Isingeniso: Idwala Lobulungisa

Izinkantolo zezigebengu ziyisisekelo sanoma yimuphi umphakathi obheka umthetho njengobalulekile. Ngaphezu nje kwamagumbi lapho ukuqulwa kwecala kwenzeka khona, zimelela indlela engokomthetho uhulumeni obheka ngayo abantu ngabanye ngokuphulwa kwemithetho yobugebengu. Le nqubo kumelwe ilinganisele ukulondeka komphakathi, amalungelo ezisulu, kanye nesivikelo somthetho-mthethweni salabo abamangalelwa. Ukuqondisisa imisebenzi yenkantolo yobugebengu nezinqubo zokuqulwa kwezeluleko akubalulekile kodwa kochwepheshe bezezomthetho kuphela kodwa nasezakhamuzini eziboshelwe. Inkantolo iyinkundla lapho izimiso ezingokomthetho zibhekene khona namaqiniso aluhlaza okuziphatha komuntu, futhi ukuqonda imisebenzi yayo kukhanyisa indlela kokubili okugcinwa ngayo nokufezwayo.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wenkantolo yobugebengu uwukunquma ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala noma akanacala lamacala akhethekile alethwa abashushisi. Lokhu kunquma kusekelwe esimisweni esiyisisekelo secala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [, indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esimisweni somthetho. Lendinganiso enzima ibonisa amandla ecala lecala lobugebengu, elingaholela ekulahlekelweni yinkululeko, idumela, ngisho nokuphila kwezinye izifundazwe. Ngakho, izinqubo ziklanyelwe ngokunelisayo ukuvikela izinkolelo ezingalungile.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukufingqa okunegunya kwemisebenzi yezinkantolo zobugebengu nezinqubo ezilandelwa yizo. Sinweba ezigabeni eziphambili ."pre-qualing, ikhambi, neposi-mqulu-cala((ngenkathi sicwaninga ezindimani zabathathi-mdlandla kanye nezivikelo zomthetho-mthetho eziqinisekisa ubulungisa.

Imisebenzi Yezinkantolo Zezigebengu

Izinkantolo zezigebengu zenza imisebenzi eminingi ehlobene, edlulela ngalé kwamacala aqulwayo.

Ukulahlwa Kwecala Noma Ukungabi Nacala

Umsebenzi obonakala kakhulu wenkantolo yamacala uwukuthethwa kwecala. Lena inqubo inkantolo ehlola ngayo ubufakazi obunikezwa abamangalelwa kanye nokuzivikela ukuze kutholakale icala elingokomthetho. Inkantolo isebenzisa imithetho ehlobene, umthetho, nemithetho engokwesiko. Icala liyicala eliqulwayo kanye necala elingafanele, isinqumo secala senziwa yijaji lontanga, elithathwe emphakathini. Kwezinye izimo, umahluleli angase abe ngumthathathathi-katha, futhi abe yimithetho engokomthetho. Inkantolo ibonelela icala eliyicala kanye nesinqumo esingafanele. Isinqumo secala kumelwe sisekelwe ebufakazini obubodwa phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala, noma kunoma yiliphi icala.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Okuvikelwa

Mhlawumbe umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu, nowenqabela kakhulu, inkantolo iwumsebenzi wokuvikela amalungelo ommangalelwa. ISigqi Samalungelo, ikakhulukazi esesine, esesihlanu, neseSisithupha e-United States, sinikeza iziqondiso ezibanzi kubantu ababhekene nalamalungelo obugebengu. inkantolo kumelwe iqinisekise ukuthi ummangalelwa unesiza esisebenzayo seseluleko [[, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelisobala, ilungelo lokukhuluma nofakazi, nelungelo lokuthula. AbaHluleli bangamasango lalalelilungelo, futhi noma ikuphi ukwephulwa okuphawulekayo kungaholela ekucinyweni kobufakazi, ukukhishwa kwecala, noma ukupheliswa kwecala.

Isihluthulelo Samalungelo Esivikelwe Sihlanganisiwe:

  • [ Ilunga elulekweni: Inkantolo kumelwe imise ummeli wommangalelwa ongakwazi ukukhokhela omunye (Gideon v. Wainwright).
  • Icala elisheshayo: Inkantolo ilawula ikhalenda lokuqulwa kwecala ukuze igweme ukuvalelwa kwamacala kunganqunywanga.
  • Isokudla koFakazi ababhekene naso: Ummangalelwa unethuba lokunqamule i-examine bonke ubufakazi obunikezwa umshushisi.
  • [[I] Isivikelo sokumelene nokuziphikisa: inkantolo kumelwe iqaphele ukukhetha kommangalelwa ukuba angafakazi.

