Ukubonakala kahle kukahulumeni nokuziphatha okuhle kwakha isisekelo sokuthembela komphakathi ezikhungweni zentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi zibona indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo, indlela izimali zomphakathi ezisetshenziswa ngayo, nendlela izikhulu eziziphatha ngayo, zisengozini kakhulu yokuhlanganyela nokusekela uhulumeni wazo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufinyela nokungalawuleki kuqeda ukuqiniseka nokungaqiniseki. Izisekelo ezichaza nokuphoqelelwa kokubona nokuqondiswa kobuso obusesilinganisweni sombuso wentando yeningi. Ngakho izinhlelo ezilawulayo azizona nje izimiso ezimfanele ezivikela ukubusa kwentando yeningi, zikhuthaza isithakazelo somphakathi, futhi zivikela isithakazelo somphakathi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi ngalezi zisekelo, ukuhlola izisekelo, izisekelo, nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezibhekenendawo ebusa umhlaba.

Ukuqonda Ukubona Isilinganiso Kukahulumeni

Ukukhanya kukahulumeni kubhekisela ezingeni lapho imisebenzi kahulumeni, izinqumo, kanye nokwaziswa kuvulekele khona ukuba kuhlolwe umphakathi. Kuwumqondo ohlanganisa kokubili ukutholakala kokwaziswa kanye nokulula kwezakhamuzi ezingakuthola. Ohulumeni ababonisa ulwazi ngokuzenzakalelayo baveza ulwazi, baphendule izicelo zomphakathi, futhi bakha imikhondo yokuqondisa izakhamuzi ezinenjongo.

Ubungako Bokubona Ingaphandle

  • Izimpawu ezivumelanayo. Ukubonisa ngokukhululekile kuhilela ukukhipha ngokuzithandela ulwazi ngaphandle kwesicelo] njengokuhlela ukunyathelisa, imizuzu yomhlangano, noma ukuthatha ukwaziswa kuyi-inthanethi. Ukuveza ukukhanya kudinga izakhamuzi noma izintatheli ukuze zicele ulwazi olusemthethweni, ngokuvamile ngenkululeko yemithetho yolwazi. Zombili zibalulekile, kodwa ukubonakala ngokukhululekile okuqhubekayo kunciphisa izithiyo nokuthuthukisa isiko lokuvula amagemfa.
  • Ishoshownbs. Ukubonakala okungacaci: Ukubonakala okungokwenqubo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo ezingemva kwezinqumo ziyabonakala (umz., indlela iziqondiso ezihlelwa ngayo), kuyilapho okuncane kakhulu kuthinta okuqukethwe yilezo zinqumo (umz., okuzuzayo kumthetho). Zombili izici zidingekile ukuba kugcinwe kulandisa kohulumeni.
  • ngokunciphile. Ukubona okuthe tyaba: Ukubona okuthe nkqo kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zengamele abaholi bazo, kanti ukubonakala okuqonde ngqo kuhilela ukwengamela kwezinhlangano ezizimele, izishaya-mthetho, noma izigebengu. Zombili izikhomba ziqinisana.

Izinzuzo Zokuba Nkambi Kwezimo Zikahulumeni

  • I-auntement i-aunter: Uma izikhulu zazi izenzo zazo zibonakala, azinakukwazi ukuhileleka ekuziphatheni okonakele noma kokuzihlupha. Ukubona gcaba kwenza kube nzima ukufihla ukungalungi noma ukwenza okubi.
  • Izakhamuzi ezifundekile zinganikela ngokunenjongo kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zezimiso, ukuxoxa nomphakathi, nokhetho. Ukubonisa gca_umu kunika imiphakathi amandla okufuna izinkonzo ezingcono.
  • Ukuhlolwa okuncishisiwe kokonakala: njalo kubonisa ukuthi ukubonakala kwangaphandle okuphezulu kuhlangene nokonakala okuphansi. Ukuvula ukwaziswa kanye nokuphathwa komphakathi kudala umphumela wokuvimbela.
  • Imiphumela engcono ye-Piolic Opotoct: ohulumeni ababonisayo bayazuza ekufakeni okuhlukene nenkulumo-mpikiswano esekelwe emaqinisweni, eholela ezimisweni eziphumelela kakhulu nezingalingani.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokuziphatha Okunokuvumelana Nezimiso

Ukuziphatha okungokobuhlanya kuhulumeni kudlulela ngalé kokulalela imithetho. Kuhilela ukunamathela ezimisweni zokuziphatha eziqondisa ukuziphatha enkonzweni yomphakathi.

