Table of Contents
Indima Yemikhosi Yezombangazwe Ekusabeleni KwaseJapane Ezinhlekeleleni Zemvelo
IJapane iphakathi kwamazwe aneziphepho eziningi zenhlekelele eMhlabeni, abhekene nomjikelezo ongapheli wokuzamazama komhlaba, ama-tsunami, iziphepho, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, nokubhidlika kwenhlabathi. Ikhono lezwe lokusabela ngokuphumelelayo kulezi zimo eziphuthumayo aliyona nje indaba yobunjiniyela nemithetho elawula isimo esiphuthumayo, kodwa ime ihlelwe kakhulu amaqembu ezombangazwe ezweni. Amaqembu ezombangazwe eJapan athonya cishe zonke izici zokulawula inhlekelele: kusukela emthetho nasekwehliseni imali ekwakheni ubukhosini phakathi nenhlekelele nalezokulandisa kwezombangazwe okulandelayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenza kanjani kulendawo ephakeme kakhulu kwenza ukuba iJapan ihlale ingumholi wembulunga yonke elungisa inhlekelele, ngisho nanjengoba izinselele ezintsha ezivela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu nezokuchuma.
Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwesimiso Sokuphatha Inhlekelele SaseJapane
Isimiso sokusabela senhlekelele sanamuhla eJapane sasungulwa ngemva kwezinhlekelele. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwango-1923 Great Kantō kwabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-100 000 futhi kwabangela imithetho yokuqala yenhlekelele ephakathi. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, umfelandawonye we-U.S. waletha imiqondo emisha yokuzivikela komphakathi, kodwa inkathi yangempela yafika nge-Great Hanshin System (Kobe), eyadalula ubuthakathaka obuphawulekayo ekuxhumaneni phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nomphakathi. Le nhlekelele yakhuthaza ukusungulwa kwenhlekelele eMthethweni weSiphekelele, uhlelo olungokomthetho oluhlanganisa zonke izigaba zikahulumeni.
Amaqembu ezombangazwe ayeyinhloko kulezinguquko. ILiberal Democratic Party (LDP), eye yabusa iJapane esikhathini esiningi ngemva kwempi, yasekela ukwanda kwegunya likahulumeni omkhulu ekusabeleni kwenhlekelele. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amaqembu okuphikiswa aqhubezela ekuzilawuleni okukhulu kakhulu kwendawo kanye nezinxephezelo eziphanayo zezisulu. Lokhu kucindezeleka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Izidili Eziyinhloko Zezombangazwe Nezindima Zazo
I - Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
I-LDP ibilokhu ingumbuso ophethe kwezombangazwe zamaJapane kusukela ngo-1955. Kubaphathi benhlekelele, i-LDP ilawula iKhabhinethi, eqondisa ukusabela kwesizwe ngeHhovisi likaNdunankulu ne-Khabitmap Office Disaster Management Bureau. Inkambiso yeqembu, i-PARC (Plity Affialication Research Council), i-mthetho wento yonke kusukela ekwakheni izimpawu zenhlekelele kuya ezimisweni ze-tsunami. I-LDP-eft iye yandisa ngokuqhubekayo izimali zokuvimbela inhlekelele nezimiso zokuvimbela inhlekelele, okuyingqikithi yayo manje engaphezulu [[FLT:] [FLD:1] izigidigidians [1] ngonyaka, kuhlanganise nezindawo ezikhethekile zosizo oluphuthumayo.
I-LDP isho futhi ukuthi imithetho eminingi ehlobene nenhlekelele yaseJapane iphethe isisekelo sayo. Iqembu liye lamisa imisebenzi emikhulu yezemsekelo `izakhiwo zesakhiwo'''. Izindawo zokuthutha izakhiwo, izindawo zokugcina amanzi ezihlala phansi, kanye nezindawo zokugcina amanzi ngaphansi komhlaba (ngokuvamile ziphikisa ukuthi umphakathi uthuthukisa umnotho kuyilapho unikeza isivikelo. Lokhu kuye kwagxekwa abanye amaqembu aphikisayo njengokusaphaza futhi kulimaza indawo ezungezile, kodwa kuhlala kugxile kakhulu emasimini esimiso.
