Ukususwa kwemithetho kahulumeni noma ukwehliswa kwemithetho nokwengamela ezimbonini ezithile, kuye kwaba yisisekelo sesimiso sezomnotho emazweni amaningi kusukela ngasekupheleni ko-1970. Nakuba abasekeli bayo belwela ukuncintisana okukhushuliwe, amanani aphansi, kanye nokusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha, abagxeki bakhomba ekuhlulekeni kwezentengo, ukuvikelwa kwabathengi okubuthakathaka, nezingozi zezimiso eziye zahambisana namaza akhubazeka. Lokhu kuhlola ukuhlelwa okucatshangelwa kokuncishiswa kwemithetho, ukusekela kwayo okungokomlando, kanye nobufakazi obuvela ezingxenyeni eziyinhloko ukuze kunikeze ukuqondiswa okulinganiselwe kwemiphumela yayo futhi kunikeze ukusikisela okunengqondo.

Kuyini Ukwenqatshelwa Kwemithetho?

Ukunqandwa kuhilela ukususa noma ukukhipha izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezifakwayo − njengokukhipha izintambo zentengo, izimfuneko zentengo, izindinganiso zokuphepha, nemithetho yendawo ezungezile − elawula ukuziphatha kwezezimboni. Injongo iwukuvumela amabutho ezimakethe, kunokuba agunyaze izimvume ezisemthethweni, anqume imiphumela enjengepringing, izinga lenkonzo, kanye nokungena kwabancintisana abasha. Nokho, ukukhishwa kwemithetho kuyahluka ekubekeni inkululeko (ukuvula izimakethene zokuncintisana) kanye nokuthatha inzuzo (izindawo ezizimele zezeze kungene kuhulumeni womuntu siqu), nakuba lemiya mithetho ivame ukuvumelana.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho ephakeme ivimbela ukuhweba, ikhuphule izindleko, futhi ivikele abaxhasi ekuncintisaneni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kunezimiso zokulungisa ukuhluleka kwezentengiselwano (hhayi ukudayiswa kwezentengiselwano) njengezindawo zangaphandle, ukwaziswa, kanye nezindawo ezingokwemvelo zokudayisa imishini (oyakhe) kanye nokuzisusa ngaphandle kwezivikelo ezifanele kungaveza imiphumela elimazayo.

Isisekelo Sokunqanda Ukungcola

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani abenzi bemithetho beye bazama ukuvimbela ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho nokuthi kungani imiphumela yayo ihlukahluka.

Imisebenzi Yezomnotho Yomdabu Neyamahlelo Amasha

Izazi zezomnotho zomdabu njengo-Adam Smith zathi izimakethe, ezishiywe ezimishinini zazo, zithambekele emiphumeleni ephumelelayo. Kamuva, izifekethiso zamuva zagcizelela ukuncintisana okuphelele njengendlela engcono lapho ukuncishiswa kwemithetho kunganciphisa khona ukulahlekelwa komthwalo osindayo ekungeneni kukahulumeni. Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi izimakethe zangempela azivamile ukuhlangabezana nemibono yokuncintisana okuphelele.

Imfundiso Yomphakathi Yokuzikhethela

Inkolelo-mbono yokukhetha komphakathi isebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwezomnotho ekwenzeni izinqumo zezombangazwe, isikisela ukuthi iziphathimandla zingabanjwa izimboni eziqondisayo, okuholela “ekwehlulekeni kokulawula.” Ngokwalombono, ukunqanyulwa kwemithetho kunganciphisa amandla ezithakazelo ezikhethekile futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle. Inkolelo-mbono yokuthumba, eyasungulwa nguGeorge Stigler, iphikisa ngokuthi imithetho ngokuvamile izuzisa abakhiqizi ngezindleko zabathengi, ngakho ukuwasusa kungathuthukisa inhlalakahle.

