Isifungo somongameli sokubusa singaphezu kokusho ikhanda lomthetho wesiko; isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo nesomphakathi esiye saguqula impucuko yaseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Njalo eminyakeni emine, umongameli-okhetha umisa phambi kwesizwe futhi akhiphe amagama angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu abophe isikhulu eMthethweni, umthetho, neRepublic ngokwayo. Lokhu kuthatha isinyathelo, esisekelwe ku [[FL:0], esisekelwe empucukweni yezombangazwe yaseMelika, isigaba 1, i-Claine 8 ye-U. [[FLT], ingumthetho-sifungo wasobala wokwethembeka ongokomthetho, owesizwe, omelela ubunye obungokomthetho, obungokomfanekiso, nobukhulu bezombangazwe. ISifungo siwumzuzu lapho amandla enziwa ngokomthetho, kodwa futhi kuyisikhathi lapho umongameli wesizwe ekhona obala. Umthetho wesizwe uqobo uqobo, uqobo lwezwe lonke, futhi uhulumeni wezwe, futhi uyaqhubeka uhulumeni nesigaba sawo wonke.

Imvelaphi Yomthetho - sisekelo Nengokomlando Ye - oath

Izinhloso zamafelemu

AmaFramers oMthetho-sisekelo ayekhathazeke kakhulu ngokudala uhulumeni wamagunya alinganiselwe, eboshwe umthetho. Isifungo sehhovisi sasiwuhlelo lokuqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli, njengomphathi omkhulu, wayeyohlala engaphansi komthetho-sisekelo. U-Alexander Hamilton wabhala kuFederalist No. 69 ukuthi isifungo sikamongameli "siyindlela ekhethekile nehloniphekile yokumemezela ukuthi ungumgcini wenkululeko yabantu. ” I-Framens yanqaba ubukhosi lapho igama lomphathi omkhulu laliwumthetho; kunalokho, bakha khona irepublic lapho isikhulu esiphakeme sabefundisi safunga khona ukuthi sibhanile somthetho obhaliwe. Isifungo sabekwa eSigqeshinini II, hhayi iSiphakathi seSiphakathi se-galelo II, ukugcizelela ukuthi igatsha ngokwalo ngokwalo lalinomthetho ngokomthetho. Lokhu kwakuwumqondo oqinile ngesikhathi sokubusa kwesimiso saseMelika. Isimiso sokubusa kwesimiso sobumongameli sisebenza, sisebenza nangaphansi komthetho, kusukela kulokhu kubekwa phansi kwesisekelo, futhi sikhona, kusukela kuleso sisekethi, ukumiswa.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemibhalo Eyimfihlo

UMthetho-sisekelo usho amagama aqondile esifungo: "Ngiyafunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizolisebenzisa ngokungcono kakhulu ikhono lami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States." Ngokuphawulekayo, inkulumo ethi "ngasiza uNkulunkulu" ayikho ndawo embhalweni wemithetho-sisekelo. Nokho, inkolelo isho ukuthi [[FLD:0] Georgiane Washington] inezela ngemva kokuthatha isifungo sakhe sokuqala ekwahlulelweni [. Ukwethembeka kwalemininingwane kuxoxwa izazi zesayensi, kodwa isiko sezwe lonke kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka. Namuhla, cishe bonke umongameli basebenzisa iBhayibheli futhi bathi "usizo lwami," nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wenkolo ukuvumela ngokucacile ukukhomba kwakhe inguquko engoko ngokomthetho. [indlela ewuvumela ngayo futhi umthetho wenkolo, iyakuvuma ngisho nokusetshenziswa, inguquko ewuvumela ukuba umthetho wenkolo, ivumela ukuba usebenze.