Ubuqotho

Ubuqotho budinga izikhulu zomphakathi ukuba zenze ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha njalo, zigweme izingxabano zesithakazelo, futhi zibeke okuhle komphakathi ngaphezu kwenzuzo yazo.

Ubulungisa

Ukulunga kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zithola ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho futhi zikwazi ukufinyelela izinkonzo zikahulumeni. Lesi simiso sinqabela ukucwaswa, ukukhetha, nokukhetha. Kudinga futhi ukuba izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo zibe ezingakhethi futhi zisekelwe ezindinganisweni eziqotho, hhayi ekukhetheni komuntu siqu noma ekukhetheni.

Ikhasi lokulandisa

Ukulandisa kusho ukuthi izikhulu zizakulandisa ngezenzo zazo nezinqumo. Kumelwe zichaze ukucabanga kwazo, zivume ukulahlwa kwemiphumela yezenzo ezimbi, futhi zibhekane nemiphumela yokuziphatha okubi. Izimiso zokulandisa zihlanganisa ukuphenywa kwemali, imibuzo eyimfihlo ephalamendeni, nezinqubo zokuqondisa.

Ukubona Okucace Njengesimiso Esingokwemfundiso

Ukubona gcaluku kuyimfuneko yezimiso. Izikhulu zinomthwalo wokwazisa umphakathi ngemisebenzi yazo, ikakhulukazi uma leyomisebenzi ithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi. Isifuba kufanele sithetheleleke ezimweni ezilinganiselwe − njengokuvikela kwesizwe okungokomthetho noma ukufihla imfihlo komuntu siqu okusemthethweni.""futhi kumelwe siqondiswe.

Inhlonipho

Inhlonipho ngesithunzi somuntu, amalungelo, nokuhlukahluka kwabantu ibalulekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlonipha umthetho, ukuvikela abashaya ikhwela, nokuphatha ozakwabo nezakhamuzi ngendlela enenhlonipho.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esekela Ukubonana Ngokubona Kwangaphandle

Izinqubo zomthetho zihlanganisa amathemba akhona emisebeni ye-oda nezimiso. Zinikeza kokubili imvume nemishini yokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-oda iyagcinwa. Okulandelayo kuphakathi kwezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho.

Inkululeko Yolwazi IzEnzo (FAI SE)

FAI Njengoba inikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo lokucela amarekhodi avela kumanxusa kahulumeni. Inkululeko yolwazi (1966) ingumthetho ophawulayo oye walandelwa amazwe angaphezu kwekhulu. Idinga izinhlangano ukuveza ukwaziswa okuceliwe ngaphandle kokuba kubekwe imibandela ethile (umz., ukulondeka kwesizwe, izimfihlo zezokuhwebela). Imithetho esebenzayo ye-FOI ihlanganisa izinqubo ezicacile, izilinganiso zesikhathi ezinengqondo, kanye nokwengamela okuzimele kwe-U.S. I-Hhovisi yamaNkonzo e-Roundation Information Services. U.S. U. U. umnyango we-Octiveractivery Office of Information Policy Office of Information Polictictic[FLD]

Imithetho Yomphakathi

Lemithetho ifuna ukuba amarekhodi athile atholakale ngokunenzuzo . njengokuhlelwa kwemali, izivumelwano, nemizuzu yemihlangano. Amanye ama-ocensi adinga ukuba kusakazwe izinhlelo zomthetho noma ukwaziswa kwe-inthanethi yezincwadi zokudlulisa izimvume. Ngokwesibonelo, i-European Union’s Access to Documents Regateption (EC 1049/2001) isebenza ezikhungweni zayo futhi idinga ukutholakala komphakathi ezibhalweni ngaphandle kokuba zivikelwe ngaphandle.

