. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe zisanda kuqala ukusungula lokhu njengokuphakama kwesimiso sezehlakalo.

Izikhundla Zeqembu Lezombangazwe Zendawo Yokuhlala

ILiberal Democratic Party (LDP): Isimakethe-Driven, protein

I-LDP ebusayo inezisombululo ezithandwayo ngokomlando zezentengiselwano futhi ingenela kahulumeni ngokuqondisekile ezindaweni zomuzi. Izinqubo zayo zokusayinwa kwe-Abenomics zihlanganisa umjovo owehlayo nenzalo ephansi [ owenza izibambiso zezikweleti zezindlu zezindlu zibe nemali eshibhile, zihogela impumelelo yokwakha eyasiza “ikhaya elisebenza ngokungenakulinganiswa labaphathi edolobheni. I-LDP futhi iye yasekela ukuncitshiswa kwemithetho yemithetho ekhuphulwayo ezindaweni zaseTokyo, nakuba ukuphikiswa kwezindawo zokuthengisa izakhiwo kuvame ukunciphisa le mizamo. I-Kome, idla idla ngokuningi kakhulu, kodwa izisulu zezentengosikelele, kodwa idla idla ngokungena ezikhwabaniselwayo.

I - Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP): Ukungenelana nokubuyisana nezenhlalo

I-CDP eyisici esikhulu sokuphikisa amafelemu ezindawo zokuhlala njengelungelo lezenhlalo. Indawo yaso yesikhulumi idinga ama-athomu anamandla , ukushiswa kwezindlu zomphakathi ezidayiswayo, ukukhuliswa kwemali yabathengi bokuqala, nohlelo lwesizwe lokulungisa izindlu ezingenanto. ICDP futhi isekela “ekubeni nelungelo lokuhlala” umthetho-sisekelo waseJapane, nakuba ushintsho olunjalo lungadinga ukudayisa komphakathi omkhulu. Nakuba leliqembu linethuba elincane lokumisa leziphakamiso cishe, izimpikiswano zalo ziye zashintsha ifasitela elingaphezulu: i-LDP manje izizwa ibophekile ukuba iphawulo oluncane.

IQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseJapane (JCP) Namanye Amadili Amancane

I-JCP inesimiso esicacile kakhulu sezindlu phakathi kwamaqembu amancane, ifuna ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zomphakathi ezinkulu, ukuqashwa kwezindlu eziqinile, kanye nokumiswa kwendawo engekho. Kwabanye ohulumeni bendawo lapho i-JCP ilawula khona − njengakumanye amagumbi eTokyo (iphumelele ekwandeni kwezindawo zokuqasha. I-Didemocratic Party for the People (DPPPPP) ne Reiwa Shinsengumi igxile ekudluliseni imali kanye nakufakwa kwezindlu, kuyilapho iJapane Innovation Party (JIP) engokwesiko ikhuthaza ukuqasha nokukhokha intela kwabathuthukisi babantu abangabantu ngabanye. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi akukho mthetho ekhombayo, eholela ekukhukhulekeni kwenkambisweni kwesimiso sesizwe.

Izenzo Zomthetho Nokuhlelwa Kwemali Ngaphansi Kohulumeni Abaphumelelayo

UMthetho Wokuphepha Ngezindlu (2018)

Lo mthetho wagunyazwa ngaphansi kwekhabethe lesibili, wafuna ukuba zonke iziphathi-mapulani namadolobha amisiwe akhe “ipulani lokuphepha elilinganayo.” Yakha iqembu elisha obala lalawula izindlu zokuqasha zemizi engenisa imali encane [, nezintela ezihlelwe cishe ngamazinga angu-60% entengo yezentengiselwano. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamazwe amaningi angenawo amandla emali okuthola noma ukwakha izakhiwo ezintsha, futhi labo ngokuvamile abazithola ezindaweni ezifinyelelwayo. Ukubukeza kwathola ukuthi imikhaya engaba ngu-202 000 kuphela yayifakwe ngaphansi komthetho, ngaphansi kwesidingo esilinganiselwa ku-500 000.

