Isisekelo Somthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Wezizwe Zonke

Umthetho wezwe lonke uye waba amandla amakhulu kakhulu emzabalazweni wembulunga yonke wokulingana komshado. Nakuba ubukhosi bezwe bulokhu buyisisekelo sesimiso sezizwe zonke, iqoqo lezivumelwano, imihlangano, izibopho zenkantolo, namathuluzi aphansi akha umthetho wezizwe zonke akha isisekelo esikhuthazayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi siphoqelela, amazwe ukuba aqaphele futhi avikele amalungelo abo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banesimo sobulili noma ubudoda. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela umthetho wezizwe zonke okhuthaza ngazo ukulingana komshado, izivumelwano nezinhlangano eziyinhloko ezihilelekile, ithonya ezinqubweni zesizwe, nezinselele ezisalokhu zikhona.

Isimiso samalungelo abantu sanamuhla savela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II ngokumukelwa kweSimemezelo somhlaba Wonke samalungelo abantu ngo-1948. Nakuba i-UDHR ingesona isivumelwano esibophayo ngokomthetho, iye yafinyelela izinga lomthetho wezizwe zonke futhi isebenza njengesisekelo sazo zonke izinsimbi zamalungelo abantu ezilandelayo. ISiphakamiso 1 simemezela ukuthi bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belingana ngesithunzi namalungelo. Isigaba 2 sinqabela ukucwaswa kwanoma yiliphi isisekelo, kuhlanganise nohlanga, ibala, ulimi, inkolo, inkolelo yezombangazwe, imvelaphi yesizwe, impahla, ukuzalwa, noma esinye isikhundla sobulili. Nakuba ukuzalwa kwabantu nokuziwa kobulili kungashiwonga ngokuqondile, inkulumo "ukunye" iye yachazwa ngokuchazwa ngokuhlukanisa yilungelo lemizimba yabantu ukuba ihlanganise lezi zigaba.

I-International Parvey on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) ne-International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICECCR), zombili zamukelwa ngo- 1966, ziguqula izimiso ze-UDHR zibe izibopho ezibophayo zesivumelwano. Zizonke lezi zigqi ezintathu zaziwa ngokuthi i-UDHR yeSigele Samalungelo Abantu. I-ICPR, ikakhulukazi, iye yaba yingxenye ephakathi komshado yokulingana i-adevoctacy. Isigaba 17 sivikela ilungelo lokuba imfihlo. ISiphakamiso 23 siyaliqaphela ilungelo lokushada futhi sithole umkhaya, nakuba singawuchazi ngokucacile umshado njengowendoda nowesifazane. Isigaba 26 siqinisekisa ukulingana phambi komthetho nesivikelo esilinganayo. I-Humanis Commist Comment, esiphethe i-Indeccurity, esiphethe i-Imptic, esiphethe izikhulu ezisekela izinhlangano ezisekela i-IxR, ezisekela imibhangqwana ngokungaguquki kanye.

Isimiso sokungashayisani siyisisekelo sokungavumelani okukhona lapho impikiswano yomshado ikhona. Ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke, siphethe isibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bajabulela amalungelo abo ngaphandle komehluko wanoma yiluphi uhlobo. Uma uhulumeni ephika imibhangqwana efanayo engongongosini ukuba ishade, idala isigaba esisekelwe ekufuneni ubulili. Amaqumrhu abantu emhlabeni wonke athole ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ukuhlelwa okunjalo kudinga ukulunga okuphoqelelwe. Amazwe angenakunikeza ukuthethelela okunjalo atholakala ephula izibopho zawo zesivumelwano. Lokhu kuqondana okungokomthetho kuye kwasetshenziswa ezimweni eziningi phambi kwezinkantolo zezifunda zenkululeko yabantu nezindikimba zesivumelwano ze-UN, kudala indikimba ekhulayo yonke yemithetho esekela ukulingana komshado.

Imishini Eyinhloko Yezomthetho Nemisebenzi Yesakhelo Yomhlaba Wonke

Izindlela zomthetho eziningana zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukulingana komshado. Lezi zisukela ezivumelwaneni ezibophayo kuya ezimisweni ezilula ezilawula ukusebenza kwezwe nencazelo yokwahlulela. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo kuhlolwa ngezansi.

