Isimiso sengozi ephindwe kabili singenye yesivikelo esiyinhloko somthetho wobugebengu waseMelika, sivikela abantu emandleni kahulumeni ukuba babamangalele ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Imiswe emthetho ovamile wasendulo futhi kamuva yahlanganiswa eSigwegwegweni sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, lemfundiso iqinisekisa ukuthi isiphelo siyaphela, ivimbela ukuphamba, futhi ivikela ubuqotho besimiso sokwahlulela. Nakuba ukuvikelwa kokuzanywa kabili ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo kubonakala kuphelele, izinkantolo ziye zaqopha iziphaka ezithiwe ngokungemthetho ezivumela ukubulawa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilinganiselwe. Ukuqonda lemikhawulo kubalulekile kubameli bobugebengu, abahlazi bobugebengu, abahlazi bomthetho, abahlazi benkantolo, nanoma ubani olawula ukucuthamba ukulinganiselwa kwezimiso zobulungisa.

Umqondo oyinhloko ulula: uma umuntu esekhululiwe noma eboshiwe ngenxa yobugebengu obuthile, uhulumeni ngeke umenze amangalelwe okwesibili ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo. Lokhu kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba acindezele imithombo yommangalelwa, ayenze icindezeleke kaningi ngokomzwelo nangokwezimali, noma avumele abashushisi ukuba baqale ukuqulisa i-"ephaphu" ngemva komphumela ophambene. Nokho, iqiniso liyacaciswa kakhulu. Amaqhinga, ukunxusa, imfundiso ehlukene yobukhosi, kanye nomqondo "lonacala" konke kwakha imingcele yokuqulwa kwesibili. Lesi sihloko sihlola imingcele yokuzibhidla kabili, isilinganiso somlando ngemva komthetho, nomthetho ovumela ukubulawa kabusha.

Kuyini Ugibe Olukabili?

Isilinganiso sengozi ephindwe kabili seSichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza: "nanoma ubani ngeke abekwe esiphazameni esifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yokuphila noma egatsheni." Lelungiselelo lisebenza ezizweni ngeSichibiyelo se 14nethi (bona Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969). U- Jeoparty ufaka icala elicaciweyo lapho ijaji lifumbelwa, futhi ebhandeni lapho ufakazi wokuqala efumbirisiwe. Uma nje umlomo uboshelwa, noma isiphi isigwebo secala esilandelayo siboshiwe siviwe.

Isivikelo sifeza izithakazelo ezintathu ezihlukene: sivimbela umuntu ukuba ajeziswe kaningi ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo, sivimbela uhulumeni ekulungiseni icala ngemva kokulahlwa kwecala, futhi sivimbela ukuqulwa kwecala elifanayo ngisho noma ummangalelwa engakhululwanga noma abekwe icala (isibonelo, ngemva kwecala elashiwo ngokungeyikho ngaphandle kwemvume yommangalelwa). Inzuzo ngayinye inezinqumo zayo siqu futhi ehlukile, leyo inkantolo eye yalahla icala emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka.

Isizinda Esingokomlando

Isimiso sisukela emuva eGrisi naseRoma yasendulo, kodwa isimo saso sanamuhla savela ngomthetho wesiNgisi ovamile. Isaga se-debet bixbari pro eeaeusa — "Akekho okufanele akhutshazwe kabili ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa" — sasiyitshena lobulungisa benkathi ephakathi. Ngekhulu leshumi nambili, umthetho wesiNgisi ovamile waqaphela ukunxusa kwe- u-aurectis Conrective [[ [oct:] [ongaphambili]] ne- iziboshwa [iqembu] iziboshwa [FLT] [FLD:5] [iright] [exptions] njengemidentiazelo. I-Melikan eMelika i-Americs, futhi yaphatha isivikelo esivamile, kanye ne-Genetic.[FLT]

ERepublic yakuqala, izinkantolo zawusebenzisa ngokuqinile umthetho wokuvala icala ngemva kokulahlwa, kodwa ngaphandle kwecala elingalungile nokudluliswa kwezicelo kwavela kancane kancane. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yekhulu le-19 nelama-20 zayithuthukisa le mfundiso, zilinganisa amalungelo abantu ngabanye mayelana nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni ekumangaleleni ubugebengu. Namuhla, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziyisivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esiqinile, kodwa ezinemingcele ecacile.

