Umdwebo Ophilayo Wenkululeko YaseMelika

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States ungesiyona nje incwadi engokomlando − iyisisekelo esisebenzayo, esiphilayo esichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nabantu. Kuso sonke isakhamuzi, ukuqonda isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo; iyithuluzi elisebenzayo lokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu, ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa, nokubeka amandla esibopho. Uma wazi amalungelo akho, ungaqaphela lapho esongelwa, uwagcizelela ngokuphumelelayo, futhi uhlanganyele ngokunenjongo enqubweni yentando yeningi. Lolwazi luguqula izimiso ezingokomthetho zansuku zonke zibe izivikelo ezingokomuntu siqu, uvikele ekuphathweni kobukhohlakani nokungabi nabulungisa.

Abakhi baklama uMthetho-sisekelo ngokungaqiniseki okujulile kwegunya eliphakeme. Bakha isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, amandla ahlukene phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, futhi bawabala ngokucacile ngenxa yokuthi baqonda ukuthi ohulumeni, abashiywanga, bathambekele ekungeneni enkululeni yabantu ngabanye. Izivumelwano ezalandela ngokulandelana kwegunya eliqinile. Ngokungafaniyo iBhili yamaLungelo kanye nokwanda okulandelayo. Kodwa ukuhlola kubonisa njalo ukuthi amaMelika amaningi awakwazi ukubiza ngisho nokuphela kwenkululeko. Igebe phakathi kobukho bamalungelo nokuqaphela umphakathi yikona okululaza wonke umsebenzi womthetho.

Le siqondiso sinikeza imininingwane ecacile nesebenzayo yesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo okufanele sisizwe yiso sonke isakhamuzi, ukuthi kungani sibalulekile, ukuthi sazi kanjani, ukuthi sivela kanjani nokuthi singasivikela kanjani.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Umsuka Nenjongo

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo, ezagunyazwa ngo-1791, zaziwa njenge-Bill of Rights. Zamukelwa ngokulalela ngokuqondile i-Anti-Federalist ngokwesaba ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala awuzange ulinganise uhulumeni ngokwanele ukuba ulinganise imvume yamalungelo kahulumeni. UJames Madison ekuqaleni wamelana nemvume yamalungelo, ephikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo wawuwukwenqabela uhulumeni, kodwa kamuva wasekela ukuncitshiswa kokuhlehliswa kokuvikelwa kwenkululeko esemthethweni. U-Bill of Rights uvimbela ngokuqondile uhulumeni wezwe ekuphazamiseni inkululeko eyisisekelo njengenkulumo, inkolo, eyedwa, nenqubo engokomthetho.

Kubalulekile, emlandweni omkhulu waseMelika, lezisivikelo zazisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe kuphela. Namuhla, cishe zonke iziphendu zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, zagunyazwa ngo-1868 ngemva kweMpi Yomphakathi, futhi uchungechunge lwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ekhulwini lama-20 “ziyekelela” eziningi zeMidlalo Yamalungelo kahulumeni nohulumeni bendawo. Namuhla, cishe zonke iziphendu zezikhulu zenkulungwane yokuqala eziyisishiyagalombili zisebenza ngokufanayo kuhulumeni nasezikhulwini zendawo nge-Uctive Clauslee of the Intellimest. Lokhu kusho ukuthi usebenzelana nenxusa likahulumeni, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, noma umthetho wedolobha, amalungelo akho omthetho wezwe jikelele.

“ ISiphakamiso samaLungelo asiyona nje iqoqo lemibono engaqondakali; sisemishinini ephoqelelwe elinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi ivikele inkululeko yomuntu siqu.” — Ithathwe kuMahluleli William J. Brennan Jr.[[FL:1]

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko Zomthetho - sisekelo: Ukungabhekani Namaphutha

Nakuba wonke uMthetho - sisekelo udinga ukuhlolwa, izinguquko ezithile ziyisisekelo somphakathi wansuku zonke.ngezansi ziwukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvikela, kuhlanganise nemisuka yazo yomlando, izincazelo eziyinhloko zeNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nezici eziwusizo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Eyisihlanu