Ukuzijwayeza Inkonyane

Ukuphatha isifungo sekuye kwaba umcimbi ohlelwe ngokucophelela. Ukwahlulela okukhulu kwe-United States kunikeza isifungo, nakuba abanye beye benza kanjalo ngezenzakalo zokulandelana. Indawo isuka eFederal Hall eNew York iye ezitebhisini zeCapitol eWashington, D.C., efanekisela ukukhula kwesizwe nokubekwa kwamandla. Ukusetshenziswa kweBhayibheli, ngokuvamile kuvule ivesi elinengqondo, inezela ububanzi. Ngo-1963, uLyndon B. Johnson wathatha isifungo emorle Owodwa ngemva kokubulawa kukaKennedy, esebenzisa ukuphunyuka kobuKatolika kuJohn F Kennedy, okubonisa ukuqhubekela kwenhlekelele. Ngokusebenza kwalendlela yomphakathi, kuveza ukuvuselelwa kwenhlekelele. Ngonyaka ka-201, uMahluleli uJohn Roberts u-Benne, owasebenzisa isifungo sobukhothamo sobuKatolikame, uveza i-Jélish embusweni ye-ose. I-Erish isebenza ngokusebenza ngokutshe, kusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezisobala, ngisho nakusetshenziswa amandla embusweni.

Ukuphonsa Ingubo Nezilinganiso Zokuthuka

IBhayibheli Lisezandleni Zalo

Umfanekiso kamongameli onesandla eBhayibhelini ungenye yezindlela ezihloniphekile kakhulu kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Kubantu abaningi baseMelika, usho isibusiso saphezulu embusweni omusha nasesibophoni somuntu siqu sokubusa ngokokuziphatha. Nokho, akuwona wonke amongameli abasebenzisa iBhayibheli. uJohn Quincy Adams wafunga incwadi yomthetho, egcizelela ukubopheka kwakhe ezimisweni zomthetho. UTheodore Rooselt akazange asebenzise iBhayibheli lapho efungelelwa ukubulala u McKinley. Futhi ngo-2021, umongameli wase-Kamara Harris wasebenzisa amaBhayibheli amabili ngezenzo ezimbaxambili zesiko, noma ngokungena ngokomthetho. Ukukhetha kwakhe iBhayibheli, futhi iBhayibheli, okubonisa izinga elingokomfanekiso lokubonisa izinzuzo zesizwe nezenkolo. Igunya leBhayibheli liyikhomba likamongameli wezwe elinamandla kakhulu, noma igunya elikhulu lomthetho ophawuliwe kakhulu. Lo mongameli we-Galmone.

Indawo Nomphakathi

Isifungo sinikezwa njalo phambi kwabantu, ngokuvamile phambi kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane eSikhungo sesizwe samaMall kanye nezigidi ezengeziwe ezibukwa kuthelevishini. Lesisici somphakathi sibalulekile: siwubufakazi bokudluliswa kwamandla nesikhumbuzo sokuthi umongameli usebenza ngokwenjabulo yabantu. Indawo inencazelo engokomfanekiso futhi. Ukufunga eCapitol, neNkantolo Ephakeme kanye neMitawale yeSishayamthetho eseduze, kumisa unyunyana phakathi kwesimiso somthetho wemithetho-sisekelo. Isimo sasobala salomkhosi siqinisa isimiso sokukhanya nokulandisa. Umongameli akanakusithatha ngasese isifungo; kumelwe kwenziwe ngokubona ngokugcwele isizwe, sidala isikhathi sobufakazi esiqinisa isivumelwano somphakathi. Lokhu kuye kwenza isithembiso sesizwe esihlangeneyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhamuzi zezombangazwe.

Isifungo Nokudluliselwa Kwamandla Ngokuthula

Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu kwesifungo yindima yaso ekuthuthweni ngokuthula kwegunya. Emazweni amaningi, izinguquko zobuholi ziphawulwa ubudlova noma ukungahleleki. E-United States, umongameli ophumayo nomongameli ozayo bayabambisana ekushintsheni okufinyelela umvuthwandaba womkhosi wesifungo. Lokhu kudela amandla okusebenza kubonakalisa amandla emithetho engokomthetho. Isifungo siyisikhathi lapho igunya elisha likamongameli liba isikhulu, futhi kuyisikhathi lapho igunya elidala likamongameli liphela. Lokhu kushintsha okunokuthula kuye kwenzeka phakathi nempi yombango, ngisho naphakathi kwempi yombango, ukucindezeleka, nenhlekelele yezombangazwe. [[FLG.[FL:]] Inhlangano yeSiko LezeNdluko liphawula ukuthi ukudluliselwa kombuso onokuthula kuphawula ukubusa kwezwe laseMelika, ukumiswa kwesimiso sombuso wentando yentando yeningi, nokuzibopho yesizwe sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe, ukugcinwa kwezentethe yezombangazwe.