ISikole Sezomnotho SaseChicago

Izazi ezinjengoMilton Friedman noGeorge Stigler zaphikisa ngokuthi imithetho eminingi ayidingekile noma ayizuzisi. umsebenzi kaFriedman embonini yezindiza nombuso wakhe wokunqanda ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho yaseU.S. wathonya kakhulu enqubweni yama - 1970 nawo - 1980. Ukugcizelela kweSikole saseChicago ukuphumelela kwezentengiselwano nokungaqiniseki kokungenela kukahulumeni kwaletha iziphepho ezihlakaniphisayo.

Umlando Wokunqandwa Kombuso

Ukunqanyulwa kombuso kwanamuhla kwakhula ekupheleni kwawo - 1970, okokuqala e - United States ngaphansi kukaMongameli uJimmy Carter futhi kwabe sekushesha ngaphansi kukaMongameli Ronald Reagan, kanye nase - United Kingdom ngaphansi koNdunankulu uMargaret Thatcher. Laba baholi bamisa ukunqamuka njengempendulo yokungagcwali, ukuswelakala umsebenzi okukhulu, nokungagculisi kukahulumeni okucatshangelwayo.

Izenzakalo Ezibalulekile Zokunqandwa Komthetho

  • I-Airline Deregial Act ka-1978 (U.S.): iqediwe ukulawula kombuso izindleko, imizila, kanye nokungena kwezentengiselwano zezindiza. Isenzo saholela ekutheni kube negagagasi lemali entsha, imali ephansi, kodwa futhi nemali ewile kanye nezimboni eziqinile.
  • Idladla iRail Act ka 1980 (U.S.): ngokuyinxenye yalula imboni yesitimela, inikeza izitimela inkululeko eyengeziwe yokudlulisela nokunciphisa imingcele yendlela. Yathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle futhi yaholela ekunciphiseni inkonzo ezindaweni ezinenzuzo encane.
  • UPrivatation of British Telecom (1984): Uhulumeni ongenisa i-Foker wathengisa isigxobo sakhe e-BT futhi wasungula umncintiswano, okwaholela ekuncipheni kwamazinga amade kanye nokusungulwa kwezinkonzo ze-mahamba-hamba, nakuba izinselele zokufinyelela emaphandleni zazikhona.
  • Umthetho we-Tetragrammation Act ka-1996 (U.S.): uhloselwe ukuvula izimakethe zocingo zendawo ukuze kuncintiswe futhi kususwe ithelevishini yekheli. Yakhuthaza ukutshala izimali ezibanzi kodwa futhi yafaka isandla ekuhlanganiseni ukuhlanganisa nokuphikisana ngokungathathi-hlangothi kwenetha.
  • I-Modernization Service Act ka-1999 (U.S.): Izingxenye ezipelisweyo zeGlass-Steall Act, ivumela amabhange entengiselwano, amabhange okutshala imali, nezinkampani zomshuwalense ukuba zihlanganise. Abagxeki baphikisa lokhu kunqanda igebe lenkinga yemali ka-2008.

Imiphumela Emihle Yokuhoxa

Abasekeli baqokomisa imiphumela eminingana ezuzisayo, enobufakazi obuqinile ezingxenyeni ezithile.

Ukuncintisana Nabantu Abafuna Ukuthenga

Ngokunciphisa imingcele ekungeneni, ukunqanda ukuncishiswa kweminyango kuye kwenza izimboni ezintsha zangena ezimakethe. Ngokwesibonelo, ezindizeni zezindiza inani labathwali bezindiza landa kakhulu ngemva kuka-1978, beletha izindlela eziningi zokuhamba kanye nemisebenzi efana nezokuthutha imishini ephansi. Ngokufanayo, ukunqanda ukuncintisana kwezokuxhumana kwakhuthaza ukuncintisana kwezinkonzo ze-transmindiking.