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko emihlanu ehlobene: inkolo, inkulumo, imithombo yezindaba, imihlangano nesicelo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Inkululeko yokukhuluma: Lokhu akuphelele. INkantolo Ephakeme iqophe ukunqatshelwa kokubhebhethekisa ubudlova, izinsongo zeqiniso, ukuhlambalaza, ukuhlambalaza, nokulwa amagama (bona Brandenburg v.Ohio, 1969; Rhoth v. United States, 1957]). Nokho, umthetho ovamile uthi uhulumeni awunakukwazi ukucusha izingxoxo ezisekelwe embonweni zawo. Ngisho ngisho nenzondo ngokuvamile ivikelekile ngaphandle kokuba ithathela ukuhlukunyezwa ekuhlukunyeleni noma ukukhuthaza.
  • Inkululeko yenkolo: Isichibiyeli sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili: uKwamukelwa kuka-Claus (uhulumeni ngeke kumise inkolo engokomthetho) kanye ne-Free Exenispect Claus (uhulumeni akanakuthwesa umkhuba wezenkolo ngokungadingekile). Amacala anjengo I-Employment Division v. Smith [1990]) nezinqumo zamuva kakhulu ku-[FLT:] I-Kennedy v. Breton School School School [20]) ibonisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelenendlela yokulinganisela lesivikelo.
  • Inkululeko yezindaba: Inkululeko yokucindezela iqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yezindaba ezizimele ingabika ngezenzo zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuzivimbela kwangaphambili. Izindaba zokuma iposi njengeNew York Times Co. v. United States (1971] (indaba yePentagnon Papers) igcizelela isimiso sokuthi ukuvinjelwa cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi akuvumelani nemithetho.
  • [ Inkululeko yoMhlangano neNcengo: Lamalungelo avumela abantu ukuba bahlangane ngokuthula bacele uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. Aye abaluleke kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo omphakathi, ekuhleleni izisebenzi, nasekubhikisheni kwanamuhla.

Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo sokuqala kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lakho lokukhuluma nokuzihlanganisa linamandla kakhulu lapho usendaweni yomphakathi (njengendlela noma ipaki) futhi ubuthakathaka kakhulu lapho usezindaweni zomuntu siqu noma kwezinye izindawo zikahulumeni. Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngokuthi amapulatifomu alawulwa yini iSichibiyelo Sokuqala (_ngendlela, awekho, ngoba awazona izikhulu zikahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibini sinikeza lokhu: “Icala elilawulwa kahle iMilitia, njengoba lidingeka ekulondekeni kukaZwe elikhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha izikhali, ngeke liphazanyiswe.” Emashumini eminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme yachaza lokhu njengokuvikela ngokuyinhloko amalungelo ezwe okugcina amabutho. Kodwa ezimweni ezimbili eziwuphawu olumisiwe `` [[FLT]] iHeller of Columbia v. [2008] [2008] [] futhi [Mconald v. City of Chicago (20)] [20] Inkantolo yayithi ivikela umuntu ilungelo lokuba nezibhamu zezelele ekhaya. Lokhu kuhlangene.

Naphezu kwalelilungelo lomuntu ngamunye, iNkantolo iye yavumela ngokungaguquki imithetho enengqondo enjengokuhlola isizinda, imingcele eqhubekayo ezindaweni ezinamagebhudu futhi egulela ingqondo, kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezikhali ezithile eziyingozi (bona iUnited States v. Miller], 1939). Isilinganiso esiqondile semithetho evunyelwe silokhu siyindawo encintisanayo, ngokubekwa kwemingcele yesilinganiso sikamagazini, ngokufihleka okuqhubekayo, ukufihla imingcele yezikhali, futhi “ibeke imingcele engathi sína”. Inkantolo ingu 202222 e Isinqumo esinguRifle & Pistol Association. Bruen v[FLT] ifuna ukuba imithetho yezibhamu ifune ukuba“ imingcele yesizwe ifihle imingcele yesizwe esingokomlando, imibandela yokufuna ukuvikela.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokuzithela

ISichibiyelo sesine siyisivikela ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Kudinga ukuba ukuhlola nokuquleka kube “nokulinganisela” futhi ngokuvamile kuvumela ukuba kusekelwe ngokunokwenzeka futhi kuchazwe ngokuqondile indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi kuthathwe izinto. Umthetho wokuzihlukanisa, othola ubufakazi obungavumelekile obungasetshenziswa enkantolo, uyikhambi eliyinhloko lokuphula umthetho (bona ] Mapp v. Ohio, 1961]).