Ukugwetshwa

Uma ummangalelwa esetholakalelwe enecala noma enecala, inkantolo ihamba ithathe isigaba sokugweba. Ukwahlulela [ (noma ngezinye izikhathi ijaji) limisa umusho okumelwe uhambisane nohlu olungokomthetho lobugebengu. Ukugwetshwa akuyona indlela elula; kubonisa ukulinganisela kwemigomo eminingi: ukujezisa, ukunqanda, ukubuyisela, ukulungisa, nokubuyisela. Umahluleli ucabangela isimo sobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu, umphumela wesigebengu, nanoma yiziphi izici ezisolwayo. I-Valectives ingahlanganisa ukubopha, ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa, ukuhleleka, ukuhlangana kwenkonzo yomphakathi, ukuhlanganisa, noma ukubuyiselwa komphakathi. Izehlolo, ukugwetshwa komthetho wezezimali, noma ukubulawa, ukugwetshwa komthetho.

Ukuvinjwa Kwe - plaa Bargation

Icala elikhulu lobugebengu liphela ngokuqulwa kwecala kodwa ngesivumelwano . Inkantolo ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni le nqubo. Ngaphambi kokwamukela isikhalazo esinecala, umahluleli kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi senziwe , ngokuzithandela, futhi ngokuhlakanipha . Umahluleli uyobuza ummangalelwa ukuba aqinisekise ukuthi uyawaqonda amacala, amalungelo abawaqonda, futhi imiphumela yesicelo, kuhlanganise nesigwebo. Inkantolo futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ukuphoqelelwa noma izithembiso ezingafanele ezenziwa. Inkantolo inxusela ukunciphisa umthwalo wenkantolo futhi inikeza isilinganiso esiqinisekile kuzo zonke izigaba, kodwa kumelwe ivikele amalungelo ayo.

Ukuqinisekisa Ubuhle Bemvelo

Zonke izici zenkantolo zilawulwa imithetho yobufakazi nenqubo. Indima yenkantolo iwukuphoqelela lemithetho ngokungakhethi. Umahluleli unquma ngokuphikisa okuphakanyiswa abameli, imithetho enikeza ubufakazi obungenabulungisa, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi icala liqulwa ngaphandle kobufakazi obungafanele noma ubandlululo. Inkantolo futhi kumelwe ilawule ukuziphatha kwabo bonke abahlanganyelayo, kuhlanganise nabameli, ofakazi, nabagcini-jaji. Ukulondoloza isithunzi senhlonipho nohlelo kubalulekile ekuboneni komphakathi ngokulunganga-phutha. [ Umthwalo wobufakazi [[FLT: 1]] uhlala njalo ukhona ekumangalelweni, futhi inkantolo kumelwe ixwayise noma yimiphi imizamo yokuguqula lokho kusinda.

Abahlanganyeli Abayinhloko Ekuqulweni Kwecala Kwesigebengu

Ukuqonda imisebenzi yenkantolo kudinga ukuqaphela izindima zabadlali bayo abayinhloko.

Ijaji

Umahluleli ungumthathi hlangothi womthetho. Imisebenzi yomahluleli ihlanganisa ukubusa enqubeni yangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ukuyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo, ukulawula ukuqulwa kobufakazi, nokuphatha inkantolo. Ecaleni lebhentshi, umahluleli usebenza futhi njengothola iqiniso. Umahluleli kumelwe ahlale engakhethi futhi agweme noma yikuphi ukubonakala kobandlululo. Umahluleli futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina wokubeka isigwebo esingokomthetho.

IJury

Abahluleli bathatha ikomiti yeqiniso enkantolo yamajaji. Bakhethwe ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi isibindi [, abahluleli basebenza ngokuhlola ukuthembeka kofakazi nokuhlola ubufakazi. Kumelwe basebenzise umthetho njengoba ufundiswa yijaji, hhayi ngokwezinkolelo zabo. Isinqumo kumelwe sisekelwe kuphela ebufakazini obunikezwa enkantolo. Imfuneko yesinqumo esingaguquguquki ezicabeni zobugebengu (emikhakheni eminingi) igcizelela indinga ubufakazi obuphakeme ukuze umuntu athole ukuthembeka.