Amanani Aphansi

Imali yendawana yenyuka kakhulu. Imali yezindiza yangempela yehliswa cishe ngamaphesenti angu-40 emashumini amabili eminyaka ngemva koMthetho we-Airline Deregation, oshintshwe ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla emali. E-UK, ukuhlelwa kwe-British Telecom kwaholela ekuncipheni kwezindleko zezingcingo ezithatha isikhathi eside. Nokho, le ntuthuko ibingalokhu ifana ne-(nerravime) futhi inzuzo ephansi ngezinye izikhathi ibhekene nentengo ephakeme kakhulu noma incishisiwe.

Ukuzivuselela Nokukhiqiza

Ikhululekile ekunqandeni okuqinile kokulawula, izinkampani ziye zafaka ubuchwepheshe obusha nezimboni zebhizinisi. Ukunqanda kwale ngxenye kwabangela ukwanda kwe-fiber optic, imishini engenantambo, futhi ekugcineni i-inthanethi ye-intanethi. Ezimakethe zamandla, ukuncishiswa kwamandla kwenza ukuba ukuhwebelana okubanzi nokungenisa kwamandla enziwe ngokuvuselelwe kwezinye izindawo kukwazi ukuhwebelana kwamandla emishini esetshenziswayo kwezinye izindawo.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nendalo Yomsebenzi

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukunqanda ukungcola kubangela ukuncishiswa kwezomnotho ngokunciphisa izindleko zokuthobela intela nangokukhuthaza ukutshala imali. Izinto zokuhamba nezokuxhumana zaseU.S. zathola ukukhula kwemisebenzi okuphawulekayo emashumini eminyaka ngemva kokunqanyulwa kwemithetho. Nokho, ubuhlobo bushintshashintsha futhi ukuncishiswa kwemisebenzi emikhakheni evikelekile ngaphambili futhi bungabangela ukungalingani kwenzuzo.

Imiphumela Emibi Yokuhoxa

Naphezu kwezinzuzo, ukunqanda ugwayi kunezingozi ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi lapho kusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuqondisa okufanele noma ezingxenyeni ezithambekele ekubhujisweni kwezentengiselwano.

Ukwehluleka Nokugxilisa Ingqondo

Ukunqandwa kungaholela ekwakhekeni kokulawula noma kokulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuncishiswa kwezindiza kwaphumela ekuhlanganisweni nokuwa kwemali, kushiye inani elincane lezithuthi ezilawula imakethe ngama 2000. Lokhu kulinganisela kunganciphisa ukuncintisana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okunganciphisa intuthuko yokuqala ekusunguleni nasekusebenzeni.

Izinkinga Zokuzivikela Zezentengiselwano

Imithetho elula ingachaya abathengi emikhiqizweni eyingozi, emikhubeni yokukhohlisa, noma emisebenzi engekho.

Ukudilizwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Ukuvala emuva imithetho yendawo ezungezile − ngokuvamile isici sezinhlelo zokususa uhulumeni obanzi, ``ingaholela ekungcoleni nasekuncipheni kwemithombo yempahla. Ukunqanyulwa kwezindawo ezisebenza ngamalahle, ngokwesibonelo, kwabangelwa ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisiwe yesulfur dioxide ne-mercury, nakuba imiphumela enjalo idlalwa. Ngisho nasezingxenyeni ezinjengezokuthutha, izinga lokukhipha intuthuko elidambisayo lingase liphazamise imigomo yendawo ezungezile.

Ukungasebenzi Kwemali Nengozi Yesimiso Semvelo

Inkinga yembulunga yonke ka-2008 yezomnotho ivame ukuvezwa njengesibonelo esinzima kakhulu sokungalawuleki. Inhlekelele ye-Glass-Steagell ne-Commoradity Futures Modertization Act ka 2000 (eyayengakhokhiwe ukuvela kwemisuka enqubeni engokomthetho) yavumela izinhlangano zezezimali ukuba zifake izingozi ezinkulu ngaphandle kokucaca okuncane. Inhlekelele eyaba umphumela yaholela ekulahlekelweni kwemisebenzi, ukuncishiswa kwemisebenzi, ukuvuselelwa kwemali, kanye nemali enkulu kahulumeni. Ukucwaninga kwe International Monetary Fund (IMF) kuye kwahlanganisa ukuncishiswa kwezimali ezinkingeni ezingoko kwezomnotho ezithuthukile.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezifo Ekuwohlokeni Kwezigwegwe

Ukuhlola imikhakha ethile kwembula indlela imiphumela eshintshashintsha ngayo.

