Ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni kungenye yezimo ezinamandla kakhulu eziguqula ukuphila kwansuku zonke, amathuba, nenkululeko yezakhamuzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngomgqomo wesibhamu, noma ngemiyalo yombusi ofuzo, indlela uhulumeni ohlela ngayo amandla inquma indlela imithombo enikezwa ngayo, indlela ukungavumelani okusingathwa ngayo, nendlela abantu abangaphishekela ngayo inhlalakahle yabo. Ukuqonda amandla kahulumeni ohlukile akuwona nje umsebenzi wemfundo, ukufundisa; kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuhwebelana phakathi kwenkululeko, ukulingana, nokuchuma. Lokhu kuhlola okunwetshwa okuyinhloko kwezimo zikahulumeni .

Intando yeningi

Idemos (abantu) ne s (umthetho), izigungu zezombangazwe ezakhamuzini, ezivame ukusetshenziswa ngabameleli abakhethiwe. Izimiso zentando yeningi zanamuhla . "izimo zentando yeningi"(izimo zedemokrati noma iphalamenti") zisebenza ngezimiso zokhetho lwezikhathi ezithile, ukubusa komthetho, ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi, nokuhlukana kwemibuso. Amazwe anjengeUnited States, iJalimane, iJapan, neCosta Rica ayizibonelo ezivelele, nakuba imiklamo yawo yentando yeningi ihlukene kakhulu. Isici esiyinhloko sesimiso sokubusa sentando yeningi sikhona sokuhlola nokulinganisela okukhona kwezwe ekuvimbeleni kwezwe.

Izakhamuzi Zihlanganyela Futhi Ziyolandisa

Kuyintando yeningi esebenzayo, izakhamuzi zenza okungaphezu kwevoti nje. Zingakha amaqembu ezombangazwe, zijoyine amaqembu enzalo, zigxeke izinqubo zikahulumeni emphakathini, futhi zinxuse izinguquko. Lendawo ezungezile ithuthukisa isiko le isithembiso sobugqiciji [ lapho abantu bezizwa benobuphathiswe izinqumo zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ihholo ledolobha eliseSwitzerland livumela ukufakwa ngokuqondile ekuhleleni izimali, kuyilapho likhomba izinqubo ze-uni eU.S. ivumela noma ukulahla imithetho ebhokisini le-bolotte. Izimiso ezinjalo zikhuthaza abantu ukuba bahlale benolwazi ngezenzakalo zamanje futhi bagcine izikhulu zilandisa. Ngokwemibiko yaminyaka ethile [FLT:] Izikhulu zikaNd House [FF:], izizwe eziphambili zezombangazwe ezisekwele kakhulu, nakuba zisanda kubekwa izikhulu zezentengo yomphakathi, nakuba zivuseminyakeni esimuva nje.

Ithonya Lezomnotho Nezenhlalo

Imibuso yama-democracrac ivame ukuhlobana namazinga aphakeme entuthuko yezomnotho kanye nokusungulwa kwezindawo, nakuba ubuhlobo bungahlangani ngokuphelele. Inkulumo-mpikiswano evulekileyo ivumela ukulungisa amaphutha esimiso, izigebengu zezehholo ezizimele zivikela amalungelo empahla, futhi imithombo yezindaba ekhululekile iveza ukukhohlakala. Izakhamuzi emazweni entando yeningi zijabulela izikhawu zomuntu siqu (inkululeko yokukhuluma), ukucindezela, ingqungquthela, inkolo, kanye nelungelo lokuya ekulingweni okulungile. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wentando yeningi yomsebenzi wentando yeningi ungaqinisekisa amalungelo ezisebenzini ukuhlela nokuthelelana, okungaphakamisa futhi kuthuthukise ukuphepha. Nokho, imibuso ayivikelekile ezinkingeni zezombangazwe, noma ithonya lezisebenzi ezicebile ezinikelayo ezindaweni zokuvotaleni. Ukuphikelela kobuhlangane eUnited States kungabonisi ukulingana okuhleli kwezombangazwe nezomnotho njalo.