Isihlwa Njengeankile Yomthetho - sisekelo

Isifungo Njengesibopho Esingokomthetho

Isifungo asiyona nje indinganiso; siphethe amandla angokomthetho. Umongameli ufunga ukuthi "uvikela, uvikela, futhi uvikela" uMthetho-sisekelo, ophoqelela umsebenzi wokunakekela. Lolulimi luye lwacashunwa ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho eziphathelene namandla ombuso, nasezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho zezenzo zomongameli. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nehlazo le-Watergate, isifungo sabizwa njengendinganiso elinganiswayo lapho izenzo zikaRichard Nixon zilinganiswa khona. Isifungo sikha isibopho esingokomthetho phakathi komongameli nomthetho wemithetho. Siyisithembiso esingaphoqeqelelwa ngezenzo zezombangazwe zezentengiselwano nangombono womphakathi. Ngaleyo ndlela isifungo sisebenza njengendinganiso engokomthetho nangokokuziphatha kobumongameli, sikhumbuza isisekelo somthetho wegunya elingokomthetho.

Icala LobuPhostoli Nelokuba Umongameli

Isifungo siyisisekelo sokulandisa kukamongameli kuMthetho-sisekelo. Uma umongameli ephula isifungo ngegunya elidlulele noma ehluleka ukusebenzisa umthetho-mthetho ngokwethembeka, ikhambi liwukungagunyazi. Indlu yabameleli inamandla okungasheshi, futhi iSigqebhezana sizama ukuqulisa icala. Kokubili iNixon ne Clinton, isifungo sabhekiswa ekuthembekeni komthetho-mthetho. Lenqubo isebenza njengendinganiso elindelekile ukuba amongameli basekele, futhi ukuphula kwayo kuyisisekelo sokususa. Indima yesifungo sokulandisa ixhomeke emandleni ombuso, ikhumbuza umongameli ukuthi igunya labo lixhomeke ekuthembekeni kwabo eMthethweni. Lenqubo yokuziphendulela iphakathi yezimiso zokuhlola nokulinganisela kweMelika.

Indima ye-oath ekulawuleni amandla alawulayo

Isifungo siye sasetshenziswa ukuthethelela kokubili izincazelo ezibanzi nezilinganiselwe zegunya lomongameli. Lithuluzi elivumelanayo omongameli abaye balinxusa ukusekela izenzo zabo ngezikhathi zenhlekelele. Isifungo siye sakhonjwa futhi ezimpikiswaneni zempi nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe. Woodrow Wilson wanxusa isifungo sokuthethelela ukungena kweMelika eMpini Yezwe I, ephikisa ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe wokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba avikele izithakazelo zesizwe kwamanye amazwe. Muva nje, amongameli baye bakhomba isifungo sokugunyaza ukungenela kwempi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa okusobala, njengaseLibya ngo-2011 ne-2014. Isifungo sisebenza njengomthombo wegunya phakathi kweminyango yempi eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamagatsha ephethe nezindawo zempi. Izifundo ezimbili ezingoko sibonisisalokhu kungathi sinamandla.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: ULincoln Nempi Yombango

U-Abraham Lincoln phakathi neMpi Yombango wathatha izenzo ezandisa amandla okubusa afinyelela imingcele yayo. Wayeka i-habeas corpus, wavala amatheku aseNingizimu, futhi wasebenzisa izimali ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yi-convent. Wathethelela lezi zenzo ngokukhomba isifungo sakhe sokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. KuJuly 4, 1861 washo umyalezo wakhe kuKhomishane, uLincoln waphikisa ukuthi umthetho kaLincoln ufuna ukwenza zonke izinyathelo ezidingekile ukuze alondoloze i-Union. Isifungo, kuLincoln, sasiyisibopho sokuthatha isinyathelo esiqinile esibucayi. Wabeka izenzo zakhe njengokugcwaliseka kwesibopho sakhe somthetho - ngokomthetho, kunokuba kube ukuphula umthetho. Le ncazelo yesifungo sokulondolo semvume sokugcinwa kwemithetho ephethe izikhulu, ukumisa inqubo yempi elandelanayo ezimweni eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo.