Izindawo eziyinhloko isakhamuzi ngasinye kufanele sazi:

  • Imfuneko eqinile: Amaphoyisa adinga imvume yokusesha ikhaya lakho, imoto (ngaphandle kweminye), noma impahla yakho ngaphandle kokuba uvume noma ubeke imingcele yesimo (umz., ukuphishekela kakhulu, ukubhujiswa okuseduze kobufakazi).
  • umbono oPlain: Uma amaphoyisa ekhona ngokomthetho futhi ubufakazi busobala, bangawathatha ngaphandle kobufakazi.
  • Imetric:[ Ngaphansi Terry v.Ohio [1968], izikhulu zingavalela isikhashana futhi zifake i-frastisk umuntu uma zinokungabaza okunengqondo kobugebengu. Lokhu kungumgangatho ophansi kunembangela.
  • Imfihlo: Inkantolo ePhakeme iphethe ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sisebenza emninimeni yocingo ( Amachashaza v. United States[, 2018]) futhi ukuthi izikhulu zidinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isehlakalo socingo ukuze ziboshwe ([[FLT: 4,] RY] v. California, 2014]

Uma umiswa yizisebenzi zomthetho, unelungelo lokuthula futhi wenqabe ukuseshwa. Ukuthi “Mphathi, angivumi ukuphenya” akuqinisekisi ukuthi bazoyeka, kodwa kuvikela izimpikiswano zakho ezingokomthetho kamuva. Ungalokothi umelane ngokomzimba, kodwa sho ngokucacile ukuphikisa kwakho.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningana ezihlukile:

  • Umkhulu ophethe ukwahlulela ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína bukahulumeni (abufakwanga ngokumelene nezifunda).
  • Ingozi engakabili inqabela ukuzama kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo.
  • Ilungelo lokuthula . Ilungelo elidumile lokuthula, “ukufaka umhlanu”. [awukwazi ukuphoqelelwa ukuba ufakazele ecaleni lobugebengu. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela kunoma yisiphi isimo lapho ubufakazi bakho bungakutshela khona, kuhlanganise nezindaba zomphakathi. Amaphoyisa kumelwe akutshele ngalelilungelo ngaphansi Manda v. Arizona[FLT] [[:3]] (196]) phambi kokuphenywa kwemvume yokukholisa.
  • Inqubo ye-gated tragit: Uhulumeni wezwe ngeke ukuncishe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezilungile. Lena ingenye yezigaba ezinamandla kakhulu kuMthetho-sisekelo, futhi iye yasetshenziselwa ukuvikela yonke into ezinzuzoni zenhlala - kahle emalungelweni omzali.
  • ithatha isigqebhezana:[ impahla yangasese angeke ithathwe ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa. Lokhu kuyisisekelo somthetho we-curecuty edumile.

Uma usebenza, isimemezelo sokuziphindiselela sowesihlanu sibucayi nganoma ikuphi ukuhlangana kwamaphoyisa. Unelungelo lokuthi, “Ngisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula ngicele ummeli.” Uma nje ucela, kumelwe ubuze kuze kube yilapho ummeli wakho ekhona.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa inqwaba yamalungelo abamangalelwa ngezigebengu:

  • Icala lomphakathi nelasobala liqulwa yijaji elingenacala esifundeni lapho ubugebengu oba khona.
  • Icala elihambisana namacala [ - unelungelo lokwazi ukuthi umangalelwe ngani.
  • Ukubhekisisa - ungahlangana nofakazi-examine ngokumelene nawe.
  • Inqubo eyimpoqo - ungafakaza ekwakheni kwakho.
  • [[QULT:0] Ukubekwa kweseluleko [ - unelungelo kummeli, futhi uma ungakwazi ukuthenga, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze esinye ([Gideon v. Wainwright[, 1963]).

Lezizivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso awuwasebenzisi amandla awo okushumayeza ngokungafanele. Ilungelo lokweluleka lihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwezahlulelo zezokwahlulela lapho kuqala, kodwa ngaphansi Rothgery v. Gillespie County [u-2008], okungase kube ukuvela kwasekuqaleni phambi komahluleli.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, amahlawuli aphakeme, nezijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile. Ukusetshenziswa okudumile ukuvinjelwa kwesijeziso sentambo ezinhlobo zezaphula-mthetho (umz., intsha, abantu abakhubazekileyo) nemingcele ezimweni zasejele ezilingana nokuhlushwa noma ukuncishwa okukhulu. Indinganiso ye- “umthetho ne"active" ebangelwa izindinganiso zomphakathi zenhlonipho ([[FLT: 0]]] uweems v. United States, 1910]; [[FLT2]Trop.[FLTFL:3], [5], 1958],. Eminyakeni yamuva, izinkantolo ziye zancithamela noma ziva kakhulu izigwebo zejele (ezingaphila).[Foctalgames][Fole.N][5]