UMthetho Wokuvuselelwa Kwabantu (2018)

Lomthetho wanika ohulumeni bendawo amandla okuqoqa izintela ezinkulu zempahla emakhaya angenalutho futhi ubachaze ngokuthi “iyingozi kakhulu” ekuqedweni ngempoqo. Yavumela futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-akaya njengezindlu zomphakathi zokuqasha. Nakuba isenzo sokuphakamisa ukuqapha, ithonya laso liye laba liphansi: omasipala bayanqikaza ukuphonsa amafa emali emali eshisiwe kubaphathi asebekhulile, futhi inqubo engokomthetho yokukhucululwa kwezakhiwo ihlala ihamba kancane. Abanye abaphathi baye basungula “amabhange” ukuze bafanelane namakhaya angenalutho kanye nabathengi abalindelekile, kodwa lezi zinhlelo zibangelwa ukuthatha inzuzo ephansi nokungabi namali yokulungisa.

Izinyathelo Ezikhethekile Zenguquko Yasemadolobheni (2021)

Ihloselwe ukukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa eTokyo ephakathi, lomthetho wadambisa izilinganiso ze-area yesitefu futhi wanciphisa izikhathi zokuvunyelwa kwemisebenzi emikhulu. Umgomo owashiwo wawuwukwandisa izakhiwo eduze neziteshi zesitimela, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngokuyinhloko usiza abathuthukisi becondominium abaphezulu. Umthetho awukwazanga ukukhokha imali enele; eqinisweni, ukuthutheleka kwamaqoqo aphambili ezindawo zokuhlala kuye kwahambisana nokukhuphuka kwentela yezwe ekhuphuzisa izindawo zokuqashisa ezindala, ezibiza imali eshisiwe.

Ukuhlela Idolobha Nezakhiwo: Umsebenzi Oyisiphekupheku Wezindawo Zokuxhumana

Ukuzingela Nendawo Kuyasetshenziswa

Isimiso sezwe lonke sesizwe sokuhlukanisa izwe ngokwezigaba ezingu-12, kusukela ekuhlalweni okukodwa kuya ezimbonini. I-LDP iye yasekela ukuvuselelwa kwemisebenzi ehlukene ukuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi, kuyilapho i CDP ne JCP i-Leacer i-rudder i-face system ukuze kuvikelwe izindawo ezikhona. Elashaweni, kwenziwa izinqumo eziningi ezinenjongo kumasipala, kuholele ku [[FLT: 0] ukufakwa futhi ngokuvamile okuphikisanayo ukusetshenziswa kwezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amashadi eTokyo anemibhoshobhi ezokuthengisa izakhiwo ezinde, kuyilapho iziteshi ezingomakhelwane zimelana nanoma iluphi ushintsho.

Intuthuko edluliselwe (TOD)

IJapane idume ngezinkampani zayo ezizimele zesitimela ezithuthukisa izindlu ezindleleni zazo. Nokho, ngemva kwempi i-TOD igxile emakhaya omkhaya owodwa wasemadolobheni, hhayi emahholweni angabizi kakhulu. Namuhla, amaqembu ezombangazwe aqala ukuphinde afune i-embrace TOD njengethuluzi lokulwa nokuncitshiswa kwemoto. I-“Compac City” kahulumeni ukhuthaza abantu ukuba bagxile ezikhungweni zokuthutha, kodwa ayinazisulu ezibophayo. Komeito ube ungumlweli omkhulu wezwi wezokuxhumanisa izindlu ukuze zingene, kuyilapho i-LDP icabangela ukuphumelela kwezekwethuthwa kwemoto njengethuluzi lokuthuthukisa intuthuko yezezomnotho, hhayi inkambiso yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo.