Lapho Ingozi Igcotshwa

Ngaphambi kokuba ummangalelwa athi usengozini ephindwe kabili, kumelwe ukuba kuqala izingozi zihlangene. Isikhathi sokunamathela siyahlukahluka ngokohlobo lokuqhubeka:

  • Ukuqulwa kwecala: I-jeopardy ixhumeka uma ijaji libekwa endaweni yokuhlala futhi lifungwe.
  • [ Uvivinyo lwe-Bench:[ I-jeoparty ixhumene uma ufakazi wokuqala efungela.
  • Izicelo ze-Guilty:[ I-yeoparty ixhunyelelwa uma inkantolo yamukela isicelo ngesihle.
  • Ukujezisa okungalawuleki: Ukuhloma i-jeopardy uma ufakazi wokuqala efungela ukuzwa.

Uma icala lixoshwa ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe izingozi — ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli bafungele — uhulumeni ungawabuyisela amacala ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka komthetho-mthetho. Ngokufanayo, uma ummangalelwa ebeka isigwebo engozini ngokuvuma icala elingafanele, uhulumeni angaphinde asongelwe. Ukuqonda lapho ingozi ihlangene kugxeka ukuhlaziya ukuthi izibopho zokukhipha icala ziwukuqulwa kwesibili yini.

Abahlukanisi: Lapho Ukushushiswa Kuvunyelwa

Naphezu kolimi olunamandla lweSichibiyelo Sesihlanu, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela izimo eziningana lapho uhulumeni engase afune khona ummangalelwa.

Amaphutha

Ukungalungi kunquma ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelelwe isinqumo. Noma uhulumeni angalihlola icala ngecala ngoba amaphutha ashiwo. Uma ukuqulwa kwecala kuvela ku "isidingo" — njengokufa komsizi, noma iphutha eliyisisekelo le-procedidal — ummangalelwa angaphinde abulawe. Isibonelo esivamile siyijaji elingenakuvumelana ngesinqumo; umahluleli angamemezela iphutha, futhi uhulumeni ungaphinde uzame ummangalelwa phambi kwesahluleli esisha. [[FLT:] .[FLT] .[5] UFLT], u-UP [5], u-U.NU.NKL.NUL.) (18]

Nokho, uma umshushisi ethatha ummangalelwa ukuba athathe icala elingalungile (ayaziwa ngokuthi "ukushushisa ukuziphatha okubi" okulingana nokucasulwa ngenhloso), ukuqulwa futhi kungavinjelwa. Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667 (1992), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi lapho ukuziphatha komshushisi kuhloselwe ukushushisa ummangalelwa ukuba acele isigwebo esinengozi esiphinda kabili. Iphutha noma ukushiseka kwento eyingozi liphinde lanele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma inkantolo imemezela ukumangalela okungalungile ngokumelene nokuphikisa kommangalelwa futhi ngaphandle kokuboniswa kwesidingo esisobala, ukuqulwa kabusha kuvaliwe. Lomthetho uvimbela ijaji ekuqedeni icala ngaphandle kokusho ukuthi icala lomshushisi libuthakathaka. indinganiso edingayo iqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha agcinelwe izimo eziphuthumayo zangempela.

Ukukhanga Nezinguquko

Ngemva kokuqiniseka, uma ummangalelwa efaka isikhalo ngokuphumelelayo futhi ephumelela ekunqobeni ukubuyisela, uhulumeni ngokuvamile angalivumelanisa icala. Lokhu kukhipha imvume kuqaphela ukuthi ukubuyiselwa akukona ukuvuselelwa; ukuvunywa kwakuqala kuyasuswa, futhi ummangalelwa ubuyiselwa endaweni ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. INkantolo Ephakeme ikuqinisekisa lokhu [[FLT:] United States v. Ball[FL:1], 163 U.S.62 (18969), futhi ihlala ihlelile emthethweni. Nokho, uma inkantolo ye-applatte ihlehlisa isisekelo eziqiwini ukuthi ubufakazi abufanele ukusekela ukuqiniseka, ukuqulwa futhi iboshelwa kuvinjelwe ngenxa yokuthi lokho kulingana nokungakhohliwe. [FLT:]

Ngokufanayo, uma ijaji eliqulisa icala linikeza ukuthethelelwa okusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele, uhulumeni ngeke adlulisele icala futhi aphikise ummangalelwa.