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele

Nakuba iBill of Rights ekuqaleni yayilinganisela uhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngokuyisisekelo salungisa umthetho - sisekelo waseMelika. Amalungiselelo ayo ayinhloko ahlanganisa:

  • Privileges noma ama-inmmunitunie Claus: Wake wacatshangwa ukuthi uyincwadi efile, lesi sisho siye sathola isithakazelo sezazi esisha njengomthombo wamalungelo angasheshi.
  • I-Due project Claus: isho ukuthi ukuncisha noma yimuphi umuntu “ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lo mbhalo uyimoto yokufakwa kweBill of Rights isivikelo ezizweni. Ivikela futhi inkululeko encinci enciphileyo − njengelungelo lokushada, ukuba nabantwana, ukusebenzisa ukuvimbela inzalo, nokwenza izinqumo eziseduze zomuntu siqu (ngaphansi kwenqubo efanelekile ([[[FLT:]]Griswriad.], 1965; [FLT:]6],[5]]
  • Isivikelo esingokobulili u-Claus: Ifuna ukuba abantu baphathe ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lo mshosho uyisisekelo semithetho yamalungelo omphakathi, izimpawu zokumelana nokuhlukana, izinselele zokuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga, ubulili, nezinye izigaba. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola kuye ngohlelo: ukucubungula ngokuqinile ngokohlanga, ukucubungula ngokwezinga, kanye nesisekelo sezinye izigaba eziningi.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane leSichibiyelo siyithuluzi elinamandla lokubekela izenzo zikahulumeni eziyinselele ezincisha amalungelo abantu noma amaqembu ayisisekelo ngokungafani. Siye sabizwa ezimweni eziphawuleka kakhulu njenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954], [FLT]] i-loving v. Virginia[ [1967]], kanye [[FLT]] United States v.[FLT:]

Ukuqonda Nokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela. Ukuthola amandla angempela kuvela ekuqondeni indlela yokusebenzisa lamalungelo ezimweni zansuku zonke. Cabangela lezizenzo ezisebenzayo:

  • Wazi amalungelo akho phakathi nokuhlangana namaphoyisa: Unelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lokwenqaba ukuphenya, nelungelo lommeli. Ungaqambi amanga kumthetho oqinisekisa umthetho, kodwa ungadingeki ukuba uphendule imibuzo. Isimo siphansi, “Angiphenduli imibuzo ngaphandle kommeli wami.”
  • qinisa amalungelo akho okuvota: Ukuvota kuvikelwe yizinguquko eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo (15, 19, 19, 24, 26, 26). Uma uhlangabezana nezithiyo ezinjengemigqa emide, izimpikiswano ze-id yomvoti, noma isiqalekiso, wazi amalungelo akho kanye nokuxhumana nokhetho olunesivikelo.
  • [ Participe information yomphakathi: amakholiji amaningi omphakathi nezinhlangano ezingazuzi nzuzo zinikeza izifundo zesihle ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nangokwemiphakathi. Umthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [[ unikeza imithombo emihle kakhulu ye-inthanethi yomphakathi, izifundo ezihilelanayo, kanye nezimpikiswano ezisebenzayo.
  • Izinqumo zenkantolo ezilandelwayo: Igama ngalinye lihlanganisa amacala amakhulu enkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, amalungelo ezibhamu, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, nokulingana. Ukufunda imibono", ngisho nokufushaniswa kwezimiso, uyabona ukuthi izimiso zisetshenziswa kanjani. Amabhungane anjenge Oyez[ anikeza imemo ehlolwayo nezindaba ezifingqiwe.
  • Ukusebenzisa izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi:[ Amaqembu anjenge Inkululeko yomphakathi eMelika (ACLU) Union kanye ne imithombo yemfundo ye-Judiary [[ inikeza iziqondiso, ukwazi-amakhadi akho alungile, kanye nokufushaniswa ngokomthetho.

Izinselele Ezivikelweni Zomthetho - sisekelo Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Naphezu kokuvikelwa umthetho - sisekelo, babhekene nezinsongo eziqhubekayo okufanele ziqashelwe yizakhamuzi zonke.