Isivumelwano Sezizwe Zonke Ngamalungelo Omphakathi Nangokwezombangazwe (ICCPR)

I-ICCPR isalokhu iyisivumelwano esigunyazwe kakhulu samalungelo abantu emhlabeni, namazwe angu-173 njengango-2024. Amalungiselelo ayo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, umkhaya, kanye nokulingana kuye kwachazwa ukuvikela ubuhlobo obufanayo bobulili. Esimweni esivelele sango 1994 Toonen v. , iKomiti yamaLungelo lomuntu ithole ukuthi imithetho ephula umthetho evimbela ukuhlangana komthetho nezenzo ezifanayo zobulili ephuleni iphula ilungelo lobusokhazikhazikha ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 17. Lesi sinqumo samisa isibonelo esibalulekile ngokumisa isimo sobulili esivikelekile ngaphansi kwe-ICalPR. [[FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] kuwethu] kuwena [FLT] kubhekiswe umshado [FON] kubhekiswe ubugebengu, ukucabangela ukucwa kwemithelela ukungemthetho okuyokubelwa kwemithetho efanayo yemithetho ehlukene ka-Gadekishobo

Muva nje, iKomiti Yamalungelo Abantu iye yacabangela amacala ahilela ukulingana komshado ngokuqondile. Fedottova v. eRussia kanye namacala afanayo alandelanayo, iKomiti ithole ukuthi iRussia ihluleka ukunikeza ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kobuhlobo obufanayo bobuhlobo bobulili obubodwa obungokomthetho eziHlaleni 17 no 23 ze-ICCPR. Lezi zinqumo, nakuba zingadingi ngokuqondile ukuba kuvulwe imibhangqwana efanayo esondeleneyo, ziye zasungula ukuthi izifunda zemithetho ethile engokomthetho nesivikelo sobuhlobo obufanayo. Izizathu kulezi zicawakhululwe yizinkantolo zezwe ezicabangela umthetho womshado olinganayo.

Izimiso Ze - Yogyagarta

I-Yogarkapa Principles, eyaqanjwa ngo-2007 eGadjah Mada University e-Indonesia, imelela ukuhlelwa okubanzi kwendlela umthetho wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke osebenza ngayo ezindabeni zokukhetha ubulili nobulili. Nakuba kungesona isivumelwano esibophayo, iMithetho ibinethonya elikhulu. Iye yakhonjwa izinkantolo zesizwe, izinhlangano zeUN, nezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ezingokwesifunda. ISivumelo 24 sikhuluma ngokuqondile ngelungelo lokuthola umkhaya, sithi izifunda zithatha zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze ziqinisekise ilungelo labo bonke abantu lokuthola umkhaya, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubudlelwane obungobobulili noma ubulili, kuhlanganise nokungena emishanyweni noma isikhundla esingokomthetho.

I-Yogarkata Principles iye yanezelwa yi-Yogarka Principles Principles Plan Ten, eyamukelwa ngo-2017, ekhuluma ngezindaba ezengeziwe njengamalungelo abantu abaxhunyiwe nokusetshenziswa komthetho wamalungelo abantu ngokomongo wobuchwepheshe be-iographic. Zombili, lezizimiso zinikeza ibalazwe lezindlela eziningi ukuze amazwe afune ukuhlanganisa imithetho yawo nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ngokuphathelene nokukhula nokuziphatha kobulili. Ziye zasetshenziswa abashisekeli benkolo nabemithetho esemthethweni ukubeka izimpikiswano zokulingana kwezeluleko ngokwesiko nezomthetho, kusukela e-Latin America kuya e-Asiya e-Asia.

Izimiso Zamalungelo Abantu Zesifunda

Izimiso zamalungelo abantu ezifundayo ngokuvamile ziye zahamba ngokushesha kunesimiso sembulunga yonke ekuthuthukiseni ukulingana komshado. Izimiso zaseYurophu, i-Inter-American, ne-Afrika, ngayinye inezivumelwano zayo, izinkantolo, nezinqubo eziye zadingida ukuqaphela ubuhlobo obuhlangene nokuziphatha okufanayo.

INkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu

INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu (ECTR) ikhiphe imithetho eminingana ephawulayo ekwamukeni kobuhlobo obufanayo bobulili. Schalk noKopf v. Austria [2010]), iNkantolo ithole ukuthi ilungelo lokushada ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 12 se-Europe Convention on Human Rights alifuni ukuba kuvunyelwe ukunikeza imibhangqwana efanayo ye-extern imvume yokushada. Nokho, iNkantolo ibuye ithi ubuhlobo obunye obungasese buphakathi no-"ukuphila kwemikhaya" ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 8, incazelo kumelwe inikeze uhlobo oluthile lokuqashelwa ngokomthetho. Lesi sinqumo sivule umnyango ngenxa yezocawa ezalandela ukuthi izivumelwano eziye zandisa amalungelo afanayo.

[[Nkantolo: 0] nenye i-Italiya (2015), i-ECTHR yathola ukuthi i-Italy yaphule iSiphakamiso 8 ngokuhluleka ukunikeza noma isiphi isakhiwo esingokomthetho semibhangqwana efanayo exhunyiwe. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi kunesibopho esiqinile sokuqinisekisa inhlonipho ngokuphila kwangasese nasemkhayeni, okuhlanganisa ukunikeza ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kobuhlobo obubodwa bobuhlobo obubodwa. Ngemva kwalesi sinqumo, i-Italy yamisa umthetho wesibopho sombango ngo-2016. [[FLT:] Bärboscuscucu. [[FLT:] [2] [20] kanye [FLT] ne-FLT] ngaphansi kweNkakhulu lomthetho we-Conventionstion: [F]

Uhlelo lokungenela lwaseMelika

INkantolo yaseMelika ehlangene namazwe aseMelika elwela amalungelo abantu iye yathatha ukuma okuqhubekayo. Ku-Advisory Oc-24/17 (2017), iNkantolo yathi amaqembu aphethe i-American Convention on Human Rights kumelwe aqaphele futhi aqinisekise amalungelo emibhangqwana efanayo ehlangene ehlangene ngexhunyiwe. Umbono ocacile owezwiwe ukuthi izifunda kumelwe zinikeze zonke izinhlobo ezikhona zokuqashelwa okungokomthetho, kuhlanganise nomshado. INkantolo yathi ukuhlukanisa ngokobulili nobulili kuvikelwe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 1 seSivumelwano, nokuthi ukucwaswa kwalezi zizathu kuwephula amalungiselelo eSiphakamiso 24. Umbono we-Advistion ukhohlolwe izinkantolo eCosta Rica, e-Ecuador, kanye namanye amazwe ase-Latin ephethe izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezithinta ubuhlobo obuhlangene ne-ex.

Isimiso Sase - Afrika

Isimiso samalungelo abantu sase-Afrika asizange sivume ukulingana komshado, sibonisa ukuphikisa okunamandla kwezempucuko nangokwenkolo emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika. I-African Charter on Human and Peoples's Amalungelo abantu ayibhekisi ngokuqondile indlela ehlukile noma ubulili. Nokho, i- African Commission on Human and People’s Rights iye yathatha izinyathelo ezithile zokuvikela i-LGBTQ+ amalungelo. Ku-2014 isinqumo esiphathelene namalungelo abantu abathiwa i-LGBT e-Afrika, iKhomisha ebizwa ukuba iqede ubudlova nekhethelo olusekelwe ekufuneni ubulili nobulili obusekelwe ekwakhexeni. Nakuba leli sinqumo lingakhulu likhuluma ukuthi amalungelo abantu abadabuthe ukuvikela i-LGTQ+ abantu ngabanye, okungayisisekelo sobuhlobo obuzayo obuphathelene-LBBT [FF:] [5] ne-FFF]

Ithonya Lomthetho Wezizwe Zonke Ngemithetho Yomshado Wesizwe Elinganayo

Umthetho wezizwe zonke uthonya imithetho yesizwe yokulingana kwemishado ngezinqubo eziningana: izibopho zesivumelwano ezidinga ushintsho lwemithetho noma lomthetho - sisekelo, izinqumo zokwahlulela ezicaphuna amathuluzi amalungelo abantu ezizwe zonke nawezifunda, namandla aphansi ezimiso zomhlaba wonke athonya umbono womphakathi nenkulumo yezombangazwe.