Komeito
Komeito, i-LDP eyisisebenzi esisesigabeni esiphansi kusukela ngo-1999, iletha ukugxila okuhlukile enhlalakahleni yomphakathi. Ivela enhlanganweni yamaBuddha (Soka Gakai), i-Komeito ibilokhu isekela ngokunamandla abantu abasengozini phakathi nezinhlekelele, okuhlanganisa asebekhulile, abakhubazekile, nabangewona amaJapane. Iqembu laba lasetshenziswa ekulungiseni i-Redict Disafe Perlation Act ukuvumela izikhungo zokwelapha ezingcono kanye nemfihlo yababalekela ukuvale. Izikhungo zotshani zalo emiphakathini yendawo zisiza futhi ngokubambisana kwezisebenzi zokuzithandela neminikelo.
IQembu Lentando Yeningi LaseJapane (CDP)
I-CDP, okuyiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke eliphikisayo, ivame ukusebenza njengeqembu eligadayo ekusebenziseni inhlekelele. Ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba ne-tsunami ngo-2011, i-CDP (eyayiyingxenye ye-Democratic Party yaseJapan) yamangalela i-LDP ngesinqumo sempoqo ngamahora angaphambili enhlekelele. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-CDP iye yahlongoza izinguquko zokuxhumana phakathi kwamaButho e-User-Defense, amaphoyisa endawo, kanye neminyango yokucima umlilo. Iqembu libuye ligcizelele isimo sezulu njengendaba yokulawula inhlekelele, lihlanganisa izinga elandayo lezivunguvunguvu nezivu zesidingo sokushesha i-decarbon.
IQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseJapane (JCP)
I-JCP, nakuba incane, inethonya elinqamukile ezingeni lendawo. Leliqembu lilawula izakhiwo eziningana zombuso kanye nohulumeni abaphethe izikhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Imikhankaso yezentengiselwano zomphakathi ezinkulu ezindlini zomphakathi ezikhungweni zezenhlekelele nakukuhlaziywa kwezinga lokusebenza kwemishini elawula inzuzo, liphikisa ukuthi izinkampani zezenzuzo zingadebeselela ukunakekelwa kwezakhiwo ezibucayi. Phakathi nezikhathi eziphuthumayo, izikhulu zendawo ezisebenza kakhulu ezisebenza njengezibonelo zempumelelo, zithola udumo phakathi kwemigqale.
Indlela Izigungu Zezombangazwe Ezithonya Ngayo Inhlekelele
Ukuhlelwa Kwemithetho Nokuhlelwa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali
Izindleko ezihlobene nenhlekelele zinikezwa yiKhabhinethi, okusho amaqembu abusayo (LDP noKomeito) anamandla kakhulu ekuwalolongeni. Nokho, amaqembu aphikisayo angalungisa izikweleti phakathi noMcimbi woMkhosi woMcimbi. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo yi-Desc Act on Disaster Control ka-2013, eyadinga izikhululo zokwakha amabalazwe ayingozi namasuntswana okususa. ICDP yanezela ngokuphumelelayo ukufakwa kwezinguqulo zolimi zakwamanye amazwe kanye nokusekela ulimi kwezakhamuzi ezingamaJapani, ushintsho olwabonakala lunzima phakathi nezikhukhula zeKumato ezingu-2020.
Ukwabiwa kohlelo kuhlanganisa ngisho nokuhlelwa kakhulu. I-LDP esondelene nemboni yokwakha ivame ukuholela ekuxhaseni ngemali ebanzi ama-sea Wall, amadamu, nemisele yomfula. Amaqembu okuphikisa namathangi azimele aye abuza ngokuphindaphindiwe isilinganiso sezindleko zalemisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwemvula enkulu ka-2018 eyabangela ukukhukhula okusakazekele entshonalanga yeJapane, iCDP yacindezela kakhulu ukutshala imali [[FLT: 0] i-Nature-intectroit-oces[, njengekhangisa amaxhapholi, okunga imali engaphezulu kunemingcele eyindiwe. I-LDP, nakuba igcine indlela yayo yokuqala, ukuphikisa okuyenza imisebenzi nokuqiniseka.
Ukubambisana Phakathi Nezimo Eziphuthumayo
Lapho kugadla inhlekelele, ukusabela kweqembu lezenhlekelele kulandela isimiso esinezinhlalo. UNdunankulu ushukumisa I-Cabinet Information Cootatiation Center futhi angase amemezele isimo sesimo esiphuthumayo. Abaholi beqembu elibusayo bahlela abaphathi bekhathekhathekiniki ukuze baqondise izifunda ezithile (ngokwesibonelo, uMphathiswa wezwe, i-Infrastructure, i-Transport and Tourism ingangamela ukususwa kwemfucucucucu, kuyilapho iNgqongqo Yombuso yempilo, iLabour and Welfare ephatha amaqembu ezokwelapha kanye nezindawo zokukhosela izindawo zokukhosela imoto.