Inzuzo Kahulumeni Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Izinhlelo zokuhlola inqwaba, kuhlanganise neqoqo elingenamvume lemidatha yemidatha, ziye zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu kweSichibiyelo sesine. United States v. Jones (202] no[FLT]]] Karpaent v. United States] [2018]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yabamba ukuthi ukufaka i-GPS umkhondo emotweni noma ekutholeni indawo ende yocingo isho ukuthi i-data ye-cellphone edinga isiqinisekiso. Kodwa uhulumeni uyaqhubeka ukuphikisana namandla aphakeme okuhlola ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-Greverselight Stubecurial Surveillance Act. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi nakuba umthetho wasekhaya udinga i-omfacerder, izinhlangano zeze-ev ev i-ev.

Ukubandlulula Nokungaqinisi

Ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, indlela yobulili, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici lusaqhubeka ekubekeni umthetho, izindlu, umsebenzi, nemfundo. Nakuba i-Uncimence Protection Claus inqabela ukucwaswa ngamabomu, ubandlululo lwesimiso luvame ukuphumela ekuhlukaniseni imiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abamnyama nababhishobhi nababhishobhi bayama, bahlolwe, futhi baboshwe ngamazinga angenakulinganiswa. Isimiso somthetho sokwahlulela sobugebengu ngokwaso sibhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezihlobene nezenzo zokwehlisa ibheyili, ukuqashelwa, nokuthumba okukhulu. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngaphansi kweyesine, iSihlanu, iSihlanu, neSihlalo se-14th sigxeko esibhekene ukuphathwa ngokungalingani. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-ACLU, ne-NACPU, i-Lealvince Defense zenza insetment inse inse inse ebheke leyo ngezenzo ezikhanyiselwayo kanye ne-ence.

Imingcele Ngokukhuluma Nomhlangano

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sihlala sivivinywa. Eminyakeni yamuva, ohulumeni baye bazama ukuvimbela ukubhikisha emakolishi, bafaka izimfuneko zemibuthano, futhi bajezise izikhungo zezenhlalo. Imithetho ehlasela “ukuzonda inkulumo” ivame ukutholakala ingagunyaza uma iphula umthetho lapho ikhuluma ngokusekelwe embonweni, kodwa ukuhlukunyezwa nokusongela kweqiniso akuvikelwanga. Ukwanda kokungalungisi nokungavumelani nemithetho kuye kwaholela ekuceleni imithetho, kodwa noma imuphi umthetho onjalo kumelwe ulungiswe ngokucophelela ukuze ugweme ukucusumbuza inkulumo engcolile. INkantolo Ephakeme isho ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ikhambiso liyinkulumo engcolile, hhayi ukucukucukuthwa. Izakhamuzi kufanele zimela isilingo sokuqeda imibono enyanyeni, ngisho nokuphikisana ngamandla.

Ukumemezela Amalungelo Nokutholakala Kwawo

Ilungelo lokuvota liyisisekelo somthwalo wemfanelo wentando yeningi, kodwa libhekene nezithiyo eziphikelelayo. Imithetho ye-voter ID, imithetho yokubhalisa eqinile, ukususwa kwemigqa ebhaliwe, nokuncishiswa kwezindawo zokuvota kuye kwabekelwa inselele njengokwephulwa kweZiphakamiso zeGatshazo zesine neshumi elinesihlanu, kanye neVoting Rights Act. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT: 0] [iSifunda] i-Solby County v. [[FLT:][FL:] [203]] [203]) ishaya ilungiselelo eliyinhloko le-Volting Rights Act Act, liholela ekubekeni imingcele yemithetho emisha kwezinye izindawo. Ukuqonda amalungelo emishayo nokuhlala ukwaziswa ngemithetho yokukhetha esifundayo. Inhlangano ibaluleke njenge [FLD [F:][F]

Ukuphumelela Okuphakeme Namandla Aphuthumayo

Ngezinye izikhathi abameli baye bamisa igunya elibanzi phakathi nezinkinga, eliholela ekungqubaniseni noKhongolozelo kanye nezinkantolo. Ukungenela kwe-Japane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II (Korematsu v. iUnited States, 1944]) iye yaqinisa isixwayiso. Muva nje, iziyalo zezikhulu zokufuduka, ukuvinjelwa kwezokuhamba, nempi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ziye zabangela ukumangalelwa. Lezi zinselele zivivinya imingcele yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Izakhamuzi kufanele zingabaza ukuthi imingcele ephuthumayo ithethelela ukuvalelwa okungenasiphelo, ukususwa kwe-habeaspus, noma ezinye izigwegwegwe zomthetho. Umthetho, njengoba kwabhala uJustial John Marshall, uhlonze ukukhuthazeka iminyaka eminingi futhi ukulungiswa kwezinkinga zabantu.