Isifundo Secala: INetherlands NeBelgium

I-Netherlands yaba izwe lokuqala elabhalisa umshado ongowesilisa ngo-2001 ngo-2001, lilandelwa yiBelgium. Nakuba la mazwe engazange enze ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezibopho zomthetho wezizwe zonke, izinqumo zawo zabunjwa yizimiso zamalungelo abantu. I-Netherlands yayisiwuseke kakade umthetho wesibopho somphakathi ngo-1998, futhi ukushendezelwa komshado ophelele kwashukunyiswa ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuphathwa ngokuhlukene kodwa ngokulinganayo kwakungqubuzana nezimiso ezibekwe e-Dashin Systinal noMhlangano waseYurophu ophathelene namalungelo abantu. I-Netherlands ne-Belgium iye yavezwa njengezibonelo zendlela yokusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso zomphakathi wonke amalungelo abantu ngokwezizwe ngokwezinga lesizwe, futhi imithetho yayo iye yathonya izinguquko ezilandelayo ezingoko ngokomthetho kwamanye amazwe.

Isifundo Sendaba: ITaiwan

Uhambo lweTaiwan lokulingana emshadweni lubonisa ukuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi komthetho wezizwe zonke, kwezombangazwe zasekhaya, nomthetho wokwahlulela. Ngo-2017, iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo waseTaiwan yanquma ukuthi ukuhluleka kwemithetho yomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni womphakathi ukulungiselela umshado ofanayo kwaphula iziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo zokulingana nenkululeko yomshado. INkantolo yakhuluma ngezinkonzo zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise ne-ICCPR kanye neYakhardatage Skies, ekucabangeni kwayo. Isinqumo sanikeza i-comnostic commouse iminyaka emibili ukuba ikhiphe iziphetho zomshado, futhi ngo-2019, iTaiwan yaba yizwe lokuqala lomthetho wokufaka umthetho osemthethweni ofanayo. INkantolo yezizwe zonke ziveza indlela umthetho wezwe lonke ongayithonya ngayo ngisho namazwe aphikisana ngayo ukulingana komshado.

Isifundo Sendaba: ENingizimu Afrika

I-Prom-partheid commonment ye-South Africa ingenye yezindlela ezithuthuka kakhulu emhlabeni, enqabela ngokucacile ubandlululo ngesisekelo sokuziphatha kobulili. Ngo-2005, iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika yabusa uMnuster of Home Affaits v. Foreie ukuthi incazelo ejwayelekile yomthetho womshado njengenyunyana phakathi komyeni nowesifazane yayingavumelani nobulili. Inkantolo yaseNingizimu Afrika yayithembele ezibophweni zobuntu zamazwe ngamazwe, kuhlanganise ne-Africa Chater on Human and the ICRR, isekela ukuveza kwayo. Isinqumo saholela ekuhlolweni komthetho we-Civil Union Union (Umthetho we-Union Union) enikeza kokubili imishado ne-South African-excodex. Inkantolo ihlala ingumshado wodwa kuphela.

Ukutadisha Icala: I - United States

Nakuba i-United States ingazigunyazi izivumelwano eziningi zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, nokho umthetho wezizwe zonke uye wathonya ukuphikisana okungokomthetho kwasekhaya ngokulingana komshado. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015], iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States yakholelwa ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyisinqumo esiyisisekelo ngaphansi kweSiphendulo somthetho-mthetho wezwe lonke. [Umthetho wezwe lonke] u-Anthony Kennedy u-kemeom we-omnometer] u-effell . [2]] [FFofrog], uye waveza ukuthi amazwe angaphezu kwayishumi nambili aqashelwe umshado ngaleso sikhathi. [FF]

Indima Yokuba Ingcweti Yokufundisa Emhlabeni Wonke Ne - NGO

Izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni (NGOS) namaqembu okuphatha amaqembu azimele afeza indima enzima ekuhumusheni imithetho yezizwe zonke engokomthetho ezinguqulweni zesizwe. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, ne International Lesbian, Gay, Bisculate, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) zihlola isifundazwe ngokubambisana nezibopho zamalungelo abantu, ukucwaninga, nokusekela inguquko engokomthetho. Imibiko yazo kanye nokutusa kusetshenziswa yizinkantolo zesivumelwano se-UN, izinkantolo zezifunda zelungelo labantu, nezishayanomthetho zesizwe ukuze zizise ukumiswa kwesinqumo.

I-Stractive Ligination iwusizo kakhulu. I-NGOS i-International Commission of Jurists, i-International Human Rights Clinic e-Harvard Law School, nezinhlangano zezifunda ezifana ne-European Rights Human Advocacy Center ziye zaletha amacala phambi kwezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe namazwe abekela imithetho engokomthetho efuna ukulawulwa. Lezi zimo zimisa izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezibangela ushintsho lwesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, [FLT: 0] Icala le-Toonen[FLT] phambi kweKomiti yamalungelo abantu esizwe wonke amalungelo abantu isekelwa izinhlangano zezizwe ezinikeza imithetho engokomthetho nezimali. Impumelelo yalelo cebo elifanayo lokuguqula amasuntlawulo esizwe.

