Isakhiwo sikahulumeni kunoma yiliphi izwe sifeza indima ephawulekayo ekulolongeni isimo sansuku zonke sombuso waso, ngokuvamile ngezindlela ezingaqapheleki nhlobo. Isimo semigwaqo ohamba ngayo, izinga lesikole ingane yakho eya kuso, ukulondeka kwamanzi owaphuzayo, nesivinini lapho izinkonzo eziphuthumayo zisabela khona ezinkingeni zenhlekelele yiyo yonke imiphumela eqondile eyenziwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zikahulumeni. Ku-United States, isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sombuso sihlukanisa amandla nomthwalo phakathi kwezindawo, umbuso, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Nakuba lesimiso ngezinye izikhathi singazizwa singena ngqiqweqwele noma singenamfa, imiphumela yangempela yaso futhi iqinile. Lesihloko siphula indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, usebenzisa izinkonzo eziyisisekelo zemfundo nesisekelo zezemfundo engokoqobo ukuze sibonise imiphumela engokoqobo yenqubo yokuphatha umphakathi.

Ukuqonda Izisekelo Zokubusa

Ukuze uqonde ithonya likahulumeni ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kubalulekile kuqala ukuqonda izindima ezihlukile ezifezwa yiziphathimandla zendawo, isifundazwe, nohulumeni. Lezi zingqimba azizona ezibusayo ezisebenzayo njalo; kunalokho, zisebenza ngemida ehlangene, ngokuvamile zihlanganyela umthwalo wemfanelo nezimali ezinkonzweni ezinkulu zomphakathi. Umehluko oyinhloko uxhomeke ekutheni igunya lazo lingakanani futhi izinga lemisebenzi yazo lingakanani.

Uhulumeni Wendawo: Ianchor Yomphakathi

Ohulumeni bendawo − kuhlanganise nobala, omasipala, amalokishi, nezifunda-maphethelo-isikole − liyizinga lokubusa eliseduze kakhulu nabantu. Izinqumo zabo zibonakala ngokushesha futhi zithinta ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila emphakathini. Igunya likahulumeni wendawo lihlanganisa izinkonzo eziningi ezibalulekile:

  • Imfundo: amabhodi esikole kanye nabaphathi besifunda bendawo banegunya eliyinhloko phezu kwezifundo, izisebenzi, uhlelo, nokunakekelwa kwezakhiwo zezikole ze K-12. Yilapho i-"ruber ihlangana khona nomgwaqo" emfundweni yomphakathi, njengoba izintela zempahla zendawo zivame ukwenza umthombo wemali yesikole owodwa.
  • Ukuphepha kobuPublic: iminyango yamaphoyisa kaMasipala, iziteshi zomlilo, nezinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo (EMS) zivame ukulawulwa ngokwezinga lendawo. Izikhathi zokusabela, amasu okuvimbela ubugebengu, kanye nemithetho yokucima umlilo konke kunqunywa yimithetho nezimiso zendawo.
  • Imfundo ne-Zoning: Ohulumeni bendawo baphatha ukunakekelwa kwemigwaqo yendawo, imizila yemigwaqo, izibani, izindawo zokulaphela amanzi, kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucumfucu. Amabhodi nokuhlelwa kwezindawo kulawula ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, ukunquma ukuthi indawo iba yisikole, indawo yokuthenga, noma intuthuko yezindlu. Lezi zinqumo zithonya ngokuqondile izinga lempahla, izindlela zezimoto, nobuntu bomphakathi.
  • I-Public Health and Santiation: iminyango yezempilo yendawo ilawula ukuhlolwa kokudla, ukuhlola okuqubukayo kwezifo, nezinhlelo zokugoma umphakathi. Ukuqoqwa komsabalazo nokubuyisela izinto kabusha nakho kuyimithwalo yemfanelo yendawo.