Ummangaleli

Umshushisi ummeli omelela uhulumeni. Umsebenzi womthetho womthetho awukona nje ukuwina, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenziwa kobulungisa. Lokhu kusho ukunikeza bonke ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa, kuhlanganise nobufakazi bokumangalela obungabonisa ukuthi ummangalelwa akanacala (kuvela ku-Maryland). Umshushisi unquma ukuthi yisiphi isimangalo esibekwa icala futhi angangenela ekumangaleleni. Bathwala umthwalo wokufakazela zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.

I - attorney Yokuvikela

Ummeli oqinile ungummeli oshisekayo wommangalelwa. Umsebenzi wommeli uvikela amalungelo ommangalelwa, aphikise icala lomshushisi, futhi anikeze isivikelo esingcono kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthatha izintambo zokuvimbela ubufakazi obuthola ngokungemthetho, ofakazi abadlulisa izikhalo, nokunikeza ubufakazi ngenxa yommangalelwa. Ummeli kumelwe agcine imfihlo yekhasimende futhi angabuniki ubufakazi obungamanga.

Umvikeli

Ummangalelwa umuntu omangalelwe ngecala. Nakuba kungase kungadingeki ukuba bafakazele noma banikeze ubufakazi, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokufika kuzo zonke izigaba ezibucayi zecala. Ummangalelwa futhi unelungelo lokwenza izinqumo eziqondiswe olwazini ngokuphathelene namalungelo okukhokhwa, ukwenza isicelo, nokuba afakaze yini.

Izinqubo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezinkantolo Zezigebengu

Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala iwuhlelo oluhlelwe ngokucophelela oluklanyelwe ukunikeza izinhlangothi zombili ithuba eligcwele nelifanele lokuzwakala.

Izindlela Zokuthatha Iminyaka Emide

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuqulwa kwecala ngokwalo, kwenziwa umsebenzi omkhulu wokuchaza izindaba nokulungiselela icala.

Ukubekwa Icala Ne - Plea

Kumthetho [[QUT:0] [[NT.1], ummangalelwa ufunda izikhalo ngokusemthethweni futhi ucelwa ukuba angene ekuncengeni. Izicelo ezivamile zinecala, azinacala, noma azinamncintiswano (loli imatratere). Ukunxusa okungenacala kumisa isigaba sokuqulwa kwecala. Isikhalazo esinecala, njengoba kuxoxwe, sidinga ukuqiniseka kokucobelela okucophelelayo ukuqiniseka ukuthi wazi futhi uzimisele. Uma ummangalelwa encenga icala, uma umahluleli evuma ukuthi akanacala, umahluleli ubeka imibandela yecala futhi uhlela ukuzwa kwesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuthola Nokuhamba

Phakathi imvume, zombili izinhlangothi zishintshisana ngokwaziswa ngobufakazi ezibuhlelayo. Ukushushisa kufanele kuphendukele noma yibuphi ubufakazi bokudlulisa. Abaphathi bangafaka amahele ahlukahlukene [ ukuhamba kwezomthetho : ukunyakaza kokucindezela ubufakazi (umz., ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni), ukunyakaza kokulahla izikhalo (umz., ukuntuleka kwembangela ngandlela, noma ukunyakaza kwelimkhakha) ukuze kukhiphe ubufakazi obuqondile noma ubufakazi. Inkantolo ishaya umthetho kule mithetho, ilungisa lokho abahluleli abazomthetho abafuna ukukuzwa futhi abangeke bakuzwe.

Ukuxoxa

Njengoba usuku lokuqulwa kwecala lusondela, izingxoxo zokudluliswa kwezicelo ziyakhula. Inkantolo ivame ukuhlola ukuthi isinqumo singenzeka yini. Izinkantolo eziningi zikhuthaza izingxoxo zokusingatha izikhangiso zokuqulwa kwecala, kodwa umahluleli akanakuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezingokoqobo. Uma isicelo sifinyelelwa, kuqulwa ushintsho lwecala.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Komthetho