Ukutadisha Icala: I - FDR Ne - New Accounting

Franklin D. Roosevelt wacela isifungo sokuthethelela isenzo sokulawula esibanzi. Phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho okukhulu, iFDR yaqhutshelwa phakathi kwe-New Deal, idala izinhlelo zikahulumeni ngokwesilinganiso esingakaze sibonwe. Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaya ezinye zezinyathelo zakhe, yahlongoza icebo lenkantolo lokujezisa. Abaphikisi bayo bammangalela ukuthi uphule isifungo sakhe ngokululaza ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. I-FDR, nokho, iphikisa ngokuthi isifungo sakhe sasifuna ukuba asebenzise wonke umthetho wemithetho yezonganiso ukuze akhulume ngezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe. Lokhu kungathi ukufungisana okuhambisana nesibopho somlando wezombangazwe waseMelika. Isifungo siwumthombo wokugunyazwa nokulinganiselwa kwayo, futhi incazelo yayo ivame ukuphikisa, iveza ukuphakama kwempikiswano.

Ithonya LeOath Esikweni LaseMelika Lezombangazwe

IOwath Njengomthombo Wobufundisi

Isifungo simisa ubukhosi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwahlulela kuphikisana kangakanani noma ukuthi kwahlukana kanjani isizwe, umkhosi wesifungo usebenza njengenkinobho ebuyiselwe. Uma isifungo sesigqizo sesimisiwe, umongameli unelungelo lokunikwa igunya lehhovisi. Lokhu kugunyaza kubalulekile ekulawuleni; kuvumela umongameli ukuba akhiphe iziyalezo zezikhulu, ayale impi, futhi amele isizwe emhlabeni wonke. Isifungo siwumkhuba oguqula umbhalisa abe yinkosi-nhloko. Yiphuzu lapho igunya likamongameli lingasatholakali khona kukhetho kuphela, kodwa kusuka esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo ngokwaso. Lo msebenzi owenziwe ngomthetho ubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukwethenjwa komphakathi ehhovisi nasesimisweni sezombangazwe.

Ubunye Besizwe Nobom

Ngezikhathi ezithile zokwehlukana kwesizwe, isifungo singasebenza njengethonya elihlanganisayo. Ngemva kokhetho lwama-2020, olwaphawulwa yimpi ejulile ehlukanisayo, uMongameli uJoe Biden umkhosi wesifungo wawuwumzuzwana wokuqinisekiswa kabusha kwemithetho yentando yeningi. Isifungo sikhumbuza amaMelika ukuthi naphezu kokungavumelani kwawo, ahlanganyela isibopho esifanayo sokubusa umthetho-sisekelo. Kuwumcuba ongokomfanekiso ohlanganisa izimpikiswano zamanje nezobudala. Isifungo singenye semiciko embalwa ekuphileni kwezombangazwe kwaseMelika efuna inhlonipho ehambisana nemithetho yezombangazwe. Kuyisikhathi lapho isizwe siphendula sonke iso sibhekene ngokomthetho womthetho-sisekelo nezimiso okuhambisana nawo, sisusa izimpikiswano zesizwe okwesikhashana ukuze sivume ukuthi sihambisana nesizwe.

