Imikhankaso eyinkimbinkimbi yezombangazwe iyimisebenzi enzima encike emishinini eminingi yokulungisa imiyalezo, abavoti abakhokhi, futhi ekugcineni bavikele ukunqoba kokhetho. Phakathi kwalamathuluzi, ukuphoqelelwa kokuvota kusendaweni ehlukile futhi ngokuvamile engaqondwa ngokungeyiyo. Nakuba igama layo lisikisela ukuhlola okuvamile, ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuyithuluzi lokuxhumana elibalulekile eliklanyelwe ukuthonya imibono yabavoti ngokuzisholo kokucwaninga. Ukuqonda indlela amaqembu ezombangazwe acindezela ngayo ukuhlaziya ukuhlaziya ukuvumelana nokwaziswa kwawo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda izindlela ezicashiswe ngokwezindlela zomkhankaso wanamuhla. Lesi sihloko sihlola amakheli, izimpikiswano, izimpikiswano zezimiso, kanye nomphumela wangempela wokuphoqesha, anikeza umbono obanzi wendima yawo eziminyangweni zentando yentando yeningi.

Ziyini Izinhlansi Zokuphoqelela?

Phakathi, ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuphenya okungenziwa ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okuqondile kodwa ukuhlela imibono yalabo abafuna ukuphendulwa. Ngokungafani nokuhlola okungokomthetho, okusebenzisa imibuzo engathathi hlangothi kanye nokuhlola okungahleliwe ukuze kulinganiswe imizwa yomphakathi, kucindezela ukuphenya kusebenzise iziphetho ezithwetshuliwe, eziholelayo, noma eziyingozi ezihloselwe ukuveza imibono ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kungenziwa, "Ungakubuza ukuthi ungaba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuvota u-A uma wazi ukuthi ugxekwe ngentela?" Umbuzo ngokwawo ufaka ukwaziswa okungalimazayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqaba. I-American Marketting Association ichaza ukuthi ukucusha njengendlela lapho umxoxisi wengxoxo ezama ukuphendula ukwaziswa kunokuba aqoqe, usebenzisa imibuzo eqondwe ngokunyele okunokwe ngokucushelayo noma ukuhlasela komphikisi wokuphikiswa. Ukuhlasela okusemthethweni uyayichaza ngokuhluphaza: Imibono efuna ukuguqula imibono.

Umlando Nemvelaphi

Umsuka wokufuna ukulandelela ukuphenya ubuyele emuva ekuziphendukeleni kobuhlakani bezombangazwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka. Nakuba imikhankaso yakuqala yasebenzisa umnyango ukuya endlini yokunxenxa, inkathi yocingo yavunyelwa ukuba ibe yithonya elikhulu, engaziwa. Enye yezikhangiso zakudala ezibhaliwe yenzeka phakathi ne-1996 Republican deparial primenry, lapho uBob Doler abhekene nochungechunge lokucela abavoti uma bengeke bamsekele uma befunda ngokuphulwa okucatshangelwayo. Igama ngokwalo lathola ukuvelela ngokwengeziwe phakathi nemikhankambiso ye-data-drian. Kusukela lapho, ukuphenya kuye kwaba yinsela izibalo ezimpikiswaneni, ikakhulukazi ezweni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezise-U.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zezinhlansi Zokubhucunga

  • Imibuzo eyimibuzo ekhanyisiwe:[ Ihlanganisa isahlulelo esibalulekile noma amaqiniso anqunyiwe, njengo-"Ukholelwa ukuthi ukuma kuka-X ekunakekeleni impilo kungokobushiqela?
  • Amasampula amelelayo:[ ukuvota okuvame ukuhlasela abavoti kuphela, kodwa inhlenga ingathandeka esazinzani esibaluleke kakhulu, kunokuba i-sexment exhunyiwe.
  • Umthamo ophezulu wezingcingo:[ Imikhankaso ingaqhuba izinkulungwane zezingcingo ngokushesha ukuze zigcwalise isifunda, ihlose ukuhlela ukulandisa ngaphambi kokuba i-vconsol ibone ishifu.
  • Akukho kwaziswa okuxhasayo: Ukuhlola kweLegita kuvame ukuveza inhlangano exhasayo; ukusunduza ukuphenya kufihla noma ukumelela kabi umthombo wokugwema ukuphazanyiswa.