Uhulumeni WoMbuso: Umbusi Wesifunda

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenza njengezindawo eziyinhloko ezingokomthetho neziqondisayo esimisweni sikahulumeni. Banegunya elikhulu ezindaweni ezingaphathiswanga ngokuqondile uhulumeni kahulumeni we-U.S. Leligunya lihlanganisa ukulawula ezentengiselwano zezwe, umthetho kahulumeni wezephulamthetho, ukugunyaza ochwepheshe, kanye nokwakheka kohulumeni bendawo ngokwabo.

  • Imfundo:[ iminyango kaHulumeni yemfundo ibeka izindinganiso zemfundo ezikoleni zomphakathi, inikeza izinqumo zezwe lonke, ilawula isiqinisekiso sothisha, futhi inikezela izimali zikahulumeni ezifundeni zendawo. Izimiso zemfundo ephakeme yoMbuso, kuhlanganise namayunivesithi omphakathi namakolishi omphakathi, zibuswa kulomkhakha.
  • Izakhiwo zomthetho: iminyango kaHulumeni yezokuthutha (DOT) inomthwalo wokwakha nokulungisa imigwaqo kahulumeni, imigwaqo emincane, namabhuloho angekho esimisweni sezwe esihlangene. Baphatha futhi ukubhalisa imoto, nokubhalisa amaphoyisa kahulumeni noma udwendwe lwemigwaqo.
  • Impilo neNkonzo yezenhlalakahle: Amazwe aqondisa izinhlelo ezinkulu zokunakekela impilo njenge-Medicaid neNdlela yempilo yabantwana yoMshuwalense (CHIP). Futhi aphethe izibhedlela zikahulumeni, aphatha izibhedlela zomphakathi zempilo, futhi aqondisa inhlalakahle yabantwana kanye nezimiso zokunakekela izingane.

Uhulumeni Ozimele: ISiphakamiso Sesizwe Ne - Funder

Uhulumeni ubala imibuso ehlobene nesivikelo sesizwe, isimiso sangaphandle, ezentengiselwano zamazwe aphakathi, nemali. Nakuba indima yayo eqondile ezinkonzweni zendawo zansuku zonke ingase ibonakale ilinganiselwe, ithonya layo likhulu, ngokuyinhloko ngamandla ayo ezomnotho nekhono lokubeka izindinganiso zesizwe.

  • Imfundo: Imfundo: UMnyango wemfundo wase-U.S. unikeza izimali ezinkulu emazweni nasezifundazweni(ngokuvamile) nezintambo ezihlanganiswe. Imithetho enjengethi Wonke Umfundi Wempumelelo (ESA) no-Awenu One-Act yemfundo ekhubazekile (IDEA) igunyaza izindinganiso eziqondile nesivikelo ekuthengiseni u-R34. Uhulumeni ubuye uphoqe imithetho engokomthetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi ngokuphathelene nobandlululo ezikoleni.
  • Isakhiwo se-Interstate Highway System, izikhungo zezindiza ezikhuphuka ngezinhlangano ezinjenge Federal Highway Administration (FHA) neFederal Transutit Administration (FT). Umbuso unikeza inzuzo ehlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yezindleko zemisebenzi ebekwe uhulumeni, ithonya izinto eziza kuqala zesifunda. I-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisa izindinganiso zezwe zamanzi ahlanzekile nomoya okumelwe zisetshenziswe yi-Federal hulumeni nendawo.
  • I-Disaster Impumuzo ne-Emergency Management Management:[[FT:1] i-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ihlanganisa ukusabela enhlekeleleni futhi inikeza usizo lwezimali kuhulumeni nasezindaweni ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha ngemva kwezinhlekelele zemvelo. Lenetha lokuphepha likahulumeni liyisici esibucayi sokuzinza kwendawo.
"Kungesinye sezenzakalo ezijabulisayo zesimiso sikahulumeni ukuthi uHulumeni oyedwa onesibindi, uma izakhamuzi zikhetha, usebenza njengesikhungo sokucwaninga; futhi zama ukuhlola okuqanjiwe kwezenhlalo nezomnotho ngaphandle kwengozi kulo lonke izwe.” — IJaji uLouis Brandeis