Imfundo Yesihlwathi Neyomvini

Isifungo sesiyisifungo esiyinhloko semfundo yomphakathi eUnited States. Abantwana besikole bafunda ngesifungo njengengxenye yokufunda kwabo uMthetho-sisekelo. Inkulumo ethi "unda, uvikela, nokuzivikela" ivame ukucashunwa ezingxoxweni zobumongameli. Isifungo futhi sibhekiselwa emikhosini yemvelo, lapho izakhamuzi ezintsha zifunga ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo, zifaka khona ukufana phakathi kwesibopho sazo nomongameli. Le misebenzi yemfundo isiza ekusekeleni amasiko omthetho-sisekelo. Libriariary yeSivumelo soMkhandlu [[ inikeza i-moslemory engokomlando ngenxa yesifungo, yenza inzuzo yezakhamuzi nezazi ezifanayo. Ngokufungisa isifungo esisemfundo yomphakathi, isizwe siqinisa izinga elikhulu lezindinganiso ze-bukhomu yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko waseMelika, ukuqinisekisa umthwalo wesikhathi esizayo.

Indaba Kwezombangazwe Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izimpikiswano Zanamuhla

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isifungo siye saba senkambiso yezimpikiswano zezombangazwe. Abanye omongameli baye bakhetha ukusebenzisa imibhalo ehlukile noma hhayi nhlobo iBhayibheli, bevusa izingxoxo eziphathelene nokuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso. Ngo-2017, uMongameli uTrump wasebenzisa amaBhayibheli amabili, kuhlanganise nelinye elanikezwa unina, futhi bafunga ngesandla sakhe emaBhayibhelini. Kuwo 20211 uMongameli uBiden wasebenzisa iBhayibheli elibe lisemkhayeni wakhe kusukela ngo-1893. Lokhu kukhetha kuyacatsha ngencazelo yakho engokomfanekiso. Inkulumo emayelana "nongisiza uNkulunkulu" iyaqhubeka; abanye amongameli baye balilahla, kuyilapho abanye beye baligcizelela. Kuwo 2013, uMongameli u-Obama wasebenzisa indawo yakhe kodwa akazange asebenzise isandla sakhe phakathi nesifungo sakhe sobusombuluko senkolo. Inkulumo eqokomisa impikiswano yenkolo engokwenkolo. Inkulumo eqokomisa yenkolo kanye nenkulumo eveza indima engokwesiko.

Ukushintsha Kwezombangazwe Nezentengiselwano

Enkathini yokuthamba okukhulu kwezombangazwe, isifungo sihlala siyiphuzu elingavamile lesivumelwano se-bipartinan. Bobabili amaDemocrates namaRepublicans baqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwesifungo, njengoba bengavumelani nesimiso. Isifungo siyasetshenziswa ezinkulumo nasezimpikiswaneni njengendinganiso yokuziphatha kumongameli. Nokho, abanye abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi isifungo siye sasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela amandla esikhulu aphezulu, futhi amandla aso ahloniphekile ancishisiwe yi-reference. Amandla esifungo sokuhlangana avivinywa ngokunye emjikelezweni wonke wokhetho. Nokho, iqiniso lokuthi isifungo sisekelwa njalo njengophawu lokwethembeka komthetho libonisa ukuthi sinamandla aso okunqoba ukwedlula ukwehlukana okunye. Isifungo singaba esinye semicimbiso ekwaziyo ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano zabo ezisemthethweni ezisebusweni ezisemhlanganweni.

Amandla Ahlala Njalo Endawo Yomongameli

Isifungo somongameli sokubusa siyisici esincane kodwa esinamandla sempucuko yaseMelika yezombangazwe. Ngamagama nje angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu, sichaza izibopho eziyinhloko ze-republic: ukwethembeka kumthetho-sisekelo, ukukhishwa komthetho-sisekelo, nokudluliswa komthetho ngokuthembeka, nokudluliselwa ngokuthula kombuso. Isifungo siye saqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuthatha amasiko enkolo namasiko, kodwa isimo saso sihlala singashintshi. Siwumkhuba owenzelwa ukuba umongameli futhi ubeke amakhosi abhekene nemithetho esemthethweni. Njengoba isizwe sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha, isifungo siyoqhubeka sisebenza njengesisekelo sokubusa kwentando yentando yeningi kanye nokuzichaza isizwe. Siyisiko esiphilayo esihlanganisa ukuphatha okusha ngakuwo wonke umbono woMsunguli we-Rhublictic, ukukhumbuza kokubili abaphathi besizwe ukuthi i-unignigavirontic, futhi i-Pristical, i-Constitution, ingulism.