Isimo sezombangazwe saseJapane sihlangene kakhulu nendawo yaso ezungezile yezezindaba. Ukuqonda lobubuhlobo kusiza abafundi, othisha, nezingqapheli zembulunga yonke ukuba baqonde indlela umbono womphakathi omi ngayo nendlela ogcinwa ngayo amandla ezombangazwe eJapane. Ukudlala phakathi kwamaqembu abusayo, amaqembu okuphikiswa, kanye nonothi lokunyathelisa kuye kwaqala phakathi kwamashumi eminyaka, kwakha isimo esiyingqayizivele esithinta ukhetho, izimpikiswano zezemithetho, nokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpande ezingokomlando, amandla amuva, kanye nokuguqulwa kobudlelwane phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe namaqembu eJapane, kuveza ukubukeka okubanzi kokuthi ulwazi lugele ngayiphi i-democrase-demose-Asia.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Senhlangano Yeqembu

Izindawo zemithombo yezindaba zanamuhla zaseJapane zakhiwa enkathini yangemva kwempi ngaphansi komsebenzi we-Association, eyachitha izimiso zenkulumo - ze zangaphambi kwempi futhi yamisa inkululeko yokunyathelisa njengelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho-sisekelo ka 1947 uqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma nezokunyathelisa, kodwa ngokushesha kwavela izakhiwo ezingahleliwe zokulawula ukugeleza kolwazi lwezombangazwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulaba yiqembu lama - kisha [ [iqembu lokucindezela], inxanxathela yamaqembu anikeze intatheli ekwazi ukungena kuhulumeni, indlunkulu yeqembu, ne-Imperence.

Lama-club, aqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, aba umsakazo oyinhloko wezindaba zezombangazwe. Izintatheli ezabelwe kulamaqembu ziqala ukusondelana eduze, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izimpawu zezombangazwe nezimpondo ezizihlanganisayo. Nakuba lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okusemthethweni kuhlala kulandelana, futhi sikhuthaza ukuhleleka kobuphili bobuphini bobufundisi nokuvumelana, njengoba amalungu eqembu kulindeleke ukuba anamathele ekubikeni iziqondiso eziqinile futhi agweme ukuphula izindaba ezingase zihlazise imithombo yabo. Lokhu kuthande i-Liberral Democratic Partion edemocratic (LDP), eyaziwa kakhulu ubuciko bokuphatha izigaba ezincomekayo.

Izimpi Ezinkulu Zezombangazwe Nezimemezelo Zazo Zemithombo Yezindaba

I - Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

Kusukela lapho i-LDP yasungulwa ngo-1955, iye yabusa ezombangazwe zamaJapane, iphethe amandla cishe kuyo yonke inkathi yangemva kwempi. Ubuhlobo beqembu nemithombo yezindaba bubonakala ngokuncikana. Abaholi be-LDP bahlakulela ubuhlobo obuseduze nabahleli abakhulu nabaqondisi bezindaba, ngokuvamile ngemibuthano yenhlalo yenhlalo kanye nangezinye izinto ezicatshangelwe kuphela. Ngokubuya, amaphephandaba amakhulu nabasakazi bathambekele ekunikezeni imvume engcono noma okungenani engangqubuzani i-LDP. Phakathi nemibhikishosho ye-voti, i-LDP ithola isikhathi esincane kakhulu sokusakaza obala i-NHK nemicimbi yezentengo yezentengo, iqiniso eliphikiswayo isikhathi eside.

I-LDP futhi izuza emnyango ohlanganisa izombangazwe nemithombo yezindaba: izintatheli eziningi zangaphambili ziye zangena ephalamendeni njengamalungu e-LDP, ziletha ukuqonda kwazo indlela yokulawula imijikelezo yezindaba. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa ama-anchors ezindaba e-NHK kanye nabahleli bamaphephandaba kamuva abakhonza njengezikhonzi. Lokhu kuvuselelwa kuqinisa ikhono leqembu lokuthuthukisa izindaba kuyilapho kulondoloza ukubonakala kokuzimela kwe-themist.

Komeito

Komeito, umsizi omncane we-LDP, unobuhlobo obuhlukile bemithombo yezindaba. Wasungulwa yinhlangano yamaBuddha evamile iSoka Gakkai, iKomeito incike kakhulu kulwelwelwe lwezobuzwe olukhulu lukaSoka Gakai, kuhlanganise ne- Seikyo Shimbun iphephandaba kanye nezindlela zalo siqu zokusakaza. Lenhlangano yezindaba efanayo ivumela uKomeito ukuba axhumane ngokuqondile nabasekeli bayo abakhulu ngaphandle kokweyama kwezindawo eziphambili. Icebo leqembu levoti eliyaluzayo lokuvota nezokusakaza liye lenza kwaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kohulumeni be-LDP.

Iqembu Lentando Yeningi Lomthetho - sisekelo (CDP) Neminye Imibuthano Yokuphikisa

ICDP, iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lokuphikiswa, ibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ekutholeni imithombo yezindaba elinganayo. Iziphakamiso ezinkulu zivame ukuveza i CDP njengengakholeki kakhulu noma ehlukene kakhulu, umbono osuka ekuhlukaneni kwayo ngo 2017 kwe-Dmocratic Party. Abaholi beqembu ngokuvamile basola ukuchopha umshini wokusebenzisa indinganiso ephindwe kabili, ukuqokomisa amaphutha e-LDP ngamandla amancane kakhulu kuyilapho behlola ama-gaffesendes ngokunonya. Ukuhlolwa okungu-201 kwe-P kwe-Sciethiligian Science Association yaseJapane kwathola ukuthi ukuqongelelwa kwe-CDP phakathi nokhetho lwendlu ephansi kwakucishe kube ku-40% okufushaye ngokulingana nengxenye eyodwa ye-LDP, kanye namathuba amancane kakhulu ezingxoxo ezinwendandayo.

IQembu lobuKhomanisi laseJapane (JCP), elinye ibutho elikhulu eliphikisayo, linecebo eliyingqayizivele lezokuxhumana. Lisebenzisa iphephandaba lalo, Akahata [[Flag Ebomvu], elinobuhlakani obuthembekile bokufunda i-communism yesigidi esisodwa. Nakuba lokhu kuvumela i-JCP ukuba idlulise abagcini bamasango abavamile, futhi ivala isigijimi seqembu esisekelwe kuso, lilinganisele kakhulu. Naphezu kwalokhu, i-JCP ibilokhu ingumgxeki wephicolo wesimiso se-kishadia futhi iye yafaka ukukhanya okukhulu ebuhlotsheni beqembu le-media.

Isimiso SeKisha Club: I - Guardian Yesimo SeQuo

Ukuqonda isimiso seqembu le-kisha kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani inzuzo yezokuxhumana ikhona. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, izintatheli kuphela eziseqenjini ezivunyelwe zingaya ezingqungqutheleni ezingokomthetho, zithole amakhophi aphambili amaphuzu, futhi zihlanganyele ekuthatheni i-implate--exterting. Amaqembu ahlelwa ngenkonzo noma ngenhlangano, futhi amalungu alinganiselwe kumaphephandaba amakhulu, amathelevishini, nezinkonzo zocingo. Izikhulumilandi, i- Independensi (ngaphandle kokuba angenele eqenjini), kanye neziteshi ze-midiyamu ze-atradio ezivamile zivame ukukhishwa ngaphandle.

Lokhu kuhlola kwakudala kwaveza indawo lapho izintatheli nemithombo ziqala khona ubuhlobo obude obubeka phambili induduzo phakathi kokulandisa. Ucwaningo lwe-Fukuokal lweqembu lokucwaninga olusekelwe e-Fyushu University lwabonisa indlela izintatheli zase-LDP ezihlobene nalezi ezivame ukubuza ngayo imibuzo enzima, ezikhetha ukunikeza imibuzo evunyelwe kusengaphambili ngokubhala. Uma kuvela amahlazo, njenge-Mormo Gakuen izwe elithengisa intengo ehilela owayenguNdunankulu uNdunankulu uShinzo Abe, ukudluliswa kokuqala kwezintatheli kuvame ukugxeka noma ukulibala izambulo zeqembu, abagxeki bebiza "ukubika ngokungayibhali."""

Imizamo yokulungisa iye yephuza. Ngo-2020, uhulumeni wasungula iziqondiso zokuvula izinhlelo ezithile ezifushanisiwe kubacosheli bezindaba abangebona ababhishobhi, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kubuthakathaka. Umqedazwe we-coronarvirus wandisa izinguquko ezithile, njengoba izingqungquthela zezindaba ezikude zakwenza kwaba nzima ukuphoqelela imingcele yemidanti engokomzimba. Nokho, izazi eziningi ziphikisa ngokuthi isimiso seqembu le-kisha silokhu siyisithiyo esinamandla kakhulu esimweni sezombangazwe esizidlula zonke.

Ukukhangisa Ngethelevishini Nezombangazwe

Ithelevishini ihlala iwumthombo oyinhloko wezindaba zezombangazwe kubavoti bamaJapane, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamanani abantu abadala. Izimiso zomkhankaso zivimbela ukukhangisa, kodwa amaqembu achitha kakhulu izinhlelo zohlobo lwe-infomercial [ kanye nezingxenye ezixhaswe. I-LDP's sheshiwe yiminikelo ejulile yezezinkampani kanye neminikelo yombuso, ivumela ukuba ilawule lomkhathi. Phakathi nokhetho olungu-2021, i-LDP-flaviordiod amaqembu angaphezulu kuka-60% azo zonke izikhangiso zezombangazwe ezikhokhwayo ezisemhlanganweni ezinkulu, ngokwe-Ministry of Interlinear Affaiaiaits and Commentsmeticers.

NHK, umsakazi womphakathi, ugunyazwe ukuba anikeze incazelo elinganiselwe, kodwa uye wabhekana nezinsolo eziphindaphindiwe zokucwaswa kohulumeni. Uhulumeni waseJapane umisa amalungu ebhodi le-NHK, futhi ngaphansi kwe-Abe, abaqondisi abaningana ababoshelwe i-LDP bafakwa. Ngo-2023, umbiko wangaphakathi we-NHK wembula ukuthi abahleli babeye bacindezela izigaba ezigxekayo ngesimiso samandla sikahulumeni, okuholela ekuxoliseni okungokomthetho. Amaqembu ophikisa aye abiza isivikelo esiqinile senkululeko, kodwa umthetho wokuvikela u-NHK ekuphazanyisweni kwezombangazwe uyaqhubeka ungekho.

Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano ezinjenge-Fuji TV, TBS, ne-Nipton TV nazo ziqondene neqembu elibusayo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezakhiwo zokuphatha. Amaphephandaba amakhulu ayazifunela zona kulezi zimiso, futhi lawo maphephandaba ngokwawo avame ukuba namaqoqo angaguquki. Njengoba omunye owayengumqondisi wezindaba atshela umagazini wezemfundo wezwe laseJapan iForm: "Akusho ukuthi sitshelwa ukuba sithande i-LDP. Kungenxa yokuthi abantu abaphakanyiswayo bangabantu abaqonda ukuthi amandla abangelwa kanjani."""

Ukuxhumana Okusha Kwezombangazwe Kwemithombo Yezindaba Yezinombolo

Ukuphakama kwe-Internet sekuqale ukubekela inselele abameleli bezemidanti, kodwa ukushintshwa akuhambisani. Abavoti abasebasha baphendukela kakhulu ku-YouTube, Twitter, naku-message abakhulumeli bezindaba ukuze bathole ukwaziswa okungokombangazwe. Bobabili i-LDP nokuphikiswa kuye kwafaka imali eqoshiwe emshinini, kodwa basondela ngokuhlukile.

Ukufakwa kwe-LDP ngezinombolo

I-LDP inezimo eziphumelela kakhulu zokuxhumana nabantu, ikakhulukazi i-YouTube, ukuze idlulise abagcini bamasango abavamile. UNdunankulu uFumio Kisida, okhishwe amakheli evideo amasonto onke eqembu lezokudala, okhiqizwa yiqembu elinobuqili egumbini lokudala izinto, uheha izigidi zemibono. Leliqembu futhi lisebenzisa "amaqhawe e-Genetic" — ngokuvamile amalungu amasha adlana kaDiet — ahlanganyela ngenkuthalo nabasekeli abaxhasi baseTutter futhi ahlakulele izimpande zotshani ezikulayini. Lendlela ivumela i-LDP ukuba ihlele ngokuqondile isigijimi sayo, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezibucayi ezinjengokubukezwa komthetho nakulondeka kwesizwe, lapho iziphakakhulu zingabuza imibuzo enzima.

Ukulwa Nezingcindezi Zokuphikiswa

Amaqembu aphikisayo aye athatha kancane ukuvumelana nezimo. Ukuba khona kwe-CDP' kuyi-inthanethi akunanani lokukhiqizwa nokungaguquguquki kwe-LDP', futhi okuqukethwe yi-JCP kuhlala kuvalelwe kakhulu egumbini lako lomsindo. Nokho, amaqembu amasha anjengoReiwa Shinsengumi aye athatha amasu amagciwane, esebenzisa i-Tik Tok futhi aphila ngokungena ukuze afinyelele e-Gen Zvota. Umholi wawo, uTaro Yamamoto, uqonge i-mfashini ethembekile ku-inthanethi eyalandela leyo ngezinye izikhathi eguqula i-Reiwa Shinksengumingumi ukuba inqobile impumelelo, njengango 2022 kujulo lwesihlalo seNdluye.

Naphezu kwalokhu kushintshana, imithombo yezindaba engokwesiko isamisa uhlelo lokuhlola. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-University of Social Science yaseTokyo kwathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-73 azo zonke izingxoxo zezombangazwe ku-Twitter ngo-2023 ayekusabela ezindabeni ezaphuka okokuqala ngamaphephandaba noma ngezinhlelo ze-TV. Isimiso seqembu le-kisha singasenziwa buthaka ukuphazamiseka kwezezinqubo zemishini, kodwa sisalawula isango eliyinhloko lokusungulwa kwezindaba.

Ukuhlanekezela, Ukucwaninga, Nemingcele Yamandla Emithombo Yezindaba

Imithombo yezindaba yaseJapane ngezinye izikhathi iye yaveza imibiko ewuphenyo ukuthi ifaka impoqo yezombangazwe. Ihlazo lokufumbathisa kwama-Olympic angu-2021, elavunulwa umagazini wamasonto onke uSukan Bunshun, iphoqelela i-LDP yamakheminery ukuba ishiye. Ngokufanayo, 2020 "Kake Educational Institution" edalula ihlazo, eladalula ukuphatha umngane weShinzo Abe, laqhutshwa yizintathelela intatheli engaphuzwanga i-club e u-Asahi Shimbu Shimbu [[FLT] [FLT:] kanye [FLT] [FLD]] [FLT:] ne [FLD]] [izi:] amaMainquentic] [FL:] [FLD]] [5]]. [ivP] [ivP]]] [ilkm:]

Nokho, izimo ezinjalo azifani. Amahlazo amaningi abikwa ekuqaleni ngomagazini bamasonto onke, abasebenza ngaphandle kwesimiso se-kishad futhi abanenkululeko yokuhlola eyengeziwe. Kodwa labomagazini abanakho ukufinyelelwa amaphephandaba ansuku zonke, futhi izindaba zabo ngokuvamile zidinga ukulandelwa izikhangiso ezinkulu ukuze bazuze isilinganiso sezombangazwe. Lokho kuxhomeke emithonjeni yeqembu enquma ukuvuza imibhalo noma ukuhlukana kwangaphakathi phakathi kwe-LDP — zombili izenzakalo eziyivelakancane.

Omunye umngcele yindawo engokomthetho. Imithetho yokuvikela impepho yaseJapane ibuthakathaka, futhi u-2014 wezimfihlo zikahulumeni uphazamisa ukuthululwa kokwaziswa okungekho mthethweni okubhekwa njengokunendaba nokulondeka kwesizwe. Abagxeki baphikisa lomthetho unethonya elishaqisayo ezintathelini ezihlola izindaba zokuvikela nokwakha izingxoxo, izindawo lapho i-LDP ngokwesiko inezikhundla eziqinile zemithetho. Ukubukezwa komthetho ngo-2023 kwandisa ngokwengeziwe incazelo yezimfihlo, kubhebhethelisa ukukhathazeka okuvela eKomitini yokuvikela amaphephandaba.

Imibono Yemithombo Yezindaba Yakwamanye Amazwe Neyamazwe

Abaquphi bamazwe angaphandle eJapani basebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene. Nakuba bengangena e-kishani uma behlangana, abaningi bakhetha ukuthembela emithonjeni ezimeleyo nasendleleni zophenya. Iziphumo zezizwe zonke njenge iNew York Times[, BBB[FLT], futhi izigebengu [[[FLT]] Izindaba eziye zaphulwa kakhulu yizindaba ezalahlwa abezindaba baseJapane, njengezingathandekiyo iFukushima-up kahulumeni ne-TCO. Lokhu kudala isimiso esimbanayo sokwaziswa: izibukeli zamaJapan, izinhlangano eziphicolo, izinhlangano zezizwe ezingomphakathi ezingomakhelwane kakhulu.

Uhulumeni waseJapane uye wafuna ngokuqhubekayo ukuthuthukisa ukushumayezana kwezizwe ngezingxoxo zomphakathi nangokuxhasa imithombo yezindaba yaphesheya. Inhlangano ye-"Nippon Communications Foundation," inikeza iziphakamiso kubacosheli bezindaba futhi bacabange amathangi aveza imibiko emihle ngezobupolitiki baseJapane. Abaphikisi baye babheka lokhu njengokuzama ukufihla i-LDP' eqophelweni ezindabeni ezinjengokucindezela inkululeko namalungelo amancane. Ngo-2022, , abaholi abangenayo imidanganiso bafaka idendeksi yenkululeko [[[ iJapaneththth, inani layo eliphansi kakhulu, likhomba "indlela yokuzilawula ngokwayo" ezindaweni zokunyathelisa.

Izinguquko Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izimemo zokufuna inguquko ziye zavela ezinhlalweni eziningi. Ngo-2023, iqembu le-bitarians, amaqembu omphakathi, kanye nezinye izazi zezombangazwe eziphikisayo ziye zasekela ukuxoshwa kwesimiso seqembu le-kisha, zifuna ukuhlelwa komoya olinganayo kuwo wonke amaqembu, futhi ziqinisa uzimele kwe-NHK. Ngo-2023, iqembu lama-bipartis amalungu ka-Diet lasungula isimemezelo sokwakha i-"Media Transparency Commission" ehlolela ukucwaswa nokufinyelela okulinganayo. Imali iye yaphela, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuzimela kwe-LDP.

Ubuchwepheshe bungasheshisa ushintsho. Ukwanda kwezindawo zezindaba ezihlukile, i-podcast, kanye nezindlela zokuzimela ze-YouTube kuncishiswa kancane kancane ngegunya lezindawo zokukhipha izimpahla ezingokwesiko. Izintatheli ezisencane zihamba ngokuqhubekayo zidlula ama-kishan, zakha ubuhlobo obuqondile nemithombo ngezinhlelo eziyimfihlo zokuthumela imiyalezo. Ukuvota kwe-2024 eTokyo i-gubernator kwathola inzuzo enkulu ngemikhankaso yezembu yezembubhiso yezeli yezembu jikelele, iphoqelela izimpompo ezinkulu ukuba zihlanganise.

Noma kunjalo, i-itheria isalokhu iqinile. Icebo lezokuxhumana lifakwe kakhulu esimisweni esiye saletha ukubusa okuzinzile amashumi eminyaka. Kuze kube yilapho umphakathi ufuna izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezimiso zezombangazwe, noma kuze kube inguquko enkulu yezenzo zonya, izibopho phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane nabezindaba ziyoqhubeka zilandela indlela ebekwe ngayo enkathini yangemva kwempi: ukudansa okuseduze phakathi kwamandla nezindaba, kanye neqembu elibusayo.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe nabezindaba baseJapane buyinkimbinkimbi, bujikeleza imvelo elawula ukuphila kwedemokrasi ezweni. Kusukela ekulawuleni okungokomlando kwe-LDP kanye ne-kisha druam kuya emandleni asanda kuvela emishinini yezokuxhumana, i-elementi ngayinye iqinisa noma ibekela inselele isimo esikhona. Kubafundi nabafundisi abahlola lokhu okunamandla, isihluthulelo esiningana sivela: imithombo yezindaba ayisebenzi nje njengendlela yokwaziswa kodwa njengengxenye yenqubo yezombangazwe; amasu eqenjini lokulawula imicimbi yemidanti ehlangene ephambili yemijahoshobhini yemijaho eyinkimbinkimbi; futhi inguquko, nakuba kungenzeka ngenhlanganisela yokucindezela komphakathi, ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, nezenzo zomthetho. Ukuqonda lokhu kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukwazi ukuthi ubudlelwane nolwazi lungaqondana kanjani eJapane.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, bheka iTimes yaseJapan ezihlaziyweni ze-kisha klubrants, ukuhlolwa kwe-[FLT] Cobridge University kwezezindaba nakumandla ezombangazwe[, kanye [[FLT] izikhangiso ezingenamidanso yombiko wenkululeko yeJapane .