Imithetho Yokuvikela Izintuthwane

Abacuphi baleli tshe bangabantu abadalula imisebenzi engekho emthethweni, engekho emthethweni, noma eyingozi ezinhlanganweni. Imithetho yokuvikela ikhwela eqinile iyazivikela ekuphindiseleni (njengokudubula, ukudilika, noma ukuhlukumeza) futhi idala imisele elondekile yokubika. E-United States, iWhistletroper Protection Act (19989) futhi ilungise izikhali zivikela izisebenzi zikahulumeni. i-National Wistolepulerpuser Center[ inikeza imithombo kanye nemithetho ephakeme. Izindinganiso zomhlaba, njengalezo ezikhuthazwa yi-OECD, zikhuthaza amazwe ukuba athole isivikelo se-impempee.

Ukungqubuzana Kwesithakazelo Nemithetho Yezimiso

Ohulumeni abaningi banemithetho eqondile efuna izikhulu zezentengiselwano ezingokwezimali, izipho nezingangesikhathi esithile.Imithetho yezimiso ivame ukumisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha, inqabe imisebenzi ethile (ngokwesibonelo, ukwamukela ukufumbathiswa noma ukungenisa izihambi), futhi yakhe izindikimba zokuphoqelelwa njengemithetho engokomthetho. IHhovisi Likahulumeni laseU.S. liyisibonelo esiphambili, elinikeza ukuqeqeshwa nokwengamela izisebenzi eziphethe amagatsha.

Izindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke Zokubona Izindawo Nezimiso Ezifanele

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ziye zasungula izisekelo ezimisa izimpawu zemikhuba yobuzwe. Lezizindinganiso zisiza amazwe ukuba avumelane nezimiso zembulunga yonke futhi zivumela ukubambisana okunganqamuki phakathi kwemingcele ngokumelene nenkohlakalo nokungasetshenziswa kahle kwemisebenzi.

Umhlangano WeZizwe Ezihlangene Omelene Nokonakala (U.CAC)

I-UNCAC ingokuphela kwethuluzi elibophayo elisemthethweni lembulunga yonke elilwa nokonakala. Ihlanganisa ukuvinjelwa, ubugebengu, ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, nokuthuthukisa inzuzo. I-UNCAC idinga izifundazwe eziqinisayo ukuze kusungulwe izindikimba ezilwa nokonakala, ikhuthaze ukuba sobala kwezezomphakathi, futhi ivikele abafuyi bempempe. UN Office on Drugs and Crime isekela ukusungulwa kwemisebe yokuhlola ontanga.

Izindinganiso Neziqondiso Ze - OECD

I-OECD iye yasungula amathuluzi amaningi okuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwangaphandle nezimiso zokuziphatha, kuhlanganise nokwaziswa kuka-2017 okuphathelene nobuqotho babantu. Lesi sici sigcizelela indlela ehambelanayo yokuqeqesha ukuziphatha, ukuphatha izingozi, nokulandisa. Iwebhusayithi ye-OECD ye-Public Faice [ inikeza amathuluzi kanye nokuhlolwa kwezezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-OECD Anti-Bribriby Convention ibeka icala lokufumbathisa ezingxoxweni zezentenxanxanxanxaxhwe nezindaba zezwe lonke.

Isalathiso senkohlakalo yezwe lonke esibonisa bhakabhaka (CPI)

Nakuba kungesona indinganiso ebophayo, i-CPI iyi-metric enethonya elikhulu ehlela amazwe asekelwe emazingeni acatshangelwayo enkohlakalo engxenye yomphakathi. Isebenzisa ukwaziswa okuvela ekuhloleni kochwepheshe nasekuhloleni. Inkomba ikhuphula ukuqapha komphakathi futhi ikhuthaze ohulumeni ukuba baguqule. I-Transparency International isekela izinguquko ezingokomthetho futhi ithuthukise amathuluzi anjengendlela yokuhlola i-National Perfelity System[[[FLT: 1]]

Ukuvuleka Kobuhlobo Bukahulumeni (OGP)

I-OGP inyathelo lokuqala eliqanjwe ngo-2011 elihlanganisa ohulumeni nomphakathi ukuze bakhuthaze ukubonakala, ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi nokulandisa. Amazwe angamalungu asungula amasu esizwe anezibopho ezithile. Ngokuvumelana ngokukhululekile, ukukwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa, noma ukuhlelwa kwemali yokuhlukanisa. I-OGP inikeza iqophelo lokufunda nokuhlola ontanga.

Izinselele Zokuba Nesibindi Kuhulumeni

Naphezu kwezimo eziqinile, ukuthola ukubonakala kwangempela kuhlala kunzima. Izithiyo zezakhiwo, amasiko nezombangazwe ngokuvamile kuvimbela intuthuko.