Amaqembu aphikisayo avame ukungeniswa eqenjini lokuthatha izinqumo nge Awonke-Party Group on Disation , ehlangana nsuku zonke phakathi nenhlekelele. Leliqembu lihlanganisa abameleli abavela ezindaweni ezinkulu futhi livumele ukusikisela kwangempela. Nakuba amaqembu abusayo egcina izinqumo zokugcina, isidingo sokwakha i-actrinishoshosholo sisho ukuthi ukuchasana kungahlela isikhathi sokuthutha noma ukubekwa kwempahla yosizo. ENoto Peninsula, iqembu elisebenzayo liphoqelela ukuba imishini ephambili yokudoba imidlalo eqhelele ekude, lishukushela i-LD ekuqaleni enqabelaniswe ukuboshelwa kobusweni.
Ukukhulumisana Kwasobala Nokwethembana
Abaholi bezombangazwe babhekene nenhlekelele. Amalungu eqembu elibusayo, ikakhulukazi uNdunankulu waseJapane, avela ezingqungqutheleni zabanyathelisi zokumemezela ukubambisana kokuhlenga nokusekelana ngokwezimali. Ukuthumela imiyalezo ejulile yesikhumba kungalulaza ukwethembana, kodwa ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo kungaqinisa ukwethemba komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenhlekelele ka-2011 Tōhoku, uNdunankulu uKan Naoto (ngalesosikhathi weDemocratic Party of Japan) wagxekwa ngezinkulumo eziphikisanayo ngemboni yenuzi yase-Fukushima. Ngokungafani nomphathi omkhulu u-Abe Shinzō, umholi we-LDP, wathola udumo ngenxa yokuzola kwakhe phakathi nezikhukhula zango-2018, ngisho noma uhulumeni wakhe kamuva wabekwa icala lokuhambisa usizo ezindaweni ezithile.
Amaqembu aphikisayo asebenzisa futhi izinhlekelele ekwakheni izigaba zawo zezombangazwe. Ngemva kwe-2024 Typhoon Nammadol, iCDP yakhipha umbiko ogxeka i-LDP ngenxa yokwehluleka ukugunyaza ukuthumba izakhamuzi ezigugile ezisezingeni lokuqala. Lombiko wabangela ukudluliswa kwemithombo yezindaba futhi waphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba anikeze iziqondiso ezintsha zamakhaya asebekhulile. Izenzo ezinjalo zikhumbuza izakhamuzi ukuthi ukuphatha inhlekelele akuwona nje umsebenzi wezenhlekelele, kodwa indawo yempi yezombangazwe lapho kufunwa khona ukuba ziphendulelwe.
Izinselele Nezingxabano Zezombangazwe
Ukuxhasa Nokulawula
Isikweleti sesizwe saseJapane singaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-260 e-GDP, okwenza kube nzima ukuthethelela ukukhucululwa kwemali esetshenziswayo ukuze kuvinjelwe inhlekelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe ziyahluka lapho i-LDP kufanele yehle khona. I-LDP ngokuvamile ivikela inzuzo esetshenziswayo lapho izama ukuzama izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle. I-CDP isikisela ukubuyisela izimali ezisetshenziswayo ekusebenziseni imali ephansi ezindaweni zomphakathi ezigciniwe eziyimfihlo. I-JCP icela isibopho sesizwe esinikezelwe ekuhlolweni okungancibilikisiwe ekuvumiseni izikoleni izikole nezibhedlela. Lezimpikiswano ziyakhula kakhulu lapho kukhishwa isimo esiphuthumayo, ngoba ukuncishiswa kwemali okuvamile.
