Ukuqonda Ukubaluleka Nenjongo Yemithetho Yendawo

Imithetho yendawo, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi imithetho kamasipala noma imithetho yesifunda, ihlanganisa ungqimba oluseduze kakhulu lwemithetho izakhamuzi ezihlangabezana nayo nsuku zonke. Ngokungafani nemithetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni, lemithetho imiswa ngemikhandlu yedolobha, amakhomishane esifundazwe, noma amabhodi amadolobha futhi iklanyelwe ukusingatha izidingo eziyingqayizivele nezinselele zomphakathi othile. Ifinyelela cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke − kusukela ekuhlanzekeni kwasemgwaqweni nasebusweni kwempahla yezilwane kuya ezivinjelweni zokupaka izakhiwo, ebuhlotsheni bomphakathi obuhlala abantu, namahora ebhizinisi.

Injongo eyinhloko yemithetho yendawo iwukukhuthaza ukuhleleka komphakathi, impilo, ukulondeka, kanye nenhlala - kahle endaweni echazwe. Lendlela esemthethweni ivumela imiphakathi ukuba ivumelane nemithetho ngokwezimo zayo eziqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elisogwini lingamisa imithetho yokwakha eqinile ewumbhoshongo, kuyilapho umphakathi wezolimo ophakathi kwezwe ungahlela indawo yokulima. Isisekelo esingokomthetho salemibuso sisuka ekusebenziseni imisebenzi noma imithetho yasekhaya, enika ohulumeni bendawo igunya lokwakha ngokwabo ngokwabo ngokwemingcele yemithetho yezomthetho-mthetho.

Nokho, zona kanye ukuvumelana nezimo okwenza imithetho yendawo ibe yigugu nakho kudala umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi wamalungelo nezibopho. isakhamuzi esisuka kwelinye izwe siye kwelinye singathola ukuthi inkululeko yaso ishintsha kakhulu. Ukuqonda lobu buchule kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuvikela amalungelo abo noma ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni komphakathi.

Imingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo Ekwenzeni Kwemithetho Yasendaweni

Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo benamandla amakhulu okulawula, kumelwe basebenzise imingcele ebekwe umthetho - sisekelo we-U.S. nemithetho kahulumeni. Izimiso eziyinhloko zomthetho ngokomthetho ezivame ukuhlangana nemithetho yendawo zihlanganisa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala (inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana nenkolo), iSichibiyelo Sesine (ukuvikelwa ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka), kanye neSichibiyelo se - 1450 (isivikelo esilinganayo nenqubo efanele).

Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wedolobha onqabela ukuphatha ipani kwezinye izindawo zomphakathi ungase ubekelwe inselele njengokuphula inkululeko yokukhuluma. izinkantolo ziyolinganisela isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekulondekeni komphakathi futhi zikhiphe umthetho omelene nelungelo lomuntu lokuveza imizwa yakhe.

Isimiso esibalulekile somthetho imfundiso yokukhulula kukahulumeni, ephethe lowomthetho wezwe noma kahulumeni unganqoba imithetho yendawo engqubuzanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wendawo onqabela uhlobo oluthile lwesibhamu ungase ukhishwe inciphe uma umthetho kahulumeni ululaza leyonsimu. Ngakho - ke izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi akuyona yonke imithetho yendawo ephoqelelwe; leyo ewephula ngokusobala igunya eliphakeme ingabekelwa inselele enkantolo.

Imiphumela Emihle: Indlela Imithetho Yendawo Evikela Futhi Ithuthukise Ngayo Amalungelo

Imithetho yendawo ivame ukusebenza njengamathuluzi anamandla okuthuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi nokuthuthukisa izinga lokuphila.ngezansi kunezindawo eziningana eziyinhloko lapho imithetho yendawo iye yaba nethonya elihle ngokuphawulekayo.