UMthetho Wokunqanda Ukuhamba Kwezindiza Ka - 1978

Imboni yezindiza yase-U.S. iyindaba evelele yemiphumela exubile yokususa ukungcola. U Faress wehla kakhulu, inani labagibeli lanyuka, futhi kwavela amafashoni amasha amasha ebhizinisi anjengezimpahla eziphansi. Nokho, izindiza zabhekana futhi nomncintiswano omkhulu, oholela ekuncipheni kwemali (umz., Pan Am, Mpumalanga, THA) nokuhlangana kwabathwali abane abakhulu (Melika, Deltalta, United, Southwester). Ukwaneliseka ngesondo, izindleko zezindiza, futhi ngesikhathi esithile kuye kwancipha. Ukuhlolwa kwezentengo ze- [FLT:] [FLT]] Istions Istion [FFFFOLD: 1]] kwatholakala ukuthi nakuba umoya uphansi, izinzuzo zigcwele phakathi kwezindawo ezinkulu, futhi imiphakathi kwemiphakathi kwezindawo zezindawo.

Ukuwohloka Kwezimali Nenkinga Ka - 2008

Phakathi kuka-1980 no-1997, uchungechunge lwemithetho kanye nezinguquko ezilawulayo zasusa ingxenye enkulu yesimiso sokulawula ngokwezimali esamiswa ngemva kokwehla Kwezomnotho Okukhulu. I-Gram-Leach-Leach-Bliley Act (1999) yavumela amabhange ukuba ahlanganise imisebenzi yezentengiselwano neyokutshala, kanye neCommodity Futures Modernization Act (2000) ekhutshwe ukuqondisa. [[FLT:] Izikhungo zezimali zakhakhampathi zakha izakhiwo zemali zakha intente entententente kakhulu nokuhweba ngezimali. Lapho intengo yezindlu zehla, isimiso somnotho salahlekelwa izindleko zokwehla. U. U. Umnotho wabiza imali elinganiselwa ku-U. Zibiza umkhiqizo okhiwodwayo wokwehluleka umkhiqizo, ngokushosholo lwe-FL: [FL:] [FFF1]

Ukunqandwa Kwamandla: Inkinga Kagesi YaseCalifornia

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990, iCalifornia yalawula ukuthengiswa kukagesi okugcwele lapho ifaka amanani esitolo. Lesimiso sabangela ukuba izinjini zokuphehla ugesi zingadingeki, okwaholela ekuthengeni intengo enkulu nokuzimela okunganqamukiyo ngo 2000-2001. Lenhlekelele yabiza abathengi abayizigidi zezigidi futhi yanikela ekukhumbuzweni koMbusi uGray Davis. Yabonisa ukuthi ukunqandwa kwemisebe yezentengiselwano okungahleliwe kahle, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlangene nokusetshenziswa kwemakethengiso kunemiphumela eyingozi. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseCalifornia kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukuphikisa ukuqapha, ukukhomba izakhiwo ezithengisa amandla kagesi, lapho izici ezingokwemvelo zisasebenza khona ekudluliseleni izinhlangano zezokuhweba.