Ukubambisana Phakathi Kohulumeni Besizwe Nebasendaweni
IJapane inomphathi-majini abangu 47 nomasipala abangaphezu kuka 1.700, ngamunye onecebo lakhe lenhlekelele. Nakuba uhulumeni ophakathi ebeka izindinganiso ezibanzi, ohulumeni bendawo banecala lokulawula iziyalezo zokuqala nokuthutha. Lokhu kubangela ukungezwani lapho amameya emelene nezindawo zombuso kuyilapho uhulumeni wezwe elwa ne-LDP-lect. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nemvula enkulu engu-2020 eKyushu, inqwaba ye-JCP-aflive engqubuzaniswe obala nohulumeni wesizwe ngenkathi yeziyalezo zokuthulwa kwezindiza, isho ukuthi izikhulu eziphakathi zazicotha kakhulu ukuhlanganyela imininingwane yemvula yangempela yemvula. I-LDPP yamangalela amameya ezombangazwe phakathi nenhlekelele, kodwa isenzakalo saholela ekunyusweni kwezwe lonke [FLT:]
Imidlalo Yokukhetha Nokusola Imidlalo
Izinhlekelele zingahlela imiphumela yokukhetha. Inhlekelele ye-Tōhoku ka-2011 ibonwa ka-38 njengesizathu esisodwa sokulahlekelwa ngumbuso ngo-2012, ukubuyisela i-LDP kuhulumeni. Ngokufanayo, inhlekelele yezikhukhula ka-2018 entshona yeJapan kungenzeka yanikela ekusebenzeni kwe-LDP ngaphansi kokhetho lweNdP ekwindawo engu-2019 engaphezulu yokhetho lwendlu oluthintekile, lapho i-CDP yathola izihlalo. Ngenxa yalokho, amalungu abheka ukusabela kwenhlekelele njengenkundla ephezulu. Izikhulu zezindawo zama ukulawula ukulandisa ngokumemezela izikhwama zenkokhelo nokulungisa izimali phambi kwemikhankanti yokhetho. Izigilaniso, zisho ukupheliswa kwemali ekhothanywe ekholisweni enkantolo, okubonakala ukuthi ihluleka, ukugcina ukucindezela.
Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Izifundo Zezombangazwe Ezivela Ezinhlekeleleni Ezinkulu
2011 Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Ne - Tsunami
Ngo-March 11, 2011 inhlekelele yaphela. I-DPJ ebusayo yabanjwa ingaqaphile ngesilinganiso se-tsunami kanye ne-Fukushima eyalandela ngokuncibilika kwenuzi. UNdunankulu uKan wamangalelwa ngemicropu efuna ukuhlasela nokudideka. Abaholi be-LDP, kuhlanganise nomongameli wesigaba ngaleso sikhathi uTaniga Sasakazu, basekela kodwa futhi babiza uhulumeni wesizwe nge-Kan. Umphumela wabona ukudlula kwe- kwe-Promotion of the Great Japan Revolution , okwabangela ukuba kube ne-Arhentellion Agementan Agement kanye ne-evalvalver. Ngokubheka emuva, kwadabukiswa izingozi zengozi phakathi nesikhathi esiphuthumayo, kodwa futhi kwaboniswa futhi ukubambisana kweqembu elide lokuvuselela.
2018 Izikhukhula ZaseNtshonalanga Japane
Imvula enkulu kaJuly 2018 yabangela ukuphahlazeka kwenhlabathi nezikhukhula ezindaweni ezingu-14 eziphethe abantu abangaphezu kuka-200. Uhulumeni we-LDP washo ukuthi kwakuyinhlekelele emisiwe, ukuvula izimali ezikhethekile, kodwa amaqembu aphikisayo agxeka ukuntuleka kokutshala imali emfuleni womfula. ICDP yaqokomisa ukuthi umonakalo owenziwe ngozamcolo wabangela izindawo lapho imisebenzi yomphakathi yayekwa khona ngenxa yokuhlela izimali ngaphansi kwe-LDP. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni kube nenxanxanxathela yokuzwana kolwandle edilini, futhi uhulumeni wafaka ezinye izigidi eziyinkulungwane ezingu-300 zokugcina umfula eminyakeni emithathu ezalandela.
2024 Ukuzamazama Komhlaba KweNhlonhlo YaseNoto
Ukuzamazama komhlaba okungu-7.5 kwahlasela i-Ishikawa Prefecture ka-7. kwabangela ukuwa kwezakhiwo okusakazeke kakhulu futhi kwabangela isixwayiso se-tsunami. Uhulumeni we-LDP wathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, wathumela i-Self-Defense Forces nezindawo zokukhosela inhlekelele. Nokho, amaqembu aphikisayo aphawula ukuthi amadolobha amaningi aqhelile ayesenqanyulwa izinsuku eziningi ngoba imigwaqo yavinjelwe futhi i-helicwe izifundazwe ngendiza. I-CDP yahlongoza ukwakha inqwaba yemishini yokuxhumana ngeziphuphutheli ezindaweni zonke ezikhona, isilinganiso esasamukelekile ngomthetho ekupheleni konyaka wama-2024. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwabangela futhi ukuphepha kwezakhiwo ezihlala emapulazini angoko umlando wezente le-LDP kwabanga ukulawulwa, ukwesaba ukuvela emuva kwesakhiwo sendawo sendawo.