Ukungavumelani Nezindlu Ezinhle

Omasipala abaningi baye bamisa imithetho evimbela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ekubusweni kwesimilo sobulili, ubulili, umthombo weholo, noma isikhundla esivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Fair Chance Ordinance yeSan Francisco ivimbela abaqashi ekubuzeni ngomlando wobugebengu womfaki-sicelo kuze kube ngemva komsebenzi onemibandela, ukunikeza abantu abanezinkolelo ezidlule ngokusemthethweni. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zendawo zingagcwalisa izikhala ezishiywe ngumbuso nomthetho, zidala imiphakathi egcwele. Ungafunda ngomlando we-Fair Chance [[FLT: 0] Factor Faixo Im Changer Ordance [[FL:1]] ukubona indlela umthetho wendawo owenezela ngayo isivikelo.

Isivikelo Esiqinile Nokuzinza Okuqinile

Emakethe asedolobheni abizayo, imithetho yokuqasha intela yendawo ijonge ukuvimbela ukushenxiswa kwezindawo nokugcinwa kwezindlu ezibizayo. Amadolobhe anjenge-New York, iLos Angeles, neWashington D.C. anezimiso zokulawula ezihleliwe ezilinganisela ukuqashwa kwaminyaka yonke zanda futhi zinikeze isivikelo sokuxoshwa. Nakuba lemithetho ibangela ukuphikisana entweni edinga ukukhokhwa, ngokungenakungatshazwa igcinela ukutholakala kwezindlu zamashumi ezinkulungwane zezinkulungwane ze-36 kanye neziphakathi kwezindawo ezikhona. Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningi, hlola i-fushalo, thinta i-fushalo ye-Rentline Guides Board [[FLT:] yeDolottey]

Imithetho Yempilo Yomphakathi Nokulondeka

Izimiso zempilo zendawo ngokuphathelene nokuhlola isitolo sokudla, ukukhuculula indle, nokudla okusetshenziswa ngokuqondile ekuguleni nasekulimaleni. Ngokufanayo, izimpawu zokwakha ezidinga izithako zokusaphaza umlilo, izintambo zokuzamazama komhlaba, noma upende wokulungisa umthofu zinciphisa izingozi endaweni ezungezile eyakhiweyo. Lemithetho isebenza buthule kodwa ngokuphumelelayo, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuqaphela isivikelo sansuku zonke umphakathi ezinikezayo.

Ukuphatha Umphakathi

Ekusabeleni ezinkingeni eziphathelene nokulandisa kwamaphoyisa, amadolobha amaningi aye amisa amabhodi okuhlola amaphoyisa, izimiso zekhamera yendikimba, futhi asebenzise izimfuneko zokubika ngokufaka iposi. Imithetho enjalo yendawo ithuthukisa ukubonakala futhi yakhe ukwethembana phakathi komthetho nezindawo akhonza kuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Office yeDenver ye-Independent Monitor inikeza ukuqondisa ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa, inikeza izakhamuzi indlela yokuba zibe nesibopho sokulandisa. Funda okwengeziwe ngalesisibonelo eHhovisi le-Intelligence

Imiphumela Emibi: Lapho Imithetho Yasendaweni Iphula Amalungelo

Naphezu kwamandla ayo okuba nenzuzo, imithetho yendawo ingawaqeda namalungelo omphakathi, ikakhulukazi lapho ihlasela abantu abasengozini noma iphoqelelwa ngokungefani.

Umphumela Odidayo Wemali Eholayo Nemiphakathi Emincane

Imithetho evimbela izindlu eziningi zemikhaya, ibeke imingcele yezindawo zokuhlala ezilinganiselwe, noma ukuvinjelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ngokuvamile ibangela izindleko zezindlu futhi iqhubekisela phambili ukuhlukaniswa kwezomnotho. Lemithetho, nakuba ingathathi hlangothi ebusweni, ingaba nomphumela wobukhazikhazi emikhayeni ephansi nakwemivuzo ephansi eshiywe ezindaweni ezithile. Ngokufanayo, “ukulingana kokuphila” imithetho ebangela ukuba abantu baxega, balale obala, noma baphathwe ngephantane kungaholela ekuphazanyisweni kobugebengu kokungabi nakhaya. Umuntu ongenakho indawo yokuhlala angabhekana nokukhokhwakhwa noma isikhathi sokuhlala nje ezindaweni ezihlala umphakathi, kubangele umjikelezo wobumpofu nowonga.