Ukunqandwa Kwezokuxhumana

I-TeNCOUT Act ka-1996 ehloselwe ukukhuthaza ukuncintisana enkonzweni yocingo yendawo. Ngokwesiko, yaholela ekuhlanganeni okuhlangene (umzz., AT&T noBell South, Verizon no MC) futhi yafaka izimali ezisekelwe ezikoleni ezibanzi ze-prime. Nokho, yadala futhi izimpi zokulawula ukuphumelela kokufinyelela nokuhlelwa kwe-prigemi. Ukukhula kwemisebenzi esekelwe kuyi-intanethi (i-VoIP, igeleza) ekugcineni kwaphazamisa izinhlelo ze-telecom ezingokwesiko. FCC esebenzayo [ kwathola impumelelo enkathi yokusebenza kweposi, kodwa kwaphakamisa nokukhathalela ngenkonzo engcono kanye nokufinyelela yonke indawo.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokuwohloka Komthetho

United Kingdom

Uhlelo lokususa umthetho nokwehla kwezindawo ngaphansi kuka-Thecher lwaguqula izimboni njengezokuxhumana, igesi, ugesi, amanzi, kanye nezinto zokuhamba. Nakuba ukuphumelela nokutshala kwanda, abagxeki baveza ukukhunga kokungalingani kwenkonzo kwezinye izingxenye, ukuncipha kwengcebo phakathi kwezimboni ezimbalwa. Ukuncishiswa kwamandla emali kuye kwahlotshaniswa nezikweletu zasekhaya eziphezulu nokuhluleka kwemali yokuthenga ezindaweni ezithile eminyakeni yamuva.

I - European Union

I-EU iye yaphishekela ukuxubana kokuncishiswa kwezindiza (isib., ukudayiswa kwezezindiza kuma-1990) kanye nokubekwa kabusha kwezindawo (umzzk., ukuvikelwa kokwaziswa, ukuqondiswa kwezezimali). Isikhala esisodwa saseYurophu sihlose ukuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kwezindiza, ukwehla kokulinganiselwa kwejubane lendiza, nezindleko eziphansi. Nokho, ukuncishiswa kwezinkonzo namandla kuye kwaqhubekela ngaphandle kwezifunda ezingamalungu, kuholela ezimakethekweni ezihlukene.

Amazwe Asathuthuka

Amazwe amaningi asathuthuka amukela ukuvinjelwa njengengxenye yezinhlelo zokulungisa izakhiwo ngawo-1980 nawo-1990. Ezingxenyeni ezifana nokubhange, ukuxhumana ngezokuxhumana, nezolimo, kuye kwaxutshwa imiphumela. Ukukhishwa kwemithetho kungakhanga ukutshala nokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zakwamanye amazwe, kodwa izinhlangano ezibuthakathaka kanye namandla okulawula kungaholela ekonakalisweni, ekuxhashazweni kwamandla entengiselwano, nokuntengantenga ngokwezimali. IBhange leWorld Bank ifing[

Ukutuswa Kwemithetho Yokulinganisela

Uma bebona ubufakazi obuxubile, abakhankasi bezimiso kufanele basebenzise indlela ecacile elondoloza izinzuzo zokuncintisana kuyilapho benciphisa izingozi.

Ukuvinjelwa Ngokuqondisa Okunethonya

Kunokuba basuse imithetho eminingi, abenzi bezimiso kufanele baphawule imithetho ethile eqinisekiswe ukuthi iyingozi noma iyalimaza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, londoloza noma uqinise imithetho esingatha ukuhluleka kwezentengiselwano zangempela zokwenza izinto njengokungathi ukungcola, izingozi zesimiso, nokukhwabanisa. Ukuhlola okucacileyo kubalulekile.

Ukuncintisana Okuphelele

Ngaphambi kokulawula imboni, yenza imiphumela enzima yokuncintisana ukuze kulindelwe imiphumela yezentengiselwano. Uma umthetho uvikele imingcele engokwemvelo eqinile yokungena, ukunqanda ukunqandwa kungathatha indawo yomphakathi wokulawula ibhizinisi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukukhuthaza ukuncintisana ngezindlela zokwakha (umz., ukususa izinto ezingezinhlangothi ezifanele) kufanele kwandule ukunqanda ukuvalwa kwemithetho.