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Uma icala liqhubeka liqulwa ngecala, isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhetha ijaji. Abahluleli abangabajaji bayaphenywa yijaji nabameli. Umgomo ukuthatha i-impanel umsizi wejaji ongakhethi. Ama-athorney angasebenzisa i-challengenges ngesizathu [ (ukungabekwanga sikhawu) ukususa amajaji anamaphutha, kanye nezinselele [[FLT]] inombolo elinganiselwe) ukuze kususwe izigebezo ngaphandle kokusho isizathu, nakuba lezi zingenakusetshenziswa ngohlanga noma ubulili. Iqembu lokugcina le 12 (ngokufana, kanye nezishintshana) lifungekile.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Icala liqala ngezinkulumo ezivulayo[, okokuqala ngokushushiswa bese kuthi ngesivikelo. Lokhu akuzona izimpikiswano kodwa amabalazwe ayiqiniso alokho uhlangothi ngalunye olulindele ukuboniswa kobufakazi. Umshushisi unikeza icala elifakazela icala lommangalelwa; ukuzivikela kuboniswa ubuthakathaka endabeni yomshushisi noma ukulandisa kwalo siqu.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Icala liqala ngokuqulwa kwecala, oFakazi babizelwa ukuba bazofakaza ngaphansi kwesifungo.

  • [[UMTH:0] Ukuhlola:[ Ummeli obiza ufakazi ubuza imibuzo ukuze athole ubufakazi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukungcola okungavumelani: Ummeli ophikisayo uyabuza ufakazi ukuze abeke inselele yethemba noma adalule ukungavumelani.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukungaqondi nokubuyisela: Isilinganiso semibuzo elandelayo singalandela.

Ubufakazi obungokomzimba − odocuments, izithombe, izikhali, imibiko ye-fonsic , imibiko , ye-antensic . Isivikelo sisungulwe ngofakazi abangasiqinisekisa. Ithuba lokufakazelwa object[ ubufakazi ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene (isimangaliso, isici somzwelo). Umahluleli ushaya umthetho enqabeni ngalinye, futhi abahluleli bayathethelelwa phakathi namagumbi asemaceleni entambo.

Ngemva kokuba umshushisi esephumile, ukuzivikela kungase kungabi yisidingo ku-‘ofakazi ’ kodwa kungadingeka ukuba kuboniswe ubufakazi bawo siqu. Ummangalelwa angase afakazele (enikeza ilungelo lokuthula ngenxa yalowobufakazi) noma akhethe ukuthula; umshushisi akanakukhuluma ngokuthula kommangalelwa. Impicabadala ingase ibize ofakazi, kuhlanganise nofakazi be - alibi noma ofakazi abangochwepheshe.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sebunikezelwe bonke ubufakazi, abameli banikeza izimpikiswano ezivezayo. Lapha kulapho uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa khona ubufakazi futhi luphikisa ukuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele babuyisele isinqumo esikhethekile. Umshushisi uqala, abese evikela, futhi abashushisi banganikeza i-partum. Abamangalelwa bangasho kafushane ngokuthembeka kofakazi kanye nezici ezinengqondo zobufakazi, kodwa abakwazi ukuveza imibono yomuntu siqu noma babhekisele emaqinini angafakani.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Phambi kokuhlola, ijaji lifunda iziyalezo zobujukujezi (ebizwa futhi ngecala). Lemiyalo ichaza izimiso zomthetho abamele bazenze, njengencazelo yobugebengu, izakhi okumelwe zivunywe, nendinganiso yobufakazi engangangatshazwa. Umahluleli ufundisa futhi ngezindlela ezingokomthetho zokuvikela (umz., ukuzivikela ngokwakho, ukusangana) uma kusekelwa ubufakazi. u-Athorney uvame ukunikeza iziyalezo ezihlongoziwe, futhi umahluleli ukhetha i-sethisi yokugcina.

Ukudalulwa Nokulahlwa Kwezigigaba

Ijaji lithatha umhlala-mzabalazo wegumbi elizimele ukuze lixoxe ngecala. Bonke ubufakazi nemifanekiso ilethwa. Abasizi bejaji bakhetha umholi ukuze baqondise izinqumo. Kumelwe balandele iziyalezo zomahluleli futhi kumelwe bafinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo (ngaphandle kokuba i-guversel ivumela izinqumo ezingavumelani nemithetho emibalweni). Uma behluleka ukufinyelela isinqumo ngemva kokuphenya okukhulu, uma ijaji limemezela ikomiti yamajaji [, futhi ummangalelwa angaphinde alivane icala. Uma isinqumo sifinyelelwe, simenyezelwa obala. Uma isinqumo singesona esinecala, ummangalelwa ukhululwa ngokushesha. Uma icala lihamba.

Izindlela Zokuxhumana Zangemva

Abavikeli banezindlela ezibalulekile abangabukeza ngazo.