Izindlela Ezizayo: Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu, Ukuguga Komphakathi, Nokuvuselelwa Kwezinto Zobuchwepheshe
Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu
IJapane ibona izivunguvungu ezinkulu kakhulu kanye “nezivunguvungu ze-guerrilla ezivame kakhulu” [1] Izindawo ezinala kakhulu, imvula enkulu edlula izimiso zokukhipha amanzi. I-CDP kanye nabanye abaphikisayo baphikisa ngokuthi ukugxila kwe-LDP kukhonkolo akwanele ukuba isimo sezulu sibonakale sinjalo. Banxusa uhulumeni ukuba afake imali ezimisweni zokuxwayisa zakuqala futhi alungise izingozi zesikhukhula kaningi. I-LDP ishova ukuthi isakhiwo esikhulu sisadingeka, kodwa isiqale ukuhlanganisa izikhawu zesimo sezulu ekuhleleni. Ukuhleba kwezombangazwe cishe kuzoba yingxube yezindawo ezimpunga nezindawo eziluhlaza, zombili ezithi zinecala.
Ukuguga Kwenani Labantu Nemiphakathi Engavikelekile
Abantu abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-29 eJapane baneminyaka engu-65 noma ngaphezulu, abaningi abahlala ezindaweni ezikude zasemaphandleni noma emadolobheni agcwele. Phakathi nezinhlekelele, abantu asebekhulile basengozini kakhulu yokulimala noma ukubulawa futhi badinge ukusekelwa okukhethekile. UKomeito uye wenza le ndaba yokusayinwa, eqhubela ukuxhasa amakhaya abadala futhi aqeqeshelwe ukunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuhlasela kwezakhamuzi ezisemadolobheni asemajukujukwini. I-LDP futhi iye yathatha imbangela, kodwa izimali zisho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali kuyinto engenakulinganiswa. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu (‘a ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu) eTokyo noma e-Osaka phakathi nobusuku, lapho asebekhulile abaningi behlala bebodwa ekhaya, lapho bonke amaqembu ezombangazwe abahlala befuna ukugwenywa kakhulu.
Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe
IJapane ihola ekusebenziseni izimiso zesixwayiso “zokuthutha, i-Al, kanye neziqalisi zokuqondisa inhlekelele. Izinhlangano ezibusayo zibheka ubuchwepheshe njengendlela yokunweba imithombo elinganiselwe. I- kahulumeni [i-Socity 5.0] ithatha izinyathelo zokuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlela“ukukhipha isivinini” ezisebenzisa ukwaziswa kocingo ukuze kuqondiswe abantu emizileni ephephile. Abaphikisani baye baphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nemfihlo negebelele, beveza ukuthi akuzona zonke izakhamuzi ezinezingcingo zobuchwepheshe. Bangabaza futhi ukuthi izimboni zobuchwepheshe kufanele zinikezwe indawo ekwaziyo ukuzwa. Le mpikiswano iseyi-evo iyakulungisa futhi cishe ibumba isizukulwane esilandelayo sezimiso zenhlekelele.
Isiphetho
Amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane awazona izibukeli ezingenzi lutho lapho kuvela izinhlekelele zemvelo, ayizingcweti zokulungisa izinhlekelele zezwe. Kusukela ekubekeni izimali zezezimali ezinkulu ze-LDP ezisemqoka ezingeni le CDP kucelwa ukuba kushintshwe isimo sezulu neKomeito's kugxile kubantu abasengozini, isigaba ngasinye siveza izinto eziza kuqala ezihlela iJapane ngendlela engathi ilungele, isabela futhi ilungise izinhlekelele ezibangelwa inhlekelele. Nakuba ukungavumelani kungathatha intuthuko futhi kwandise ukuxabana, imfuneko ehlanganyelwayo yokuvikela ukuphila kwabantu iphoqesha isilinganiso sokubambisana esivame ukudlula ezombangazwe zansuku zonke. Njengoba iJapane ibhekana nenkathi yokuguga okukhulu kakhulu nenkathi yokuguga, ukudlala phakathi kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe kuhlala kuyinto enqumayo enqumayo ukuthi isimo sezulu samazweni.
[[QUTY:0] ngokuphindaphindeneyo ifunda:[ Isimiso sokuphathwa kwenhlekelele sezwe laseJapan sokuthatha iPortal ocilimente [[FLT:]] Ukuphathwa kweNkathi yehhovisi (iJaphani)[FLT] . . .NT]NSTISTALY] Ukucwaninga ngeResilicence[