Ukuphoqelela Nokukhetha Ngokweqile

Imithetho yendawo enikeza amaphoyisa ukuqonda okukhulu, njengaleyo evumela ukumiswa “kwesimilo esiqondile” noma ukuphambana okuncane okungaholela ekukhipheni izinhlanga. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi abashayeli abamnyama nababhishobhi base-Spanic bamiswa ngamazinga aphakeme empatho yezimoto njengamaza emisila ephukile noma aphelelwe isikhathi sokubhalisa. Lenqubo ingaya phambili ekuphikiseni noma ekuboshweni, inciphise ukwethemba nokuhlehla amalungelo alinganayo okuvikela. [[FLT: 0] Isiqondiso se-ACLUS esiqondisweni sohlanga inikeza umongo owengeziwe wendlela inqubo yokugcinwa kwemithetho yendawo engamelana ngayo neziqinisekiso zomthetho.

Imingcele Ngokukhuluma Nomhlangano

Abanye omasipala baye bamisa imithetho elinganisela ikhono lokubhikisha, ukusakaza izincwadi, noma ukubuthana ezindaweni zomphakathi. Izimfuneko zemvume yokumasha, izindawo ezivaleleke emitholampilo yokukhipha izisu, noma imingcele yokufaka uphawu ezindaweni ezithile ingase ibekelwe inselele njengemithetho evimbelayo engekho ngokwemithetho engokomthetho. Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo benesithakazelo esingokomthetho sokulawula ukuphepha komphakathi nezimoto, imithetho ebanzi noma engacacile ingapholisa idolo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Izibonelo Zezwe Ezingokoqobo Zomthetho Wendawo

Ukuhlola izinhlolo - vo ezintathu ezihlukene kubonisa imiphumela esobala yemithetho yendawo ephathelene namalungelo ezakhamuzi.

Ukulawula Indlu Yamalahle EDolobheni LaseNew York

Isimiso sokuqasha iNew York City sokuqasha i-gallillation, esakhiwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, manje sihlanganisa amafulethi angaba yisigidi. Nokho, abagxeki abasemagumbini ahlelekile bajabulela ukwanda kokuqashisa okulindelekile (kumiswe minyaka yonke ngeRent Guidelines Board) kanye nezivikelo eziqinile zokuvimbela ukuxoshwa ngaphandle “kwesizathu esihle.” Ngaphandle, lemithetho ivumela izizukulwane zemikhaya ukuba zihlale ezindaweni zazo naphezu kokukhushulwa kwezindawo zokuthengisa. Nokho, abacusumbuli baphikisa ukuthi ukuqasha ukuqasha kuvimbela ukwakhiwa okusha futhi kuholela ekuwohlobiseni isheko lamakhaya ngoba abanikazi bengenamfakozo. Izindawo zokuthengisa izakhiwo zingaguqula izindlu zeze zezentengo, zinciphise wonke umcebo othengwayo. Abaqashi abaningi, umthetho umelela indawo ezindaweni eziningi, futhi bathatha inzuzo engafanele kulendawo.