Nakuba ukuhlola okungokomthetho kunamathela ezindleleni eziqinile zokunciphisa ubandlululo, kuphoqelela ukuphenya okuklanyelwe ukunezela isilinganiso salo.

Indlela Imikhosi Yezombangazwe Esebenzisa Ngayo Izimpova Eziphoqelelayo Ukuze Kulandelwe Izenzakalo Eziwuchungechunge

Izinhlangano zezombangazwe zifaka uphenyo enqolobaneni yazo yokucwaninga ukuze zicwengisise amasu azo okuxhumana. Umgomo oyinhloko awukona ukuthola iqiniso kodwa ithonya nokuhlolwa. Ngokuklama ngokucophelela ukulandelana kwemibuzo, abakhankasi bangahlola ukuthi imiphi imiyalezo ezwakala kakhulu ngezingxenye ezithile zomvoti futhi iqoqe imithombo ngokwenzuzo. Ukuhlola kwemigomo kuphumelela kakhulu kakhulu ezingeni lokuqala lomkhankaso, ngoba bavumela umkhankaso ukuba uhlole izindaba ezihlukahlukene ngaphandle kokuzithengela izikhangiso ezibizayo.

Ukuthunyelwa Komlayezo Okunhle

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kokuhlola okuphoqelelwe kukwenza ubhale imiyalezo ebhalwe kahle ngokulinganisa amandla ashukumisayo enkulumo ehlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhankaso ungahlola iziqubulo ezimbili eziphikisanayo noma amafelemu omagazini. Ukulandelana okuvamile kungafundeka: "Uma u-Candidete A othembisa ukwehlisa intela emikhayeni ephakathi, lokho kungakwenza uthambekele kakhulu ekuzivoteleni? Ukulandelela: "Uma u-Candidate B wavunyelwa iqembu eliphikisanayo, lokho kungakwenza ube mancane kakhulu ukuba uzisekele?" Ukusabela okuvamile kunganquma ukuthi ugcizelela yini ukusika intela noma ukuhlasela ukuhlangana kombangizayo. Lokhu kuvumela imikhankano yokukhetha imikhankano eshukumisayo yezinkulumo zabo zezandla, izikhangiso zeTV, nokusakaza kwemiyalezo.

Isihluthulelo sale nqubo ukusetshenziswa komthetho kuhlanganisa ukufakwa kwamagama aphambili anjengo "abanye abathi" noma "kukhulunywe" ukuletha ulwazi olungaqinisekiyo njengokungathi lwamukeleka kabanzi. kanye no-[FLT] ufaka umboniso osekelwe ekwesabeni [. Ukuhlola kuvame kuhlanganisa amagama aphambili afana "bathile" noma "kukhululwe" ukuletha ulwazi olungaqinisekiyo njengokungathi lwamukelwa kabanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi no 2000.S. umkhankaso wobumongameli, uJohn McCain wabhekana nokuhlola eSouth Caroline ebuza uvoluthi uma bengeke bayisekele kakhulu uma befunda ngempela ingane yakhe emnyama ephuma entweni engaphandle. Umbuzo ngokwawo uqobo wawuyiphutha, kodwa udaba olunwele uhle uhle umsindo. Lokhu kubonisa indlela umkhankaso wokuhlola ngendlela ephumelela ngayo ngokuhlola ngokunenzuzo ngaphandle kwethonya umbiko.

Ukuhlola Izinhloko Zemikhankaso Ephambene Neqondile

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa kuwusizo ngokulinganayo ekuhloleni kokubili ukuhlasela namasu okuthuthukisa. Imikhankaso idala izindlela ezimbili ezihambelanayo: enye ehlola ukwaziswa okuphambene mayelana nabaphikisi, futhi enye ehlola izimfanelo ezilungile zombhalisa wayo. Imibuzo ehambisanayo isiza ekutholeni ukuthi iziphi izihloko ezibangela ithonya elikhulu kakhulu ngokomzwelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umbuzo ungase uthi: "ISifereferi uSmith sokunciphisa ukuxhasa imfundo ezikoleni zasemaphandleni, kuyilapho i-Congressman Jones ivota ukuyindisa. Ingabe lokhu kukwenza ube nokwenzeka kakhulu ukusekela uJones?"