Umbhali

I-authoritarianism igxilisa amandla kumholi oyedwa noma eqenjini elincane elibusayo, ngokungabekezeli kakhulu ukuphikiswa kwezombangazwe noma ukungavumelani. Lesigaba sihlanganisa i-juntas, izifundazwe zesigaba esisodwa (umz., iChina ngaphansi kweKhomanisi Parti), kanye nombuso wobushiqela wobushiqela (umz., i-Belarus ngaphansi kuka-Alexander Lukastenko, i-Siriya ngaphansi komkhaya wakwa-Asad). Imibuso yobubusi ilawula imithombo yezindaba, ibekela imingcele yenkululeko yomphakathi, futhi isebenzise amaphoyisa ayimfihlo noma izimemezelo zomthetho ukuze iqondise umphakathi.

Imingcele Ngenkululeko Nesiko Lokuthula

Kubantu abahlala eNyakatho Korea, ukuphila ngaphansi kokubusa kwempoqo kuphawulwa ngokwesaba nokuzibusa. Abantu bafunda ngokushesha ukuthi ukugxeka umbuso kungaholela ekuboshweni, ekulahlekelweni umsebenzi, noma okubi kakhulu. Emazweni anjengeNyakatho Korea, abantu abavamile abanakho ukufinyelela izindaba ezizimele futhi babhekane nesijeziso esinzima ngenxa yokuzama ukubaleka. Ngisho nakumazwe aphansi kakhulu alawulayo, njengaseHungary ngaphansi kukahulumeni kaViktor Orbán, ukukhukhuleka kwenkululeko yokwahlulela kanye nemithombo yezindaba kwenza isimo esibangela ukuba izakhamuzi zibe novalo lokukhuluma ngaphandle kokuzimela. [[FLT:] Lento ebangela ukuba abantu bakhulu bangayithandi nokuhlanganyela ngenxa yokuzibandakanya abantu ngenxa yokuzinye okungafunwa. Izindleko zezomnotho zibuye zikhululeke ngaphandle kwempahla noma izikhulu zezentengo ezizimele, futhi zinqindisela inzuzo yeze.

Ukuzivuselela Nokuzimela

Ohulumeni abagunyazi bavame ukugcina amandla ngenhlanganisela yokuphoqelelwa nokuphoqelelwa. Bangase banikeze izinkonzo eziyisisekelo − ukunakekela kobuphili, imfundo, ukuxhasa ukudla (ukuthengiselana ukwethembeka kwezombangazwe). Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni waseChina uye wasusa amakhulu ezigidi zobumpofu ngentuthuko engokombuso, okusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukubusa kwawo okukodwa okunengxenye eyodwa. Nokho, le nzuzo ivela ngokuncishiswa kwenkululeko yezombangazwe namalungelo abantu. Imithombo yezizwe ibeka imibuso ye-athority ngezikhathi ezithile njengokonakala kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile iholela ekuqhushubeni kwemibhisko yezikhathi ezithile, njengoba kuboniswa emibhikisweni engu-2022 e-Iran ngemva kokufa kwe-Masamini.

Umbusi

Inkosi enkulu iyisimiso lapho umbusi oyedwa eyisibonelo khona. Kuwo wonke umbusi, umbusi, umbusi, noma umbusi, ngezinye izikhathi unegunya eliphakeme, ukuze aphile futhi alandele ifa. Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ziwumbuso ophelele nombuso olawulwa ngumthetho - sisekelo. Ebusweni obuphelele, inkosi isebenzisa amandla anganqandeki; iSaudi Arabia ne-Oman ziyizibonelo zamanje. Ebusweni bombuso we-moguagracy, indima yenkosi isemthethweni, kanti amandla angempela ezombangazwe ahlala ephalamendeni noma enduneni ekhethekile. I-United Kingdom, i-Japane, i-Sweden, neThailand yonke igcina amakhosi njengezikhulu zezwe elinethonya elilinganiselwe.