Ukushisa Kwelanga Nokubukeza Uhlelo Lokuqondisa

Ukusebenzisa izimiso zokubukeza ezizenzekelayo zezimiso, ezidinga ukuphela ngemva kwenkathi ethile ngaphandle kokuba ivunyelwe futhi. Lokhu kunciphisa ukunqwabelana kwemithetho ephelelwe isikhathi futhi kukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwezimiso ezisekelwe kubufakazi. ISivumelwano sase-U.S. siye sasebenzisa izinqubo ezinjalo ezinhlanganweni ezithile, kodwa ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezihleleke kakhulu kungasiza.

Ukuthembela Okunamandla Ekulweni Nethonya Nesivikelo Sezohwebo

Ukunqandwa kufanele kuhambisane nenqubo yokuncintisana eqinile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuziphatha okungekho semthethweni. Izinhlangano kumelwe zibe nemithombo negunya lokubekela inselele ukuhlanganiswa, ukufakwa kwentengo, nokulwa nemithetho yokulwa namanani. Imithetho yokuvikela (ukubonakala kwelinye icala), ukuphepha komkhiqizo, nesinqumo sokuphikisana) kufanele kuhlale kungalawuleki, ngisho nasezimakethe ezibekwe kalula.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamaqulo Ngokuhlaziya

Ukususwa kwe-pased deregiation kuvumela ukulungisa kwesikhathi sangempela okusekelwe emiphumeleni. Ukumisa izindikimba ezizimele zokuhlola ukuze kulandele izinguquko zentengo, izinga lenkonzo, ukugcinwa kwemakethe, kanye nokungalawuleki. Uma kuvela imiphumela emibi, abalawuli bezimiso bangaqinisa noma baphinde bafake imithetho ehloselwe.

Ukuvumelana Kwezizwe Zonke

Ezingxenyeni ezifana nezezimali namandla, ukunqanyulwa kwesimiso esisodwa kungadala ukuchitheka kwemingcele enqamulene. Ukuxhumanisa kwezizwe ngezizwe − ngokuhlanganisa imizimba njenge-Nakekeal Stability Board noma i-International Organization of Seciturations Commissions .-acan isiza ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso nokunciphisa ukulawulwa kwe-arbige.

Isiphetho

Ukwehla akuyona into enhle noma embi ngokwemvelo; imiphumela yayo ixhomeke emongweni, ekuklanyweni, nasekusetshenzisweni. Uma isetshenziswa ezimbonini lapho ukuncintisana kusebenza khona futhi ukuhluleka kwezentengiselwano kuncane, ukuncishiswa kwemithetho kunganciphisa amanani, ukusungulwa kwezindawo, nokukhuliswa kwezomnotho. Nokho, ezingxenyeni zezindawo ezithambekele ekusebenziseni imishini engokwemvelo, ukwaziswa, noma izingozi zesimiso, ukukhubazeka komdlangaze noma okuklanywe kabi kungaholela ekunakekeleni, ekulimaleni, ekulimaleni, ekuwohlobeni imvelo, nasekuwohlokeni kwezomnotho.

Ubufakazi obuvela ezinkampanini zezindiza, emalini, amandla, nasezokuxhumana bugcizelela ukuthi ukuvimbela umthetho kusebenza kangcono uma kuhlanganiswa nokuqiniswa okunamandla kokugcinwa kwabathengi, isivikelo esihloselwe ukulandisa, kanye nezindlela zokuziphendulela. Abaphathi-mapali kufanele bamelane nokweqisa kwemibono . /ukukholelwa okungaboni ezimakethe noma ukuvikela komthetho owenziwe ngemishini (*) futhi esikhundleni sokuphishekela ukuhlelwa kobufakazi, izindlela zokulawula eziba khona, kumelwe ukuba kubonakale kanjalo, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinzuzo zokuncintisana zihlangane kakhulu futhi izindleko zokuhluleka kwezentengiselwano zikhona.