Izikhulu Zomphakathi Ezihlanzekile

Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinjenge-San Francisco, i-Los Angeles, i-Chicago, ne-New York ziye zathatha izinqubo ezingcwele ezilinganisela ukubambisana kwamaphoyisa ezindawo neziphathimandla zikahulumeni zokufuduka. Lemithetho ivimbela amaphoyisa ukuba abuze ngesimo sokufuduka phakathi nokumiswa kwesimiso somthetho futhi inqabe ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yedolobha yokugcinwa kwabantu ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi abafuduki abangabhaliwe basengozini enkulu yokubika ubugebengu futhi babambisana namaphoyisa uma bengasakwesabi ukudingiswa, ngaleyo ndlela befaka isibindi ekuvikeleni umphakathi wonke umuntu. Abalwayo baphikisa ukuthi amadolobha angcwele agcina abantu abasemadolobheni ngokungemthetho, futhi avikela labo abanezinqino zomthetho. Izimpi ezingokomthetho ngalemithetho zifinyelele eNkanto Ephakeme, kodwa ohulumeni bendawo bayaqhubeka ukusekela ubukhosi babo kwezomthetho. Lokhu kubonisa indlela umthetho omphakathi omphakathi owenziwe ngayo kubantu abangewona wonke amazwe omphakathi omphakathi nomphakathi omphakathi omphakathi omphakathi omphakathi ovamile.

Ukulawula Izibhamu Kwendawo

Imithetho yendawo yezibhamu e-United States ibonisa indima ebucayi yemithetho kamasipala ekulondekeni komphakathi. Emadolobheni anemithetho eqinile − njengokuvinjelwa kweChicago izikhali zokuhlasela noma i-New York City ngesidingo ‘ sesizathu esihle” sokufihla imvume yokubulala izibhamu nokuzibulala ivame ukuncipha kunemithetho edinga ukuyekelela. Nokho, lemithetho yendawo ivame ukubhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho ezisekelwe eSigqini sesibili nasemfuzweni. Emazweni amaningi, i-pacss awenqabela obala imithetho yezibhamu eqinile kunomthetho wezwe, ukukhuthulwa kwemithetho yezikhali eqinile kunaleyo elawula uhulumeni, ukususwa kwezindawo ezinamandla okunikeza imvume yobudlova yomphakathi wodwa neyo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho we-Florida ukunciphisa umthetho owe-Orland noma i-Tallssssss ezibone iziqondiso zezikhali. Ngakho, ukusekela kwemithetho yendawo yomphakathi womphakathi womphakathi wasendaweni yakhona futhi ungayigunyaza imvume yokulwa imvume yomthetho womphakathi womphakathi wendawo.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Emithethweni Yendawo Ukuze Zivikele Amalungelo Azo

Nazi izinyathelo zikakhonkolo abantu abangazenza ukuze baqonde, bathonye, futhi uma kudingeka baphikise imithetho yendawo.

Yiba Khona Futhi Uhlanganyele Emihlanganweni Kahulumeni Wendawo

Umkhandlu wedolobha nemihlangano yesifunda sesifunda ngokuvamile ivulekele umphakathi futhi ngokuvamile ihlanganisa isikhathi sokuphendula obala. Ngisho noma ungakwazi ukukhuluma, ukuba khona kunikeza ukuqonda ngezimiso ezizayo nokucabanga okungemva kwazo. Imihlangano eminingi ilandelana futhi kuyi-ingosi ye-intanethi. Ukuhlola amaphuzu kusengaphambili kukuvumela ukuba ulungiselele ubufakazi ngezindaba ezithinta amalungelo akho.

Namaqenjana Okuphatha Umphakathi

Izinhlangano ezinjengesahluko sendawo se-American Civil Liberies Union, i-NAACP, noma izinhlangano zomphakathi ziqondisa umsebenzi womthetho futhi zikhuthaza amalungu ukuba asekele noma amelane nemithetho ethile.

Hlala Unolwazi Ngemithombo Enokwethenjelwa

Ama-code awe-okalumel ayizinsika zomphakathi, kodwa angathatha isikhathi eside futhi abezobuchwepheshe. Amaphephandaba endawo, imithola-lwazi yosizo olungokomthetho, nezinhlangano ezingakhiqizeli inguquko enkulu kulimi olulula. Ukumisa i-Google Alerts ngezihloko ezithile (umz., “umthetho wokulawula [idolobha lakini]) kungakusiza ukuba uhlale uzazi izenzakalo.

Xhumana Nezikhulu Zakho Eziqashelwe

Izikhulu eziqashelwayo zizwelana nokuzwa imvume enikezwa abantu abaningi ngendaba eyodwa.