Imfundo: Kusukela Emakilasini Asendaweni Kuya Emithethweni Yesizwe

Imfundo isebenza njengesifundo sezehlakalo esinamandla kakhulu ezingeni likahulumeni elihlangene. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni uthonya ngemali nangezokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi, futhi imibuso ibeka izindinganiso ezibanzi futhi isakaza imithombo, ukusebenza kwesikole usuku nosuku kuseyibhizinisi lendawo. Lokhu kudala isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuziphendulela nokuxhasa okuthinta imiphumela yabafundi ngokuqondile.

Ukwanda Kwezikhungo Zesikole Sasendaweni

Ngaphesheya kwe-United States, amabhodi esikole akhethiwe angaba ngu - 13 000 aphethe izikole zomphakathi. La mabhodi anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthatha izikole zesikole, ukukhokha imali, ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano zothisha, nokuqondisa ukwakhiwa kwesikole. Ngenxa yokuthi imali yesikole iboshelwe ngokuqondile ezintelani zendawo, ingcebo yomphakathi ingathonya ngokuphawulekayo izinga lezikole zayo. Isifunda esinezinga eliphezulu singangenisa imali eyanele ezikoleni zaso ezinentela ephansi kakhulu, kuyilapho isifunda esimpofu singase silwele ukukhokha imisebenzi eyisisekelo ngisho nangezinga eliphezulu lentela. Lokhu kuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwengcebo yendawo nemfundo kungathiwa kakhulu emhlabeni wakhona.

Izindinganiso ZoMbuso Nokulandisa

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenza njengethonya lokulingana ekufundiseni. Ukuze babhekane nokuhluka okukhona ekusekeleni imali yendawo, izifundazwe ziye zasungula izindlela zokuxhasa ngemali eziklanyelwe ukunikeza usizo olulinganayo. Izifunda futhi zimisa izindinganiso zemfundo (njengezindinganiso zeSizwe Esivamile sombuso, ezithathwa yizifunda eziningi) futhi zinikeza ukuhlola okuvamile ukuze kulinganiswe intuthuko yabafundi. Lokhu kuhlola kombuso kusetshenziselwa ukugcina izikole nezifunda zinomthwalo wokusebenza. Amabhodi emfundo ahlela futhi izimfuneko zokuthweswa kwemfundo ephakeme kanye nokulawula izikhundla zezingane zothisha nabaphathi bezobufundisi, zimisa isisekelo semfanelo engcono phakathi kwezwe.

Indima Yomphakathi Ekulinganiseni Nokutholakala Kwayo

Indima kahulumeni kahulumeni emfundweni igxile ngokuyinhloko ekulinganiseni, ekucwaningeni, nasekusekeleni okuhloselwe. Nakuba inikeza imali engaphansi kwe 10% yengqikithi yeK-12, ithonya layo lincishisiwe ngenxa yezimo ezihlobene naleyo mali.

  • Isihloko Imali Eyifakelayo: Ingxenye yomthetho wezemfundo we-Elementary ne-Secondary Act (ESEA), isihloko Nginikeza usizo olungokwezimali ezikoleni ngamaphesenti aphezulu abafundi abavela emikhayeni ehholo eliphansi. Loluhlelo luklanyelwe ukusiza ukuvala igebe lezemfundo phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu.
  • Abantu abanomthetho wemfundo okhubazekayo (IDEA): I-IDEA iwumthetho ophawulayo kahulumeni oqinisekisa "imfundo yomphakathi efanelekile" (FAPE) kubafundi abakhubazekile. Igunyaza izinkonzo eziqondile nezivikelo, inikeza imithwalo yemfanelo ephawulekayo esebenzayo nakwezezimali ezweni nasezindaweni zesikoleni zendawo.
  • ICivil Rights Inforcement: I-Divier of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) ihlola ukukhononda kobandlululo okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini (kuhlanganise nesihloko se-IX), ukukhubazeka, nobudala. Ukungenela komphakathi kungaphoqelela izinguquko endleleni izikole eziphatha ngayo abafundi.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: Ukungalingani Kwezimali Zezikole Zomphakathi