Ukumelana Nesimiso Sombuso Nempucuko Yokufihla Izimfihlo

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni ziye zasebenza ngokomlando zithanda ukungakhonzi okungahleleki. Izikhulu zingamelana nokubona amaphutha ngoba zidalula amaphutha, zidinga umsebenzi owengeziwe, noma izinselele ezisunguliwe zamandla. Ukushintsha impucuko eqinile idinga ukuhola okuqinile nezisusa ezintsha.

Ukuntuleka Kwemithombo Yengcebo Nekhono

Ukusebenzisa izilinganiso zokubona kude kudinga izimali nabantu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlanganisa amarekhodi, izisebenzi eziqeqesha ukusingatha izicelo zokwaziswa, nokunakekela i-internet ukutshala imali konke. Amazwe asathuthuka ngokuvamile azama ukunikezela lemithombo, kuyilapho ngisho nohulumeni abacebile bebhekene nemibandela yemali elinganiselwe. i-Proferance Global Practice[ ye-World Bank] inikeza ukusekela ukuqinisa amandla enhlangano.

Imithetho Eyinkimbinkimbi Nezikhungo Zombuso

Imithetho yokwaziswa eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ingavimbela izakhamuzi ekwenzeni izicelo. Izikhathi ezinde, izindleko eziphakeme, kanye nokungacaci okungakhokhwa kungavimbela ukutholakala ngokuphumelelayo. Abanye ohulumeni baklama izinqubo ezilula zokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa, umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi "umthwalo wokuqondisa" izinqubo zokunciphisa izicelo nokwenza izinguquko ezidingekayo.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nezinkinga Zomuntu Siqu

Izinkinga ezingokomthetho ngokulondeka kwesizwe kanye nokuzifihla komuntu siqu kungasetshenziswa ukuze kuthethelelwe ukufihla imfihlo ngokweqile. Inselele iwukulinganisela: ukuvikela ukwaziswa okuthathekayo kodwa kuvimbele ukuhlelwa ngokungadingekile. Izindikimba zezobulungu . "ezinjengamakomiti okuhlakanipha noma izikhulu zezokuvikela ukwaziswa") zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukukhulula akusetshenziswa kabi.

Intando Yezombangazwe Nemijikelezo Engokwezombangazwe

Izinguquko ezibonisayo ngokuvamile zisongela labo abaphethe. Abangavumelani nomthetho bangamelana nokuvuleka kwemisebenzi yabo ukuze bahlole, ikakhulukazi uma bezuza ekwenzeni izinqumo ezifiphele. Imijikelezo emifushane inqanda ukutshala imali isikhathi eside ekubonakaleni, njengoba izinzuzo zingathatha iminyaka ukuba zivele. Ukucindezela komphakathi kanye nemithombo yezindaba ezimele kufeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni amandla.

Ukuhlukanisa Izinombolo Nokwaziswa

Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bungathuthukisa ukubonakala, bungadala futhi imigoqo emisha. Izakhamuzi ezingenakho ukungenisa ulwazi kuyi-intanethi noma ubuchwepheshe be-minuber azikwazi ukungena kalula kuma-internet. Ukwaziswa okuvulekile kungakhishwa ngamafomethi angafinyelelwa noma kudinga amakhono obuchwepheshe ukuze kuhlaziywe. Ohulumeni kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi ukukhanya kugcwele ngaphandle kolayini-phuma futhi kudluliselwe ezinye izici ezifushane ezilula.

Izisu Zokukhuthaza Ukubona Izindawo Nezimiso Ezifanele

Ukunqoba lezinselele kudinga indlela ebanzi ehlanganisa izinguquko zomthetho, ukusungulwa kwezinhlangano, nokushintsha kwempucuko. Amasu alandelayo abonakala ephumelela ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.

Imishini Esebenza Kancane Nezindlela Zokuvula Imininingwane

Ohulumeni bangathatha indawo ngalé kwembulo ngokunyathelisa izilinganiso zenani eliphakeme eliphezulu − njengemali esetshenziswayo, imali, imali, nezivumelwano zomphakathi. Izindawo zokwaziswa ezivulekile njenge-Data.gov e-U.S.K.uk enika izintatheli amandla, abacwaningi, kanye nomphakathi ukuhlaziya ukusebenza kukahulumeni. Amafomethi emishini e-API ivumela ezinye izindlela ezintsha zokusebenza.