Izinselele Ezingokwezimo Nezimo Ezingefani Zezombangazwe

Ukulinganiselwa Kwe - Fiscal Nokuphehla Imimoya

Isikweleti sesizwe saseJapane singaphezu kuka-250% ye-GDP, silinganisela kakhulu igumbi lokusebenzisa imali entsha emakhaya omphakathi. Icebo elibusayo le-LDP bekuwukugwema izindleko ezinkulu eziqondile, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izisusa zentela nobuthakathaka obulawulayo. Amaqembu aphikisayo azimisele ukuceba ukuqongelela izakhiwo zomphakathi eziqashiwe − ezilingana ne 50 000 000 000 (eziqashwayo) zidinga ukuboleka noma ukukhokha intela, kokubili ubuthi obungasene ezombangazwe. Inqubo yezindlu zokuhlala kumelwe futhi incintisane nemali yempesheni kanye nezokunakekelwa kwempilo emalini ehlala ikhona.

UKUQONDISA Ukuphikiswa Kwendawo

Imisebenzi yezindlu zomphakathi entsha, izindawo zokukhosela ezingenamakhaya, ngisho nezikhungo zomphakathi eziqashiwe ezisemakhaya angenisa imali ephansi zibhekene nokuphikiswa okukhulu kwendawo eJapane. Igama elithi ihinoto [isi-1] (isisitha) lithatha umbono wezenhlalo wokuthi izindawo ezinjalo ziheha ubugebengu noma zinciphisa amazinga empahla. Amaqembu ezombangazwe ayanqikaza ukuqeda izindawo zendawo, njengoba ethembela ekusekeleni kukamasipala evota. Ngenxa yalokho, izindlu ezintsha ezithelekayo zivame ukwakhiwa ezindaweni ezikude noma ezembonini, ziqhubekisela phambili ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo zemisebenzi nemisebenzi.

Ukuhlelwa Kwesikhathi eside

Izinkinga zezindlu zidinga amashumi eminyaka omzamo oqhubekayo, kodwa amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane asebenza emijikelezweni yeminyaka emine yokukhetha. I-LDP, elawulayo cishe ngokuqhubekayo kusukela ngo-1955, inenzuzo yokuqhubeka, kodwa ayivamile ukumisa izindlu njengendaba ehamba phambili. Amaqembu aphikisayo angathembisa izinguquko ezinkulu emkhankasweni, kodwa lapho elahlekelwa isikhundla alahlekelwa ikhono lokuzisebenzisa. Umphumela yisimo esinemiphumela lapho izinhlekelele zixoxwa khona ngemfashini yemfashini yefashini yezwe kunokuba kuthelwe ngecebo lezindawo zokuhlala elibanzi.

Amathuba Okubambisana Nezigaba Ezihlangene Nokuzivuselela

Ukuhwebelana Kwendlela Yokuhlala Yesizwe

Ngo-2023, iqembu elihamba ngengxenye yamalungu kaDiet − kuhlanganise namalungu avela kwi-LDP, CDP, ne-Komeito − yakhipha umbiko obiza u “umbono owenziwe wazenzisayo” [ onezisulu ezikwaziyo zokukhokha imali, ukuncishiswa kwemisebe, amandla. Nakuba kungekho mthetho oye wavela, umbiko uveza ukuthi inkinga yezindlu manje iqashelwe njengendawo yokuqala yesizwe. Uma umbango obanzi ungakhangisa amazwe afana neFinland, lapho isivumelwano sokunqamuka “kwesimothalo sokuqala” sinciphe kakhulu khona.