Imfundiso Yababusi Abahlukene

Mhlawumbe isilinganiso esibaluleke kakhulu sesivikelo esiphindwe kabili yimfundiso "yobukhosi obubodwa" noma "amakhosi ahlukene". Ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni wezwe ngalinye ziyizinhlangano ezizimele ezihlukene, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu asisivimbeli isimo ekumangaleleni umuntu ngenxa yokuziphatha okwase kumangalelwe uhulumeni kazwelonke, futhi ngokuphambene. Okufanayo kusebenza ekumangalelweni ngokulandelana kwezizwe ezihlukahlukene ngesenzo esifanayo, uma nje isifunda ngasinye sinesithakazelo esisebukhosini ekujeziseni icala.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu ephanga ibhange elifakwe umthetho, kokubili uhulumeni kahulumeni (ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni wokuphanga ebhange) kanye nombuso (ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni wokweba) kungamangalela. Ukulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa kwenye inkantolo akunambimbi enye. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa futhi lemfundiso [ku-] Gqunuaggy v. United States , 139 S. 1960 Ct. (209), inqaba inselele inselele efuna ukugumbuqela iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-170 yesibonelo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ubukhosi obumbaxabanayo bululaza izingozi eziphindwe kabili, kodwa iNkantolo ikholelwa njalo ukuthi inkosi ngayinye inelungelo lokugcinwa kwemithetho yayo.

Izinselele Ezingokoqobo Zobukhosi Obubodwa

Lokhu kukhishwa kunezici ezinkulu ezihambisana nomthetho osemthethweni. Emacaleni aphezulu, abashushisi ngokuvamile bahlanganisa amacala kahulumeni nohulumeni ukuze bandise amathuba okuthola imvume. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokulahlwa kwezikhulu zamaphoyisa enkantolo kahulumeni ngokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, uhulumeni waletha amacala esizwe — umshushisi ozimele onganqatshelwanga ukulahlekelwa kabili. Ngokufanayo, abashushisi bakahulumeni baye baphishekela ukumangalelwa kwabamangalelwa ababekwe icala enkantolo engokomthetho uma bengavumelani nomphumela.

Izingxoxo zezikhulu zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izivumelwano ezihlanganisa izikhalo ezibopha kokubili uhulumeni nohulumeni ukuze kugwenywe ukuquliswa kwamacala okulandelana, nakuba izivumelwano ezinjalo zingadingeki ngokomthetho.

Izici Ezihlukile Ezibangelwa Ukuziphatha Okufanayo

Ingozi ephindwe kabili kuphela ezindaweni zokumangalela ezilandelanayo icala elifanayo. Ayivimbeli uhulumeni ekumangaleleni ummangalelwa ngobugebengu obuningi obusekelwe esenzweni esifanayo esingaphansi, uma nje ubugebengu ngabunye buqukethe isici obungaqiniseki. Ukuhlolwa kokuthi amacala amabili afana yini kuvela ku-[FLT] Stamburger v. United States, U.S. 299 (1932): uma icala ngalinye lidinga ubufakazi bengxenye engathathwa enye, kuthathwa njengomthetho ohlukene futhi lingaqulwa ngokulandelana.

Ngokwesibonelo, isenzo esisodwa sokushayela ngaphansi kwethonya eliphumela ekufeni singaqulwa njengalokhu kokubili iDuI nokubulala ngemithambo yegazi ngenxa yokuthi i-DUI idinga ubufakazi bokudakwa (into engadingeki ekubulaleni ngemisipha) nokubulala ngemisipha kudinga ubufakazi bokufa (isici esingadingeki eDuI). Ummangalelwa olahlwe i-DuI angabe esaqulwa icala lokubulala ngemisipha ngenxa yesenzakalo esifanayo.

Ukuhlolwa komqambi kusebenza kokubili emacaleni amaningi enkantolo eyodwa nasekumangalelweni okulandelanayo. Uma uhulumeni eletha amacala ngokulandelana okungabhekwa njengecala elifanayo ngaphansi .unqamu lwe-burger[, umshushisi wesibili uvinjelwe — ngaphandle kokuba enye yezinhlangothi ezihlukene isebenza (umthetho, ubukhosi obumbaxakile obubili).