Indlela Yokumelela Amalungelo Akho Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukuvikela isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo akudingi iziqu zomthetho.

  • Izikhulu ezikhethiwe: izingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, nezinhlamvu eziya kubameleli bakho zinethonya. Yisho ngokuqondile ngecala noma impikiswano, sho izikhalo zakho zomthetho-sisekelo, bese ucela impendulo. I-Platforms njenge- i-OpenConrell[ [noma GovTrack]] ikusiza ukuba usebenzise umthetho wendlela.
  • Ukungena noma ukusekela izinhlangano zobugqila: Noma ukhathalela ukukhuluma ngenkululeko yokukhuluma, amalungelo ezibhamu, inqubo efanele, noma isivikelo esifanayo, kunamaqembu esizwe nawendawo adinga izisebenzi zokuzithandela, iminikelo, kanye namalungu akhuthele. Cabangela izinhlangano ezinjenge-National Rifle Association (ISiphendulo Sesibili seSiphazamiso), i-American Liberéries Union (ngesigaba esikhulu senkululeko yomphakathi), noma izinhlangano ze-Hulumeni ye - Innocence Project (ngeyokuguqulwa komthetho wobugebengu).
  • Icala elisemhlanganweni onokuthula: Ukugxeka kuyisiko laseMelika lokuqhosha. Uma ukhetha ukubhikisha, ukwazi imithetho ephathelene nemvume yokubuthana okukhulu, uhlale uphephile, futhi ubhale nezincwadi zokugcinwa komthetho. Ilungelo lakho lokuqopha amaphoyisa emphakathini livikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala (esiqondeni sesikhathi esifanelekile, indawo, nemithetho ebekelwe indlela).
  • Sebenzisa izinkantolo: Uma ukholelwa umthetho noma isenzo sikahulumeni siphula amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo, ucabangela ukuqulisa icala noma ukujoyina isinyathelo sekilasi. Izinkampani eziningi zomthetho zesithakazelo somphakathi zithatha izigigaba ezinjalo. Imitholampilo yosizo olusemthethweni ezikoleni zomthetho inganikeza nesiqondiso.
  • Ifundisa abanye: Yabelana ngalokho okufundayo. Bhala ama-op-ed, iposi kumphakathi, izingxoxo zomphakathi. Lapho izakhamuzi eziningi ziqonda amalungelo azo, kulapho kunzima khona ukuba uhulumeni azixabanise.

Isiphetho: Imisebenzi Ehambisana Namalungelo

Isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo asikona ukuzibulala. Zidinga ukuqapha, ukuqonda, nokuzivikela okunentshiseko kwezakhamuzi ezihloselwe ukuba zikhonze. Abakhi be-flamenti bayazi ukuthi inkululeko ihlala isengozini ngenxa yokuthambekela okungokwemvelo kukahulumeni ukuze andise amandla ayo. Basinika ithuluzi eliphawulekayo ``Umthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe one-judiciary ezimele') kodwa lelothuluzi lisebenza kuphela uma abantu beyisebenzisa. Ngaso sonke isikhathi uqinisa amalungelo akho, ubekela inselele, noma ukufundisa umakhelwane, uphefumulela ukuphila eMthethweni.

Lo mqondisi uhlanganise izinguquko ezibalulekile, indima yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane yokuguqula, amacebiso asebenzayo okuzimela, nezinselele eziqhubekayo esibhekana nazo njengesizwe. Kodwa lokhu kumane kuyisiqalo nje. UMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi ephilayo, futhi incazelo yawo iyazivelela njengoshintsho lomphakathi. Hlalani nithembise, nihlale ninolwazi, futhi nikhumbule: Amalungelo anamandla kuphela njengokuzimisela kwabantu ukuzivikela. Abavikeli abagcinayo benkululeko yomthetho womthetho awubona abahluleli noma abezombangazwe abanjengezakhamuzi njengani.