Ukusunduza imingcele ngokuhlasela okusekelwe kubuntu kuvamile. Imibuzo enjengethi "Bekungeke yini uvote u-Y uma wazi ukuthi banomlando wezebhizinisi ezingabazisayo?" ayiklanyelwe ukuqoqa ukwaziswa kodwa ukugxilisa ubudlelwane. Uma ihlangene nezinombolo ezingenamanani noma imibhalo esetshenziswayo, lezi zingcingo zingafinyelela amashumi ezinkulungwane zemikhaya ngempela. Ukushaya indiva kuqinile: imiphumela ibekwa ngaphandle ngesikhathi sangempela, ukuvumela abaphathi bemikhankaso ukuba balungise ukukhangisa kwabo kwethelevishini noma iposi eqondile ngokushesha.

Ukuthola Izinto Eziza Kuqala Nezigaba

Ngalé kokuhlola imiyalezo, ukuphoqa imikhankaso yosizo iqonda ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezibaluleke kakhulu kumavoti ahlukene. Ngokubuza imibuzo ngendlela ehamba phambili, imikhankaso ingaveza izihloko ezibangela ukusabela okunamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kunganikeza uhlu lwempumelelo yezimiso zenqubo futhi kubuze ababuzwayo ukuba bazibeke phambili ngokuzihlela ngokufaka emkhankasweni we-iceces: "Ini engakwenza ube nokwenzeka kakhulu ukusekela umvoti: ukuthuthukisa impilo noma ukwehlisa ubugebengu? Imiphumela ihlaziywa ngokuhlola iziseshi zenani labantu njengenkathi yobudala, inzuzo, noma igezwe. Lemiciso yemicimbi yenza ukuba imikhankambi ikwazi ukuthumelela imiyalezo ye-gemfort, amabhulobhayisekile, noma amabhulobhayisekile amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhankaso ungathola ukuthi amavologi akhudlukile akhuselwe intene kakhulu izithembiso ze-social quectivess.

Umshini Wempova Ecindezelayo

Ukuqonda indlela i-presence esetshenziswa ngayo i-operall esetshenziswayo kuveza ukuphumelela kwayo. Izicelo eziningi ezicindezelayo zithathwa ngama-odocall noma ngezingxoxo zocingo, nakuba umbiko we-message nezinguqulo ze-intanethi ziyanda. Ukuhlola ngokuvamile kuthatha imizuzu emithathu kuya kwemihlanu, nemibuzo ecishe ibe ngu-12 kuya kwengu-20. Isampula ayiyona nje ezenzekelayo kodwa ngokuvamile ithengwa kubabheki ababhaliswe ababhaliswe, abavoti, noma ababhalisayo. Imikhankazo ingahlasela futhi izindawo ezithile zezwe, njengesifunda se-conodiongational noma isifunda se-gevertive.

Uhlelo lwemibuzo lubalulekile. Ukuvula imibuzo ngokuvamile akuthathi hlangothi ukuze kuvezwe ukuthenjelwa, njengokubuza ngendaba ebanzi. Njengoba ukuhlolwa kuqhubeka, imibuzo iya ihola futhi iphikise. Isakhiwo esivamile sihlanganisa:

  1. Imibuzo ye-Demographic kanye nomboni (isib., "Ungumvoti obhalisiwe?")
  2. Umbuzo "omthunja" mayelana nesiqondiso sezwe
  3. Imibuzo eholela ngenkinga (isib. "Imibiko ibonisa ukuthi i-Candidate A igxekwe ngokuhluleka ukukhokhela amabhizinisi amancane ngesikhathi. Ingabe lokho kungathinta ukuvota kwakho?")
  4. Ukuqhathanisa imibuzo ephoqelela ukuzikhethela phakathi kokumelana nokusebenza kwesiguli nokumelana nokusebenza kwesisu okuphambene
  5. Imibuzo eqondile yokukholisa (isib., "Ungavota yini i-Candite B uma wazi ukuthi inecebo lokwakha imisebenzi?)

Ukwaziswa okuqoqiwe akusebenzi ngokwezibalo ngoba isampula ingumo exekiwe futhi imibuzo iklanyelwe ukuveza impendulo efiselekayo. Nokho, lo mkhankaso awudingi ukufaneleka kwesayensi, idinga ukunxenxwa. Inani langempela lisenani labantu abashintsha ukuma kwabo phakathi nocingo, okuwumkhankaso olandela ngokufaka izicelo. Uma ukuphoqelela ukuncintisana kwe 5% yabavoti abakhokhelwayo kunomxhasi, lokho kungaba yinkomfa emjahweni oseduze.