I-NGOS iphinde ihileleke ekwakheni isikhundla, ukuqeqesha abameli nabashisekeli ekusebenziseni amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. I-Yogarta Principles yasungulwa ngenqubo ebambisanayo ehilela ochwepheshe bamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, futhi iyaqhubeka iphakanyiswa ngenhlangano yezinhlangano. INhlangano yeZizwe Ezizimeleyo kuSexual Confection and Gender Intection, esungulwe ngo-2016, isebenza eduze nezinhlangano zomphakathi womphakathi ukuze kubhalwe ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu futhi yenze ukutusa. Imibiko ye-Independent Export iye yasiza ekuvezeleni isidingo sokulingana komshado nezinye isivikelo esingokomthetho semibhangqwana efanayo [FLD: 0] [ULD] [UNExter ku-Scodextectionism ne Gender Idemodentity].[FFF1]

Izinselele Nokumelana Nezimo

Naphezu kwentuthuko enkulu, kusekhona izinselele ezinkulu. Amazwe amaningi ayaqhubeka emelana nokucindezela kwezizwe zonke kokulingana ngomshado, ngokuvamile ebhekisela ezizathwini ezingokwesiko noma ezingokwenkolo. Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kwenqaba kuye kwabangela ukumelana nesimiso samalungelo abantu somhlaba wonke ngokwaso, ohulumeni besola izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ngokubeka izindinganiso zaseNtshonalanga ezisekelwe emiphakathini engeyiyo eyeNtshona.

Ukuphikisa Kwesiko Nenkolo

Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, amasiko amasiko nenkolo akholelwa ukuthi umshado uyisibopho phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane. Amaqembu enkolo anezimo ezihlukene, kuhlanganise neSonto lamaKatolika, amahlelo amaningi obuProthestani, kanye namaSulumane, aye aphikisana kakhulu nokulingana komshado. Lamaqembu aphikisa ukuthi amalungu amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke awephula igunya lawo ngokuphazamisa ubukhosi bobuzwe namasiko amasiko. Ukungezwani phakathi kwamalungelo abantu asemhlabeni wonke namasiko kuyisihloko esiqhubekayo emthethweni wezizwe zonke. Nakuba amalungelo abantu esetshenziswa kuwo wonke, ngokuvamile emongweni othile adinga ukuzwana kwamasiko nezindinganiso zendawo.

Amanye amazwe aye asabela ekucindezeleni kwezizwe ngezikhathi zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho echaza ngokucacile ukushada njengomthetho-mshado phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo- 2008, abavoti baseCalifornia badlulisa umthetho 8, owashintsha umthetho kahulumeni ukuze unqande umshado ofanayo, nakuba kamuva waphendulwa yizinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ngo-2010, iNigeria yamisa i-Safana-Sex Marriage (Isivumelwano) Act, enziwa ubudlelwane obufanayo nobe-extratic. Ngo-2014, i-Uganda yamisa umthetho owenqabela i-Anti-Homothenatity Act, kamuva eyashaywa yiNka ye-Cunitho-Uganda ezindaweni ze-procedalgalive, nakuba kusukela iphinde yamiswa kabusha. Lezi zibonelo zale mithetho yomhlaba wonke awuzange unqobe kakhulu.

Ubukhosi Namasiko Esizwe Angokomthetho

Isimiso sobukhosi bombuso singumthetho oyisisekelo wezwe lonke. Amazwe ngokuvamile akhululekile ukunquma imithetho yawo siqu nezimiso, kuhlanganise nezindaba zomshado. Nakuba izibopho zesivumelwano zingadinga ukuba kuhlonishwe amalungelo abantu, izimiso zokugcinwa komthetho wezizwe zibuthakathaka ngokwezinga elithile. IKomiti yamalungelo omphakathi ingathola futhi ituse, kodwa ayinakuphoqelela izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu, njengeNkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu Yamalungelo Abantu, inezindlela eziqinile zokuqinisa isimilo, kodwa ngisho nezahlulelo zayo ngezinye izikhathi azinakwa noma zithathwe ngokwengxenye.