Izidumbu Ezinamandla

Izinja ezizimele ezigade ngokuzimela − njengokukhokha imishini emelene nokonakala, ukuhlola, ukuqupha, namakomiti ezimiso zezimiso − kudingekile ekuqinisekiseni ukubonakala nokugcinwa kwemithetho yezimiso. Kumelwe zibe nemali eyanele, igunya elingokomthetho, kanye nesivikelo ekuphazanyisweni kwezombangazwe. Ukuhlolwa njalo nokubikwa komphakathi kungathuthukisa ukuthembeka kwazo.

Ukuqeqesha Nokwakha Ngekhono Lezikhulu Zomphakathi

Ukuqeqesha izimiso zokuziphatha kufanele kube isibopho kubo bonke izisebenzi zomphakathi, kusukela ngokufaka futhi ngokuqhubeka njengezifundo eziqabulayo. Ukuqeqesha kufanele kuhlanganise izimpi zesithakazelo, amalungelo okushaya ikhwelo, namakhono asebenzayo okulawula izicelo zokwaziswa. Izinhlelo zobuholi zingathuthukisa impucuko yobuqotho emazingeni aphezulu.

Ubuchwepheshe Obukhuthaza Isabelo Sezakhamuzi

Amathuluzi emishini anganciphisa imingcele yokuhlanganyela. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iziteshi ze-inthanethi zokuhlola umphakathi, ama-apples okubika inkohlakalo, kanye nezimiso zokulungisa imishini ezibonisa imishini yomboni. Ukusebenzisa imali (ukuhlanganisa) /apho izakhamuzi zinquma khona ukunikezela izimali zomphakathi (*) eziye zasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo emadolobheni anjenge-Porto Alegre, Brazil, ne-New York City. Ubuchwepheshe bumelwe buklanywe ngengqondo futhi bungafanele bungathathelwa indawo, ngokuthembisana, ngokuthembisana.

Umphakathi Wasembusweni Nemikhumbi - mkhathi

Izintatheli nezinhlangano eziqaphile ziyizinhlangano ezigxekayo ekubekeni ohulumeni icala. Ohulumeni bangasekela umphakathi wezakhamuzi ogcwele ngokuvikela inkululeko yezindaba, ngokuvumela ukufinyelela ukwaziswa, nangokuhlanganyela engxoxweni evamile. Ama-Colturantium of Investigative pointers (ICIJ) adalule inkohlakalo enkulu (umz., amaPanama Paper) ngokuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okuvulekile nombiko wesiphambano.

Ukubambisana Komhlaba Wonke Nokufunda Kontanga

Izinselele zokubona ngale zivame ukwedlula imikhawulo yezezimali cishe, zidinga ukusabela kwezizwe ngezizwe. Amazwe angafunda komunye nomunye ngokuthatha isinyathelo esinjenge-OGP, i-OECD, i-ofstions, nezinhlangano zezifunda ezimelene nenkohlakalo. Ukuhlanganyela imikhuba emihle kakhulu nosizo lobuchwepheshe kungasheshisa izinguquko, ikakhulukazi emazweni angakwazi ukuzenzela izinto.

Isiphetho

Ukubonakala kahle kukahulumeni nokuziphatha okuhle akuyona imigomo eqinile kodwa izibopho eziqhubekayo. Izisekelo ezixoxwe kususela ku-FOIA ukuya emihlanganweni yezizwe ngezizwe("isisekelo sokwakha ukuthembana, ukunciphisa ukonakala, nokuthuthukisa ukubusa. Nokho, ukushaya umthetho kukodwa akwanele. Impumelelo idinga impumelelo eqinile, imithombo esebenzayo, umphakathi okhuthele, kanye nempucuko ethatha izindinganiso zobuqotho. Njengoba ohulumeni bebhekana nezinselele ezintsha zezehlakanipho, kusukela ekuhloleni isimo sezulu esibucayi kanye nezibhebhebhe ezibangelwa yizimiso zokuziphatha kusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile, zifuna ukulandisa futhi zisebenzise amathuluzi atholakalayo. Ngokuqhubeka zilungisa lezi ziciko kanye nokuhlanganisa izinhlangano, izinhlangano ezibonisa kahle, izimiso zokuziphatha ezisebenza emphakathini.