Intuthuko Yezakhamuzi Neyabaphathi

Ingozi ephindwe kabili isebenza kuphela ekumangalelweni komthetho. Izenzo zomphakathi, izijeziso zokuphatha, nezinye izigijimi ezingezona ezobugebengu azixhomi igalelo, ngisho noma zisekelwe ekuziphatheni okufanayo okwabangela icala lobugebengu. Nokho, uma isijeziso sesizwe singu-"ubugebengu obungokwemvelo," izinkantolo zingayiphatha njengeyo ngenjongo yokufa kabili. Lendaba yavela United States v. Halper[, 490 U.S. 435 (199), kodwa kamuva iNkanto esobala indingayo [FL:].U.U.U.[5], 522], (197], isigwebo secala ngaphandle kwe-ognomoogrativement"

Kodwa, kungenzeka ukuthi kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuhlola isimo sangempela sokuqhubeka, hhayi nje igama laso.

Izimo Ezikhethekile: IJuveniles, Impi, Ne - Estopel YaseColteral

Isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sengozi sidlulela ebuhlongandlebeni bentsha, obubhekwa njengobugebengu. Uma nje ingane inqunywa ukuba ibe yihlongandlebe (noma ikhululwe ekuthethweni kwezingane), umbuso awunakukwazi ukuphinde ubeke isigwebo sobuhlongandlebe ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo. Nokho, ingane ingase iqulwe njengendoda endala ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo uma i-modural elawula imingcele eyingozi phambi kwenkantolo yentsha.

Emkhakheni wezempi, amalungu enkonzo avikelwa ngengozi ephindwe kabili ngaphandle kokuba aquliswe icala lenkantolo ngenxa yecala elihlukile ngaphansi kwe-Uniform Code of Military Justice. Imfundiso yobukhosi ehlangene isebenza nasembusweni wezwe nakuhulumeni uma enye yawo ihilela inkantolo ephethe.

Enye i-literanial estopel ebalulekile, evimbela uhulumeni ukuba alungise izindaba zeqiniso ezazixazululwe ngokubodwa emmangalelwa ngaphambi kokuba icala liqulwe. Nakuba kungezona izingozi eziphindwe kabili, inikeza isivikelo esifanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummangalelwa ekhululwa ekuphangeni okusekelwe ekutholeni kwabahluleli ukuthi wayengeyena umphangi, uhulumeni ngeke kamuva ammangalele ngecala elihlukile elidinga ubufakazi bendaba efanayo.

Intuthuko Yamuva Engokomthetho Nemikhuba

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinkantolo ziye zaqhubeka zicwengisisa imingcele yezingozi ezimbili. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku-'. i-United States' (2029]) yaqinisekisa kabusha imfundiso embaxambili yobukhosi, yenqaba imfundiso yokuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine seSichibiyelo sasisithathisile ngokuphelele. UMahluleli uThomas, othatha iphuzu lokuthi incazelo yasobala isekela ubukhosi obumbaxa-mbili, kanti uMahluleli Gordown waphikisa, ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukungavumelani" iSiphendulo seSigqi sesihlanu.

Enye intuthuko ephawulekayo ihlanganisa ukuhlangana kwengozi ephindwe kabili nomthetho wokulinganiselwa nokuziphatha okubi komshushisi. Mcnell v. United States, 136 S. 2355 (2016), iNkantolo yanciphisa incazelo yesenzo sokonakala komphakathi, iholela ekuqulweni kabusha kwabamangalelwa abathile ngemva kokuba izinkolelo zabo zihlukene. Uhulumeni wavunyelwa ukuphinde uhlole lezo zindaba ngoba ukuguqulwa kwecala kwakusekelwe ephutheni elingokomthetho, hhayi ebufakazini obunganele.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zalwa futhi nezimpikiswano eziphindwe kabili zezingozi, ikakhulukazi emqokandweni we "ingangeni" ukuqulwa kwecala lokuvikela. Ezinye izizwe zibheka ukuqulwa kwamacala okunjalo njengokulingana nokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili, ukuqulwa kwecala okulandela, kuyilapho ezinye zingakuphathi.