Ubuhlobo Babo Nobusha

Amaqembu ezombangazwe abheke kakhulu eqenjini elizimele ukuze athole izixazululo. I-LDP iye yasekela “idolobha elinamagemfe” imisebenzi ehlanganisa izinzwa, ukunyakaza kanye, nokuhlela idata nohlelo, nakuba abagxeki bekhathazeka ngalezi zinyathelo zokukhetha abathuthukisi abaxhunyiwe kahle. ICDP ihlose umphakathi“ ibhange lokuvuselela izimo” elizoxhasa ukuguqulwa kwe-akaya ezindlini zomphakathi. Zikhona izibonelo eziphumelelayo: i-Kanagawa Prefectal Government ye-omment yezentelligation yeze iguqule izindlu zemikhaya empofu ukuba ibe izintela ezibiza imali eshisiwe njengesibonelo. Izikhulu zezombangazwe zingasekela ukuhlola okunjalo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezifundo Zakwamanye Amazwe

Abezombangazwe baseJapane bavame ukubheka ngaphandle ukuze bathole ukuphefumulelwa. Ukususwa kwezindawo zasedolobheni kuvela eSingapore naseHong Kong, kuyilapho iCDP icaphuna ingxenye enkulu yezindlu zomphakathi yase-Austria. Ngo-2022, abameleli be-CDP bavakashela eVienna ukuze bafunde ukuthi i- isakhiwo sokuhlala”, lapho izakhamuzi eziyi 60% zihlala obala noma zilawulwa ngokubambisana. Nakuba ukufakwa kwezindlu ngemithetho ye-CDP kungenangqondo, lezi zikwazi ukulandisa ushintsho oluqhubekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umqondo we-“Fluusticary Congo""[FLT] , lapho isilinganiso sezenzakalo ezintsha zithola khona iqoqo le CDPP.[hayiphagame]

Isiphetho: Ukusuka Ezinkingeni Kuya Ekubelethweni

Inkinga yezindlu zaseJapane ayiyona inqubo engokwemvelo engenakungatshazwa, iwumphumela wokukhetha kwezimiso, okuningi kwazo okuye kwenziwa noma kwathonywa amaqembu ezombangazwe. Indlela ye-LDP yokudayisa ngenkululeko iye yahluleka ukuveza izindlu ezinokuthengwa ngesilinganiso esidingekayo, kuyilapho iziphakamiso zokuphikiswa okwengeziwe zokuphikiswa kwempi zisalokhu zikhohlakele kakhulu. Nokho, ubukhulu benkinga yenkinga idala idala izibuko ezintsha zokubambisana. Isakhiwo sokuhlala esigugile, i-akaya, nezwi elikhulayo lezombangazwe labaqashisi abashayo liphoqelela zonke iziqeshozo zokuhlala njengempikiswano enkulu yama-2020.

Ikhambi elinengqondo lizodinga izici ezisezinhlangeni eziningi: ikhono le-LDP lokuhlukanisa nokukhula kwezomnotho, ukugxila kweCDP ekuhleleni i-quity, iKomeito ukugcizelela kweqembu elisekelwe emphakathini, nokwenza ucwaningo lwendawo olusha oluqinisekiswe yizigaba ezincane. Akukho qembu elilodwa elinolwazi olunamandla ekulawuleni ukuhlakanipha [[ kule ndawo. Okudingekayo kuyisivumelwano esiphambanayo sezeko lokuthi indlu ayisona nje isisekelo sokuzinzisazulu, umkhiqizo, ukuchuma, nokuvuselelwa kwezehlakazeko. Uma isigaba sezombangazwe seJapaningaphakama ukuze kuphikisele leyonselele, kunakho ukuhlelwa kwemishini yenhlangano [ nesimiso sokusebenza kwezindawo zokulungisa isakhiwo futhi ibuye ibuye ikwazi ukuhlanganisa izindlu.

Imithombo: INkonzo yezwe yaseJapane, i-Infrastructure, Ukuthutha nokuthutha, [[FT:1] I-MLIT House Bureaument; i-OECD “Umthetho olawulayo eJapani" (2021); iJapan Times,“Izindlu ezi-Vacance eJapani zifinyelela i-9 Milliation” (2023); i-Tokyo Metropolitan Government Buvillation Platform 20222; CDPlatform 2023; Komeito Im Hometail Mademose (202).[FL:3]