Amanye amazwe aphikisa ngokuthi ukulingana komshado kuyimpikiswano okufanele inqunywe yizishaya-mthetho zesizwe noma izinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo ngezinqubo zawo siqu zentando yeningi, hhayi ezibekwe yizinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Lempikiswano ibuye izwane ngokukhethekile emazweni aye abhekana namakoloni futhi azwelana nokuphazamisa kwangaphandle. Kulamazwe, ukuphoqelelwa kokulingana komshado ezinhlanganweni zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlangene zingabonwa njengohlobo lwenguquko yezwe. Ukukhuluma ngalendaba kudinga ukulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kokusekela amalungelo abantu embulungeni yonke nokusekela izinqubo zesizwe ezingokomthetho.

Ukubuyela Emuva Nokuvuselelwa

Kwamanye amazwe, intuthuko eqondene nokulingana komshado iye yalandelwa ukuwohloka. Ngokwesibonelo, eBrazil, ukubusa kuka-2013 koMkhandlu wobulungisa wavumela umshado olinganayo wobulili, kodwa izenzakalo ezalandela zezombangazwe ziye zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuzinziswa kwalamalungelo. EPoland naseHungary, ohulumeni abaphethe imishado baye badlulisa imithetho nezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezivimbela i-LGBTQ+, kuhlanganise nokuchaza umshado njengesibopho phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane kuphela. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa ukuthi intuthuko enziwa ngomthetho wezizwe zonke ingaba buthaka futhi idinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nokungalawuleki ukuze ivikele.

Iziqondiso Nemathuba Esikhathi Esizayo

Uma ubheka phambili, umthetho wezizwe zonke uzoqhubeka unendima ebalulekile emzamweni wembulunga yonke wokulingana kwemishado.

Ukwandisa Ukuqashelwa Ngalé Komshado

Ngisho nalapho ukulingana okuphelele kungafinyeleleki ngokwezombangazwe noma ngokwesiko, umthetho wezizwe zonke udinga kakhulu ukuba amazwe anikeze uhlobo oluthile lokuqashelwa okungokomthetho kobuhlobo obufanayo bobulili. Lokhu kuqaphela kungaba uhlobo lwezinyunyana zomphakathi, ubudlelwano, noma ezinye izikhundla ezingokomthetho ezinikeza amalungelo nesivikelo. IKomiti yamalungelo omphakathi neNkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu iphethe ukuthi izifunda zinesibopho esiqinile sokuqaphela ubuhlobo obuhlangene phakathi kwabantu ngezindlela ezithile. Njengoba lokhu kukhula, kungenzeka ukuthi amazwe amaningi ayokwamukela ezinye izindlela zokuqaphela, okungaholela ekulinganini okuphelele emshadweni.

Indima YoMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu We - UN

I-United Nations Human Rights Council iye yaba yindawo ebalulekile ekuqhubekeni kwe-LGBTQ+ amalungelo. Ngo-2011, uMkhandlu wamukela iSinqumo 17/19, esabonisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngezenzo zobudlova nokucwaswa kwabantu abasekelwe ekukhethekeni kwabobulili obufanayo nabobulili obubodwa. Leli kwakuyisinqumo sokuqala se-UN esisingatha lezi zimpikiswano ngokuqondile. Izinqumo ezilandelanayo ziye zaqinisa isibopho soMkhandlu sokuvikela i-LGBTQ+ amalungelo, kuhlanganise nokumiswa kwe-Endependent Expextert on Sexual Intection and Gender Intection. Nakuba i-dention ingazange ikhulume ngokuqondile ngokulinganayo, umsebenzi wayo uyenze indawo evumelanayo esekela amalungelo afanayo emibhangqwana ehlangene.