Ukugwetshwa Kwezindlebe

Ngemva kwesinqumo sokuba necala, inkantolo ihlela ukugunyaza ukuqulwa kwecala. Umahluleli uhlola umbiko wokuhlola wangaphambi kwemvume olungiselelwe izikhulu zokuvuna, uzwa izinkulumo zemiphumela yezisulu, futhi ulalela izimpikiswano ezivela kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ngokuphathelene nesigwebo esifanele. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokukhuluma nenkantolo (ukugwetshwa). Umahluleli ufaka umusho phakathi kweziqondiso zomthetho, ngokuvamile ucabangela i-Federal Leactlines Relectivegations derlines noma izakhiwo ezifanayo.

Ukukhanga

Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthola inkantolo ephakeme. Ukudlulisa icala akulona ikhambi elisha; kubukeza amaphutha angokomthetho enziwa yinkantolo enkantolo equlwayo. Izindaba ezivamile zihlanganisa iziqondiso zejaji eziyiphutha, ukuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi, ukungaphathi kahle komshushisi, noma usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko. Inkantolo yokunxusa (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo yezicelo noma inkantolo ephakeme) ibukeza umbhalo futhi isekele ukumangalelwa, iwuphendule, noma iphinde idlulise inkantolo. Ngokuvamile uhulumeni awunakudlulisa isigwebo esingesona esingu-guiltyhefu ngenxa izingozi eziphindwe kabili. [FLT:], kodwa ungadlulisa ezinye iziphakaliso.

Isihlenga sangemva-kuhlanganisa

Ngalé kokudlulisa isikhalo esiqondile, abamangalelwa bangafuna ukukhululeka kokudlulisa ngezindlela zokuhamba (umk., habeas corpus enkantolo kahulumeni). Lokhu kuhlola kungavumela ummangalelwa ukuba aphakamise izimpikiswano ezingathuthukiswanga ngokugcwele ekudluliseni izicelo eziqondile, njengobufakazi obusha bobumsulwa noma ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho. Lemicikilisho ilinganiselwe kakhulu.

Izinhlelo Ezikhethekile Zezinkantolo Nezokuphendulela

Izinkantolo zanamuhla zobugebengu ziye zashintsha ukuze zisingathe izinhlobo ezithile zamacala ngezindlela ezikhethekile zasenkantolo. izinkantolo zezezidakamizwa zigxile ekuphatheni nasekuqondiseni izigebengu zezidakamizwa ezingenabudlova. [] izinkantolo zempilo zezengqondo [ zihlobana nabamangalelwa nezinkonzo zengqondo. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [izinkantolo zeze-VELE] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] inhlekelele yenkonzo ehlobene nempikiswayo. [ ngokuvamile] isebenzisa indlela yokuxhumana nommeli, umshushici, ummeli, nokwelashwa, ngokugcizelela okukhulu kokulungisa nokubuyisela i-extixmod Recidism.

Izinhlelo ze-Diversion zivumela ezinye izaphula-mthetho ezisezingeni eliphansi ukuba zigweme umbhalo wobugebengu ngokuqeda uhlelo oluhlelwe (umz., umsebenzi womphakathi, amakilasi emfundo). Inkantolo isebenzisa lezinhlelo futhi ikhiphe icala uma ifezeke ngokuphumelelayo. Lendlela ivuma ukuthi akukona konke ukwephulwa okugunyaza isisindo esigcwele sesimiso sobulungisa sobugebengu.

Isiphetho

Imisebenzi yezinkantolo zobugebengu iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ibalulekile. Isebenza njengesigaba lapho amandla ombuso okujezisa ehlangabezana khona nelungelo lomuntu lokukhululeka ngaphandle kokuba athole icala. Kusukela ekuhlonishweni kokuqala ukuya ekudluliseleni izikhalo kokugcina, inqubo ngayinye isekelwe enqubweni emakhulwini amaningi amasiko angokomthetho nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi idlulisela icala, ivikela amalungelo, ukunxusa okuphoqelela, noma imilandulo enzima, inkantolo kumelwe ilondoloze ukungakhethi nobuqotho. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kunika izakhamuzi iziqondiso zokuhlola isimiso sobulungisa ngobukhazikhazikhazi futhi ziqonde ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kokuhleleka nenkululeko.

Ukuhlola okwengeziwe, iNew York State Criminal Court ne Bureau yeMitatistiki yobulungisa [ inikeza izici ezicaciswe kabanzi zemisebenzi yenkantolo. Ekugcineni, amandla esimiso sobulungisa esigebengu alinganiswa kuphela ngekhono laso lokubeka icala elinecala kodwa ngokuzimisela kwalo okunganqamukiyo ukukhulula abangenacala.