Ukuthembela ezintela zendawo kuye kwaholela emlandweni omude wokuhlukanisa ngokwezimali. Endabeni ephawulekayo uSan Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1773], iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yanquma ukuthi imfundo ayiyona into eyisisekelo ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo wombuso, ukushiya izinselele zesikole enkantolo. Lokhu kuholele emashumini eminyaka enkantolo yomthetho wezwe. Kwezinye izifundazwe, njengase-New Jersey nase California, inkantolo ephakeme yagunyaza izinguquko ezinkulu zokuxhasa imali phakathi kwezifundazwe. Nokho, ingcebo yezingane eziningi ihlala iwumthetho othembekile wezinga lesikole sazomphakathi. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ukuphatha nokulawula kwezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezwe lonke.

Izakhiwo: Imigwaqo, Amabhuloho Nezimiso Ezisithintayo

Izakhiwo ziwumgogodla ongokoqobo wemisebenzi yezomnotho nokuphila komphakathi. Kusukela emgwaqweni wendawo ophambi komuzi wakho kuya emgwaqweni omkhulu ohlanganisa isizwe, umthwalo wokwakha nokugcina lempahla uhlukaniswa phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. Isimo sale sakhiwo sezezimali (imali) ukuxhasa, ukuphepha, kanye nokuphatha ("isibonakaliso esiqondile sezinqumo zenqubo ezenziwa kuwo wonke amanani.

Imigwaqo Yasendaweni Nezinkonzo ZikaMasipala

Ohulumeni bendawo banomthwalo wemfanelo wemigwaqwe eminingi yemigwaqo yalelizwe, kuhlanganise nemigwaqwe eseduze, imigwaqo eqoqa imigwaqo, nezindawo zokulungisa izimoto. Lezi zinkampani ziqondisa konke kusukela ekususweni kweqhwa nasekulungiseni imigodi kuya ekusebenzeni kwezimpawu zomgwaqo nasekulungiseni imizila. Iminyango yomphakathi futhi isebenzisa amanzi nezimiso zokukhuculula indle, ukukhishwa kwamanzi, kanye nezindawo zokulapheka. Izinga lalemisebenzi lithinta ngokuqondile imfucucu yempahla, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nokunethezeka kwezakhamuzi. Ukulibala komgwaqo wendawo ekwakheni iprojective noma ukwehluleka emanzini okukhulu kungatholakala ngokuqondile emijikelezweni yemali yasekhaya nangaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwezindawo.

Imigwaqo Ephakeme Kahulumeni Nezingosi Zokuthutha

Ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wemigwaqo emikhulu ehlanganisa amadolobha nezifunda. Izindawo zikahulumeni ziphethe izinhlangano ezinwebekayo zemigwaqo namabhuloho, zongamele ukwakhiwa, ukunakekelwa, nokulawulwa kwezimoto. Futhi basebenzisa izimiso zokubhalisa abashayeli nezokubhalisa izimoto nge-DMV, ezinikeza imininingwane enzima yokuhlela izinto zokuhamba. Amazwe futhi anomthwalo wokuqondisa imigwaqo emikhulu nokugcinwa kwezimoto, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha emigwaqweni emikhulu. Izimali zokuhamba zikahulumeni, zisekelwe ngentela yegesi nezindleko zezimoto, zingaphansi kwemiphumela enzima yezombangazwe, njengoba zinemiphumela eqondile ekuthuthukeni kwezomnotho kwesifunda nezokusebenza kwezimoto.