Inqubo ye-Universal Peasurement Review (UPR), lapho i-Human Rights Council ihlola khona amarekhodi amalungelo abantu ezwe lonke elingamalungu e-UN, iye yasetshenziselwa futhi ukuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokucwaswa kwemibhangqwana engokwasexesheni. Izwe liye lasebenzisa i-UPR ukuze litusane ngokusemthethweni ngokuphathelene nokuqaphela ubuhlobo obufanayo bobuxhulumente. Nakuba lokhu kutusa kungabopheki, kudala ukucindezela kwezokuxhumana okungathonya imithetho yobuzwe. Amazwe anjenge-Netherlands, Canada, ne-Argentina aye asebenzisa i-UPR njalo ukusekela isilinganiso somshado kwamanye amazwe [UVT] [URT] [UV:0] [UVT]] [FLT]

Ukuthambekela Okuvuselelekayo EbuJudeni Bomhlaba Wonke

Izimo eziningi ezivelayo ezingokomthetho wezizwe zonke cishe ziyothuthukisa ukulingana komshado eminyakeni ezayo. Okokuqala, izinkantolo ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukuthambekela kobulili kanye nobulili kuyizici ezingenakuguqulwa ezifanele ukuhlolwa kakhulu ngaphansi kolungiselelo lokulingana. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngemibuso ukuthethelela imithetho yobandlululo, kuhlanganise naleyo ephika imibhangqwana engowesilisa nesohlobo olulodwa ilungelo lokushada. Okwesibili, umqondo ka-"mkhaya" uyanwetshwa emthethweni wezizwe zonke ukuze uhlanganise ubuhlobo obuhlangene phakathi kwezimiso ezihlangene. Lokhu kubalulekile ngenxa yokuthi amathuluzi amaningi amalungelo abantu avikela ilungelo lokuthola umkhaya, futhi imibhangqwana efanayo eveza isivikelo esinezengathi siphakathi kwalesi sivikelo ibhekwa ngokuqhubekayo njengokungavumelani nokuqonda amalungelo abantu kwanamuhla.

Okwesithathu, ukuhlangana kokulingana kwemishado nezinye izindawo zomthetho, njengokukhosela, ukufuduka, nokulondeka komphakathi, kubangela ukucindezela okwengeziwe ukuze kuqashelwe ngokomthetho. Uma imibhangqwana efanayo engowesini ibhekene nobunzima ngenxa yokuthi ubuhlobo bayo abuqashelwa kwelinye izwe, umthetho wezizwe zonke ungafuna ukuba lelozwe liqashe. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yoMahlulelo yaseYurophu yeSishayamthetho, njengeyase- yabusa [i-Colman nenye v. Ngokuvamile i-Inspective for Immigration[ [208]) [2088] ukuthi ilungu le-EUMURC lisho ukuthi kumelwe liqaphele imishado yenkululeko engokwenkululeko, ngisho noma linganikezi umshado ofanayo emakhaya abo. Loluhlobo lwesivumelwano sokuqaphela ukuvuleka komphakathi.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wezizwe zonke ubulokhu uyithuluzi elinamandla futhi uyaqhubeka umzabalazo wembulunga yonke wokulingana komshado. Ngezivumelwano ezibophayo njenge-ICCPR, amathuluzi omthetho othambile njenge-Yogarta Principles, kanye nokulawula kwezinkantolo zamalungelo abantu zesifunda, umthetho wezizwe zonke umisa izindinganiso ezikhuthaza amazwe ukuba aqaphele futhi avikele amalungelo emibhangqwana ehlangene ehlangeneyo. Ithonya lomthetho wezizwe zonke lisobala ekwandeni kwenani elikhulayo lamazwe aye agunyaza ukushada ngokusemthethweni okuziphatha okufana nokwezentengiselwano, ngokuvamile ngemva kwezinkantolo noma izishaya - mthetho ezibondabeni ziye zakhomba izibo zezizwe zonke ekucabangeni kwawo.

Nokho, ukuhlobana phakathi komthetho wezizwe nobukhosi besizwe kusaphikiswana. Ukuphikiswa kwezempucuko nenkolo, ukukhathazeka ngokuphazamisa kwangaphandle, nokuphambana kwezombangazwe kuletha izinselele ezinkulu ekuqhubekeni kwentuthuko. Umthetho wezizwe zonke awuyona impumelelo, futhi ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomeke ekuqhubekeni kwemithetho ehlangene, ukubekwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, nokuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zezizwe ngezindawo. Ikusasa lokulingana komshado liyololongwa ngezinga umphakathi wezizwe zonke ongakha ngalo ukuvumelana ngokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kuyilapho uhlonipha ukwahlukahlukana okungokomthetho kwesizwe. Uhambo oluya ekulinganiseni okuphelele ngaphansi komthetho kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuphathwa ngokobulili noma ubulili, lusuka kude kakhulu, kodwa izisekelo zomthetho wezizwe zonke ezisandleko oluqhubekayo.