Ukuhlola Izinhlansi Zokusunduza Kuyasebenza

Ukhetho oluningi lunikeza ubufakazi bokuphoqelela ithonya lokuhlola. Olunye lwezibonelo ezimbi kakhulu lwenzeka phakathi no-1996 Alberta, Canada, ukhetho lwesifunda, lapho umvoti weLiberal Party uLaurence Decore wabhekana khona nokuhlola okuphoqelelwayo uma uvota befuna ukulahlekelwa ukusekela uma bethola ukuthi abavoti babewu "wesinye isizwe" (wayengowohlulwa eFinland). Uphendlo lwembula luye lwahlolwa ku-Conservative Partivement. Umbuzo wabhekiselwa eUnited States, u- 2000 South Carolina Republican i-a ngokucindezela uJohn McCain uhlala uyinto yencwadi. Ukuvota kwabizwa kwe-vota u-Rotivectory futhi wabuza, "Ungenza cishe kakhulu noma ungayivoti nge-votela u-John McCain uma wazi ukuthi uzala umntwana omnyama? Umbuzo wawusekelwe emahlebeni ka-cromian'kame.

Muva nje, kuye kwasetshenziswa ukuphenya okuphoqelelwayo okhethweni bendawo, njengemincintiswano yemeya yemijaho yesikole, lapho imincintiswano yezezindaba iphansi khona. Phakathi namashumi amabili anamashumi amabili anamashumi amabili ezindawo ezilawula idemocratic abafuna ukuthatha izinkonzo ezisetshenziswa ukuphoqa ukuzama ukuqinisekisa izigijimi eziphathelene namalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu ngemva kwesinqumo. Okunye ukuhlola kuye kwabuzwa: "Umthetho wesikhala wezwe oweqishile manje udluliswa, ungacishe usekele kakhulu umbango olwela ukuvikela inkululeko yokuzala? Umbuzo washiwo ukuqinisa iDemocratic faraming yempikiswano, futhi imiphumela yasiza ekunqumeni kakhulu ekukhipheni izisu. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, imikhankano yeRepublican isebenzise ukuhlola ubugebengu nokuncintisa imibuzo enjengo"Uma uzama ukuvota u - Xd

Ukucabangela Okungokomthetho Nokungokomthetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokuphenya kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okuphawulekayo ngenxa yokuthi kuzenza kube ukucwaninga okuwukukhohlisa ngenhloso noma ukuvota. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphenya kuqeda ukwethemba inqubo yentando yeningi ngokusakaza amanga ngaphansi kokungathathi hlangothi. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Public Opinion Research (APOR) iyakulahla ngokucacile ukuphoqelela ukuphenyiswa, isho ukuthi "ukuhlola okusemthethweni" nokululaza izindinganiso zesayensi zokucwaninga. Ngempela, ukuphoqa ukuphenya ukuhlolwa akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho emazweni amaningana aseYurophu, kuhlanganise neUnited Kingdom, lapho zingabhekwa khona njengendlela yokuhlasela kwezombangazwe.

Ukukhohlisa Nokukhohlisa

Inkinga esheshayo yezimiso zokuziphatha ukukhohlisa. Abathathi nxaxheba bakholelwa ukuthi bahlanganyela ekuhloleni okungathathi hlangothi, uma eqinisweni bechatshazelwa isigijimi esithonyayo. Lokhu kuphula isimiso sokuvuma ngolwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusunduza ukuphenya kungabangela amahemuhemu noma amaqiniso ayingxenye, njengoba kubonakala esibonelweni sikaMcCain. Umphumela owesikhathi eside uwukukhetha okungaqiniseki okungakholeki okuthi noma yiluphi ucingo oluthi luyinhlolongela, okwenza kube nzima ngabacwaningi abasemthethweni ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okunembile. Imikhankanti efaka engozini yokuhlola umphakathi uma ithola, kodwa inzuzo emfushane yesikhathi esifushane ivame ukudlula izindleko ezingqondweni zabaholi.

Ukubukeka Okuphakeme

E-United States, ukuphenya okuphoqelelwayo kungokomthetho, kodwa kungaphansi kwemithetho ethile. I-Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ifuna ukuba izingcingo ezizihambelayo zithulule igama nokwaziswa kwenhlangano exhasayo ekuqaleni kocingo. Nokho, ukuphoqelela okuningi okusetshenziswayo kusetshenziswa okukhona okukhona okungabuza ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuveza yonke imibuzo. I-Federal Ecompution Commission (FEC) inemingcele elinganiselwe `ipheast profectss joctal's shorts projectal' ngaphandle kokuba kuhlangene ngokuqondile nomvoli noma iqembu. Izwelo limbalwa lifuna ukukhishwa kwemithetho yokuhlola, njengoba i-Hampshire kanye ne-Virginia.

ECanada, ukuphenya okuphoqelelwayo kwehlela ngaphansi komthetho we-Ecostations Act, owenqabela ukusho okungamanga ngalabo abazobhapathizwa. I-Canadian Radio-telec ne-TeTRAGEC Commission (CRTC) futhi ilawula ukumasha kwamashekethe futhi ingakhombisa amafafa emikhubeni yokudukisa. Izwe lonke, i-European Union’s General Data Protection Regatection (GPR) imisa imithetho eqinile yokuhlela imininingwane yomuntu siqu yokuthengisa, engalinganisela ukusetshenziswa kokungathembekile kweminye i-templayensi ezindaweni ezingamalungu e-EU.

Indlela Yokuqaphela Impova Ephoqelelayo

Kuvoti, ukuqaphela ukuphoqelelwa kwenhlolo - vo kungabasiza ukuba bagweme ukusetshenziswa kabi. Amaflagi abomvu amaningana abonisa ukuphoqelelwa kunokuhlola okungokomthetho:

  • Izingcingo ezivame ukuthatha isikhathi eside: Ukuhlola kwe-Legitimate isilinganiso semizuzu 5-10; ukusunduza ukuvota kuvame ukusebenza isikhathi eside njengoba kusebenza imibuzo eminingi eholelayo.
  • Imibuzo efakiweyo: Imibuzo ehlanganisa izahlulelo ezingezinhle noma ezakhayo (umk., "ngaphenduli,""i-compastrate") iyasolwa.
  • [ Akukho kwaziswa kwabaxhasi: Uma ucingo enqaba ukuthola ukuthi ubani oxhasa imali kulolu cwaningo, cishe kuyisiphendulo sokucindezela.
  • Ukuphokophela esiphethweni: Abafuni be-Legitimate babuza imibuzo engathathi hlangothi; cindezela ukuphenya ukuzama ukuqondisa izimpendulo zakho ngezinkulumo ezikholisayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ubuninzi obuphezulu: Uma uthola izingcingo eziningi ezivela "ku-"survey" cishe abazothatha izinketho ezifanayo, cishe yi-athory esunduzayo.

Abavoti abasola ukuphoqelelwa kokuhlola bangaphakamisa futhi babike inani kuFederal Trade Commission (FTC) noma ihhovisi labo lokhetho likahulumeni. Ungahileleki kulemibuzo, njengoba ngisho nokuphendula kungakhulisa ikhono lomkhankaso lokusabela ngendlela elandelanayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlola okubhuntshileyo kuyithuluzi elinamandla kodwa elinamandla emshinini wezombangazwe wanamuhla. Nakuba bezishaya abavoti becwaninga, injongo yabo yangempela ukuthonya [1] ukubeka imiyalezo, ukuguqula ukuqonda, nokuveza izihloko eziphumelela kakhulu zokuxhumana. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe zisebenzisa ukuphoqelela ukuhlaziya ukuxhumana kwazo ngokushelela okuphawulekayo, ukuvivinya kokubili izindaba eziqondile nezingaqondile ezikhona ezikhona ezinhlanganweni zokuvota. Nokho, lelisu lifiphaza umugqa phakathi komkhankaso womthetho ongokomthetho nokusebenzisa kabi, liphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngenkohliso ye-voti nobuqotho bedemokrame. Njengoba imikha iqala ukukhomba ulwazi-ya nokungakhangi okungacacile, kumelwe kuhlale kuqaphile. Ukuqaphela izimpawu zokuphonsa nokuqonda indima yayo ekwazi ukusekela ulwazi oluqinile. Inkulumo esobala ixhomeke ekuhleleni ulwazi, futhi incintiswa yinkulumo esobala, ukugcotshwa kwendayo, ukugcina nje, ukusongela kwemvelo, ukugcina nje.