Uhulumeni Kahulumeni Kazwelonke Nesimiso Sendlela Ephakeme Kahulumeni

Indima kahulumeni kahulumeni ezinjwayezi zezenjwayezi iyabonakala kakhulu eMphakamisweni we-Interstate Highway, iqoqo lamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-46 000 elagunyazwa yiFederal-Aid Highway Act ka 1956. Uhulumeni unikeza izimali eziningi zemali yokwakha nokulungisa izakhiwo phakathi kwezwe, ngokuyinhloko ezixhaswa yintengo yentengo yegesi kazwelonke. I-FHWA imisa imigangatho yokuklama ye-interliter ephakathi, iqinisekisa iyunifomu ne-injini ephephile enqamule imigqa kazwe. Ngokushintshanisa i-R3%, kumelwe inamathele ekuvikelekeni kombuso, indawo ezungezile, i-onkampane. Lendlela yokusebenza, lapho ukuxhasa intela kahulumeni yegesi i-tradign e-inst eMelika.

  • Imali eshibhile ephezulu kakhulu:[ Inqubo eyinhloko yokutshala izakhiwo zikahulumeni, nakuba ukulondolozwa kwayo kusongelwa ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla nokwehla kwamandla emali.
  • I-Federal Transit Administration (FTA): Iminikelo inikeza izinhlangano zikahulumeni nomphakathi wemisebenzi yokuthutha yomphakathi, kuhlanganise namabhasi, izitimela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba, kanye nenjali elula.
  • I-National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): Ifuna izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuhlola ithonya lezemvelo emikhankasweni emikhulu yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi, inqubo engathonya kakhulu isikhathi nezindleko.

Ukuhlola Indaba: Umphumela Wezomnotho Wokutshala Indlela Ephakeme

Ukwakhiwa kwe- Interstate Highway System kunikeza isibonelo esiphawulekayo sendlela uhulumeni ongayivuselela ngayo indawo yaseMelika. Ngokuxhumanisa amadolobha akude nokuthumba amaloli amade, izifundazwe zasiza ekukhuleni kwamadolobha, ukwehla kweziteshi zesitimela, nokunyuka kwezentengiselwano zezwe. Izinga lokubekwa kwendlela yomgwaqo omkhulu kunganquma impumelelo noma ukuhluleka kwezomnotho zedolobha. Namuhla, izinqumo mayelana nokuthi ukwandisa umgwaqo omkhulu, noma ukutshala ibhuloho, noma ukutshala izimali zomphakathi kwenziwa ngemidlalo eyinkimbinkimbi yezwe. Ngezinga ngalinye lokuletha izinto eziza kuqala nelezinga lawo. Isimo se-I-5 noma-95 asiyona inkinga engathi ukwakhiwa amashumi eminyaka; ukumiswa kwezimiso eziningi ze-inqumo.

Isiphetho

Imiphumela yezinga likahulumeni ekuphileni kwansuku zonke iphakeme futhi iyanda. Izinga lemfundo yengane linqunywa ngengcebo yomphakathi wakubo, izindinganiso ezibekwe yizwe labo, futhi ukuvumelana kwemithetho kahulumeni. Ukushelela kokuhamba ekuseni kulawulwa ngempumelelo yomnyango wemisebenzi womphakathi wendawo, ukuhlelwa kwemali yezwe, nokuhlelwa kwemali yeSishaya-Mkhandlu. Ukuqonda lesimiso sokulawula esibekwe ngokulandelanayo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqondisa isimilo sazo ngokuphumelelayo. Ukukhononda ngebhotela kuqondiswe kahle edolobheni; ukuphikisana ngokuxhasa isikole ngemali kuthathwa kangcono kakhulu esizweni; futhi ukukhathalela amalungelo emfundo yezemfundo. Ukuqonda lesimiso esinemigomo ehlelileyo, ukuqaphela izimo ezihlukene, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa izikhulu zezwe, nokuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezisemkhakhelweni eziphambili, kukhulunye ukuthuthukisa ukuphila kwabantu abahlala kulo.