Izakhamuzi Ziyabhekana Nezimo Ngokuphelele

Umehluko phakathi kwezakhamuzi okhona phakathi kwemibuso yemonarchy ephelele neyomthetho-sisekelo usobala. Ezindaweni ezizimele, izakhamuzi azimeleli kakhulu noma azinalutho kwezombangazwe. Inkosi noma umbusi wenza imithetho, umisa abahluleli, futhi ulawula ibutho lezempi. ESaudi Arabia, abesifazane babenqatshelwe ukushayela kuze kube ngu-2018 kanti futhi babhekene nemithetho eqinile engokomthetho. Amaqembu ezombangazwe avinjelwe, futhi uma ebekwa, awemi imikhandlu yemikhandlu esemthethweni elinganiselwe. Izwe lisekela izinhlangano zenkolo (eSaudi Arabia, incazelo eqinile ye-Islabhiya) ukuze agunyaze igunya layo, aqhubeke ecindezela inkululeko yomuntu siqu. [[FLT:][FLD][FLD [FLD1:]] iphawula ukuthi isimiso somthetho sase-Saudiabhiya sisekelwe emthethweni, futhi isigwebo esiqinile.

Ngokuphambene, izakhamuzi ezibuswa umthetho-mthetho zijabulela amalungelo nenkululeko efana naleyo esemaRepublic. Inkosi iyisithakathi esingesona esingusipanisi esifanekisela ubunye bobuzwe nesiko. Ngokwesibonelo, inkosi yaseBrithani ivula iPhalamende futhi inikeza “Inkulumo yeNkosi” (ebhalwe nguhulumeni), kodwa ayinakuvimbela umthetho. Izakhamuzi zaseJapane zivotela abameleli bazo, futhi uMbusi akanawo amandla ezombangazwe. Imibuso yezomthetho ithambekele ekubeni nedemodurali eliqinile ngenxa yokuthi inhloko yesizwe ingaphezu kwempikiswano ye-RGenethi. Imiphumela yezenhlalo ingaba ne-romastery ngokuvamile ikhuthaza umuzwa wokuba ne-yokuqhubeka kwesizwe, nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ukuthi iphakamisa ilungelo elizuzwe elizuzwe nesigaba esingokwesigaba.

UbuKhomanisi

UbuKhomanisi, njengohlobo lukahulumeni, busekelwe embonweni womphakathi ongenazigaba lapho indlela yokukhiqiza ihlangene ikhona. Ngokwenqubo, izifundazwe zobukhomanisi (umk., iChina, iCuba, iVietnam, iLaos, iNyakatho Korea) zingamazwe ahlukene lapho iQembu lobuKhomanisi lilawula zonke izici zezombangazwe, zezomnotho, nokuphila komphakathi. Umbuso uhlela umnotho, uqondisa imikhiqizo yezezimboni, futhi uphatha imisebenzi eminingi, izindlu, nemfundo. Inhloso ecatshangelwayo yokuqeda ukwahlukana kwesigaba ngokuvamile iye yahambisana nokulawula izakhamuzi ngempatho ye-athorist.

Imingcele Ngenkululeko Yakho Nokuzivuselela

Izakhamuzi ezisemihlelweni yobukhomanisi zibhekana nokuhileleka okugcwele kakhulu kwezwe. Uhulumeni angase anqume ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi ekhona, lapho abantu bengahlala khona, nokuthi yini abangayifunda. Ngokwesibonelo, eCuba, uhulumeni unika abantu izindlu nezindawo zokudla, kodwa isimiso siveza ukuswelakala okungapheli kanye nokuntula izinto zokuthenga. Ibhizinisi lomuntu libekelwe imingcele eqinile, elinganisela ukunyakaza kwezomnotho nokusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha. Ukungavumelani kwezombangazwe akubekezelelwe; imithombo yezindaba ezimele iyacindezelwa, futhi abashisekeli babhekene nokuqashelwa noma ukuboshwa. Imibiko yezwe lonke yezentengo yezentengo yabantu ehla eChina, kuhlanganise nezindleko zenkululeko yenkululeko yokukhuluma. Nakuba ohulumeni bamabukhomanisi baye baphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni ubumpofu noma ekunakekele inzuzo yezezentengo yeze yeze yezezwe (FLT:1) nalentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezombangazwe.

I - hypernio - Off

Enye yezici ezibucayi ezizweni zobukhomanisi ukuncintisana phakathi kokulingana nokukhuthaza. Umklamo, isimiso sihlela ukunciphisa ukulingana kwenzuzo, kodwa ngokuvamile siqeda imivuzo yezinto ezibonakalayo yokusebenza kanzima nezingozi zohwebo. Ngenxa yalokho, izimakethe ezimnyama nezomnotho ezingahleliwe kuphuma igebe, futhi izakhamuzi zingahlukana nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho. Ukuwa kweSoviet Union ngokwengxenye kubangelwa ukuwohloka kwezomnotho okubangelwa ukuhlelwa kwemali okuphakathi. Noma kunjalo, amanye amazwe obukhomanisi aye ashintsha, ngokuphawulekayo iChina, eyasungula izinguquko zezentengiselwano zemakethe uma igcina umthetho owodwa. Lesimiso se-protheni esibizwa njalo ngokuthi “ukuzinqala ngezimfanelo zesiShayina” cishe kwaveza ukukhula okukhulu kwezomnotho kodwa futhi kuye kwabangela ukukhuphuzwa kwenzuzo engokwenhlalo neya engokwenhlalo.

I - oligarchy

I-Oligarchy isho “ukubusa kwabambalwa.” Ngokungafani nombuso wamakhosi, ukuhola akusekelwe ngempela kufuzo, futhi ngokungafani nentando yeningi, iningi alinazwi elisebenzayo. Isigaba sokubusa kwe-oligarchy singachazwa ngengcebo (i-plutocracy), amandla ezempi (i-junta engeyena umholi oyedwa), ukuhlobana komkhaya (i-internomoneism), noma izibopho zenhlangano yezentando yeningi. Amazwe amaningi asebenza ngokwentando yeningi njengezigebengu, lapho idlanzalo encane (i-ptocracracy), lapho idla ngokusetshenziswa khona isikhulu esicebile sezentengiza nabe yezombangazwe phakathi kwe-16 , yenza izinqumo zangempela. I-Russia ngaphansi kuka-Cladimidimin, i-Philippines, noma ezinye izizwe ze-Latin zichazwe njenge-Arckickic.

Ukuncintisana Nokungalingani

Kumuntu ovamile, ukuphila kwesimiso sobudoda kuphawulwa umuzwa ojulile wokukhishwa inyumbazane nokungabi nabulungisa. Inqubo yezombangazwe ifeza izithakazelo zabaphezulu kunabantu abaningi. Imithetho ingabhalelwa ukuvikela izimali ezizimele noma igwegwema intela kwabacebile. Ngokwesibonelo, eRussia, inani elimbalwa lezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zamanani anezigebengu liqongelele ingcebo enkulu phakathi nokuziqopha kwempahla zikahulumeni ezindaweni eziphezulu, kuyilapho amaRussia amaningi avamile ebona igebe liwohloka kwezindinganiso zawo zokuphila. Igebe phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu, nama-parnate angokwen. Izakhamuzi azivamile aziboni izidingo zazo zikhuluma ngohulumeni, kuholela ekuthembeni phansi kwezinhlangano nokubhikisha kwemibhiyo, njengoba i-20202020 ebhilidi emelene nokuphambaza inkohliso.

Izingozi Zokungahlaliseki Nomphakathi

Izimiso ze-Oligarchic azizinzi ngenxa yokuthi zihlukanisa iningi. Ngaphandle kwezindlela ezingokomthetho zoshintsho, izinhlangano zokuphikiswa zingaba yizimo ezishiqela. Ukuvukela kwe-Arabia Spring emazweni anjengeGibithe ne Tunisia ngokwengxenye kwakuyizimo ezisezikhundleni eziqinile zezombangazwe nezomnotho ezazilawula imithombo eqinile yezezimali nezomnotho. Ngisho nasebuthweni obumisiwe, ithonya elikhulayo lemali kwezombangazwe kwezombangazwe.[1] Ngokufaka iminikelo yomkhankaso nokugqugquzela izivumelwano zempi, ngokufaka impoqo kanye nokufaka umthetho ongakhethi ngokumelene nabaphikisi.” Umphumela yisimiso sezombangazwe esisabela ezithakazelweni ezinhle kunezokuzinzuzo zomphakathi. Ukulondoloza ukuhleleka okuhleleka, ohulumeni abanogawudlayo ngokuvamile basebenzisa ukuqasha, ukusakaza, ukusakaza, ukukhomba, nokuqondisa umthetho okungakhethi ngokumelene nabaphikisiwe.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo

Ukuqhathanisa lezi zinhlobo zikahulumeni kwembula ukudayisa okuthinta ngokuqondile inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi. Itafula elilandelayo likhipha umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwezinga eziningi:

  • Inkululeko engokobuProtalical: Ephakeme kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi nasebusweni be-modural bobukhomanisi; ibekelwe imingcele enzima ngaphansi kwe-denarial, i-phonal methom, ubukhomanisi, ne-oligarchy.
  • Ithuba lomnotho[: Ngokuvamile liphakeme kakhulu edemokrati ngenxa yokuncintisana kwezentengiselwano namalungelo empahla; lilinganiselwe ezindaweni zobukhomanisi nasebubusini obuphelele; lisontekile ngokuthunjwa kwezikhulu eziphezulu ezibuthweni zobukhomanisi.
  • Ukulingana [: Imibuso yobuKhomanisi ihloselwe ukulingana okucatshangelwayo kodwa ngokuvamile idala imibuso emisha esekelwe ekuthembekeni kweqembu. Imibuso ibona ukungalingani kodwa ivumela izinhlangano zenguquko. U-Oligarches entrench.
  • Ukuhleleka: Imibuso yomthetho-sisekelo nedemokrati ingazinzisa phakathi kwenkathi ende uma izinhlangano zihlonishwa. Izikhulu ze-monarchism ne-aperfectism zilondoloza ukuqina ngamandla, okuvame ukuholela ekuweni ngokungazelele lapho ukucindezela kwangaphakathi kwakha.
  • ukulandisa [: Kuphela idemocratimethiyu enikeza ukudluliswa okuvamile, okunokuthula kwamandla ngokhetho. Kwezinye izimiso, abaholi basuswa ngokufa, ukugumbuqelwa, noma ukuvukela.

Lokhu kuqhathanisa kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuklanywa kwezindawo. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba idemokrasi ikhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo esibanzi, ingahlushwa futhi yizimiso zobupopulist ezilula impilo engokwezomnotho isikhathi eside. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nakuba ubushiqela bungasebenzisa izinguquko ezisheshayo (umzkl., isakhiwo sezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yemvelo saseChina), ihluleka ukuvikela amalungelo abantu futhi ngokuvamile ivimbela ukungavumelani okungalungisa amaphutha esimiso. Asikho isimiso esiphelele, kodwa ukuthambekela okungokomlando bekulokhu kuwumzabalazo wokubusa, ngisho noma kunjalo ngezikhathi ezithile.

Isiphetho

Imisebenzi kahulumeni ithonya kakhulu indlela izakhamuzi ezibhekana ngayo nokuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke − kusukela enkululekweni ezinayo ezikwazi ukuyiphishekela ngokwezomnotho. Imibuso inikeza imingcele emikhulu kakhulu yokuhlanganyela nenkululeko yomuntu siqu kodwa idinga ukubopha kwezakhamuzi ngokuzikhandla ukuze zisebenze kahle. Izimiso zezombangazwe ezilawulayo nezobuholidi zinikeza uhlelo ekuncipheni kwamalungelo nokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo. AmaKhomanisi afinyelela imiphumela ethile esemthethweni kodwa abeke imingcele enzima enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkululekweni yomuntu siqu nenkululeko yakhe siqu. U-Oligarchiscracs ugxila ekusebenzeni kwezakhamuzi ezimbalwa, ukungalingani okuzalani nokungahleleki. Njengoba izimiso zembulunga yonke yomhlaba zezombangazwe zishintsha imingcele yentando yeningi kanye nokuzimo yentando yempatho kwezinye izindawo kwabanye abantu. Kumelwe ukuba aqhubeke azi ukuthi izakhiwo zibusa. Ngokuqondana kwabantu ngabanye kulungele ukuhleleka, ukulingana nokuzinza.