Kukhona futhi ukuphikisana okukhulayo ngokulunga kokuquliswa kwecala ngokuphikiswana kwemithetho eminingi ngaphansi kwemfundiso ehlukene yobukhosi, ikakhulukazi lapho kuvela iziphakamiso zikahulumeni nohulumeni esimweni esifanayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kuphula umoya wesisho sezingozi ezimbili, kuyilapho abasekeli begomela begomela ngokuthi kudingekile ukulondoloza ubuzwe. Kusukela ngo-2025, iNkantolo ayizange ibonise ukuzimisela ukugumbuqela isimiso sobukhosi esihlangene.

Izimfune Zomkhuba Ongokomthetho

Kubameli abavikelayo, ukuqonda imingcele yengozi ephindwe kabili kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezisemthethweni. Uma ikhasimende libhekene nokuphinde libulawe, iseluleko kumelwe sihlole ngokucophelela ukuthi izingozi zihlangene yini, ukuthi ikhambi lezehlulelo liyilo "lonke icala," nokuthi ikhona yini okuhlukile okungasetshenziswayo. Izizathu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Izenzo zomthetho: njalo ihlola ukuthi inkantolo isekelwe ekufunekeni noma ekuziphatheni okubi okusobala. Ummangalelwa ovumayo enkantolo engalungile ufaka isivikelo esiphindwe kabili.
  • Appals:[ Uma isiqinisekiso sishintshwa ngezizathu ezingabonakali, ikhasimende lingase libhekane necala elisha. Abameli kufanele bahlole izinzuzo zesikhalo ngokumelene nengozi yokumangalelwa kwesibili ngomphumela onzima kakhulu.
  • Ukudalulwa kweMilti-justialisti: ezimweni ezihilela kokubili izithakazelo zikahulumeni nombuso, xoxa ngezivumelwano zembulunga yonke ezixazulula izikhalo zomabili izinduna. Khuluma noma iziphi izithembiso zabashushisi bezwe ukuba benqabe ukuquliswa kwecala ngenxa yesicelo sikahulumeni.
  • [[Fredral estoppel: Ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, ukuvala icala kwangaphambi kokuba kubekwe kungavimbela uhulumeni ekufakazeleni amaqiniso athile ovivinyo olulandelayo. Lena imfundiso enamandla kodwa encane edinga ubufakazi obuqand ’ idolo.

Kubashushisi, izigaba eziphindwe kabili zengozi zibeka imingcele ebalulekile ezinqumweni ezibophayo. Ivimbela ukuquliswa kwecala ngokuphindisela futhi iphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba aqinise amacala ahlobene naleli cala elilodwa uma kunokwenzeka. Ukubekwa kwecala okumbaxambili kunikeza ukuvumelana nezimo kodwa kunezingozi zokubonakala kungafanele, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziphezulu lapho umphakathi ubheka ukuqulwa kwecala kokwesibili njengesendaweni.

Isiphetho

Izingozi ezimbili yisimiso somthetho wezephulamthetho waseMelika, esiklanyelwe ukuvikela abantu emandleni anamandla kahulumeni. Nokho isivikelo sawo asisona esiphelele. Amacala, izikhalo, imfundiso ehlukile, nomqondo wamacala ahlukene konke kwakha izindlela zokuphinde kubulawe. Izinkantolo zilinganisele ngokucophelela ilungelo lommangalelwa lokugcina isithakazelo somphakathi ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ubugebengu bujeziswa futhi ukuqulwa kwecala kungenziwa ngendlela elungile.

Kunoma ubani ohileleke esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu — kungaba ummangalelwa, ummeli, umahluleli, noma umenzi wezimiso — ukuqonda okuphelele ngezingozi eziphindwe kabili kanye nokungavumelani kwazo kubalulekile. I-gameter ayiqinisekisi ukuthi umuntu uzolingwa kanye kuphela; iqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke aqulwe kabili icala elifanayo, njengoba lichazwa amakhulu eminyaka ngencazelo yomthetho. Njengoba imingcele engokomthetho iqala ukuvela nezinselele ezintsha iyaqhubeka ivivinywa, kodwa injongo yayo eyisisekelo ayishintshi: ukuvikela ongenacala ekuhlukunyezweni futhi iqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni uphethe umthwalo wobufakazi esikhathini sokuqala.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [[[QULT: 0] i-Legal Information Institute ukucubungula kwengozi ephindwe kabili, qgfog v. United States uvo oluthi, kanye noMnyango woMahluleli weJaji 101 ikhasi 101 ezingozini eziphindwe kabili.