Yazi Ilungelo Lakho Lokuphikisa Imithetho Yasendaweni

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi umthetho wendawo uphula amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo noma uphikisana nomthetho kazwelonke, ungakhetha ukuphakamisa inselele engokomthetho. Amacala amaningi aqala ngesakhamuzi sifaka icala enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni, siphikisa ngokuthi lo mthetho awusebenzi ebusweni noma usetshenziswa. Izinkampani zezezentengiselwano zomphakathi ngezinye izikhathi zithatha amacala anjalo ngokufaka i-probo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhononda ngommeli jikelele wezwe lakho noma ngekhomishane yamalungelo abantu yendawo kungabangela ukuphenywa.

Indima Yokucindezelwa Umbuso Ekulinganiseleni Igunya Lendawo

Enye yezithiyo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekubekeni umthetho wendawo isimiso sokukhulula uhulumeni. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingawavimbela ngokuqondile amadolobha ukuba aqondise izihloko ezithile, njengemithetho yokuqashisa, iholo elilinganiselwe, noma i-LGBTQ + izivikelo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amazwe amaningana aye adlulisa “izikweleti zokukhokha” eziyekelela izivumelwano zendawo, ikakhulukazi ezisezindinganisweni zempahla nasemisebenzini yokusebenza. Ukuqonda imithetho yezwe lakho yokudelwa kwezikhali kuyagxeka: ngisho noma umkhandlu wedolobha lakho udlulise umthetho othandwayo, kungashaywa phansi uma kungqubuzana nomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, eTexas naseFlorida, umbuso manje uvimbela imithetho yendawo ukuba kuhlale izifihla - fihla - buso, ishiya amadolobha ngezindlela ezilinganiselwe. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele ukulahla izimpi.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubonisa Izindawo Ngogesi: Amathuluzi Okuqondisa Izakhamuzi

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye benza kwaba lula ngezakhamuzi ukuba zilandelele intuthuko yomthetho wendawo. AmaWebsite anjenge Govrack. u- uvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bahlole umthetho kuwo wonke amazinga, nakuba izindleko zendawo zivame ukulandelwa kumawebhusayithi edolobha. Omasipala abaningi manje banikeza izitebhisi ezivulekile ezinezikhungo zokuhlela izimali, imithetho, nemizuzu yomhlangano. Izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa futhi izicelo zomphakathi ukuze zithole izimvume zokuxhumana mayelana nezimiso zomthetho noma izinqumo. Izandisa ukuvalelisa izikhulu zendawo ukuba zigcine izikhulu zinobungathwa futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi imithetho yendawo ikhonza inzalo yomphakathi.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okuqhubekayo Phakathi Kwegunya Lendawo Namalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Imithetho yendawo ayimi ndawonye; ivela ngezimiso zezenhlalo, izikhulu zezombangazwe, nemithetho yokwahlulela. Imiphumela emalungelo ezakhamuzi inamandla futhi inezici eziningi. Kwesinye isandla, imithetho yendawo ingasebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi, ikhela isivikelo esisha emaqenjini ahlukene, ithuthukisa impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha, futhi ikhuthaza ukubophana komphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingaba amathuluzi okuhlukanisa, ukucwasa, nokulawula uma kunganqandwa.

Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe, isihluthulelo siwukuthi amalungelo awayona into engabonakali, kodwa aklanywe ngokunembile yimithetho ebekwe edolobheni noma esifundeni ohlala kuso. Ukuze uvikele amalungelo akho, kumelwe ube nengxenye ekhuthele enqubweni yomthetho wendawo. Ukuba khona emihlanganweni, ukuvota, ukusekela izinhlangano zobukhazikhazi, futhi unganqikazi ukubuza ukuthi umthetho othile ufeza okulungile yini ngaphandle kokuthwesa umthwalo ngokungafanele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokuqonda isivikelo segunya lendawo nesomthetho, uba nekhono lokuhamba futhi uthonyele izakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezibusa ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke.