Izimiso eziphoqelelwe ziwumgogodla wanoma isiphi isimiso sokuqondisa, zenza kube khona imithetho ebhalwe ephepheni ephila ngempela noma ehlala ikhona. Ngaphandle kokuqiniswa kwemithetho eqinile, ngisho nezimiso eziklanywe ngokucophelela azikwazi ukuguqula ukuziphatha, ukuvikela impahla yomphakathi, noma ukuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi. Kubafundisi nabafundi bomlando, izakhamuzi, nezifundo zezenhlalo, ukuqonda ukuthi ukugcinwa kwemithetho kusebenza kanjani kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imiphakathi eguqula ngayo izimiso zomthetho ekuziphatheni okuhlelekile. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinhlobonhlobo ezisezingeni eligcwele lokusebenza, kusukela ezikhungweni zokuqondisa ukuya emakethe, futhi sihlola izinselele ezihlala njalo ezibhekenezwe elishintsha ngokushesha.

Iyini Imishini Ephoqelelwayo?

Izinqubo eziphoqelelwe zingamathuluzi okuhlela, izinqubo zomthetho, kanye nezindlela ezisebenzayo ohulumeni (*) ngezinye izikhathi abazenza ngazo izindikimba zomuntu siqu (_ukuvumelana nemithetho nezimiso.) Zisukela ekuhlolweni okuvamile nakuhhlwithwa kwecala nokwephulwa komphakathi. Ukuphoqelelwa okuphumelelayo akudingi nje igunya elingokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi nemithombo eyanele, izinqubo ezicacile, kanye nentando yezombangazwe ukuba kusebenze.

Ngokomlando, izimiso zokuphoqelela ziye zaqala kanye nemiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi. Imithetho yasendulo enjengomthetho kaHammurabi yayithembele ezijezisweni ezinzima, ngokuvamile ezingokomzimba eziphoqelelwa izikhulu zasebukhosini. Ukuphoqelelwa kwanamuhla, ngokuphambene, kuphothula futhi kuveza inqubo efanelekile nokulingana. Nokho inselele eyisisekelo isalokhu ifana: ukuthi umuntu ngamunye nezinhlangano zilandela kanjani imithetho ngaphandle kokuzithwesa umthwalo noma umbuso.

Izinhlobo Zomshini Ophoqelelwayo

Izinqubo zokuphoqelela zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine ezibanzi: ukuphatha, ukwahlulela, ukuziqondisa, nokuzifaka emakethe. Ngazinye zinamandla ahlukile nobuthakathaka, futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyelwa.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamandla Okuqondisa

I-accompative ngokomthetho yenziwa yizinhlangano ezikhethekile eziphethe igunya eligunyaziswe ukuqondisa, ukuhlola, nokujezisa. Lezi zinkampani zidala imithetho, ukuhlola, izixwayiso, izixwayiso, ukuphoqa intela, ngisho nezincwadi zokuqeda. Inzuzo eyinhloko yokuphoqelela ukuqondisa ijubane nobuchwepheshe bazo: izisebenzi zezinhlangano zingathuthukisa ulwazi olujulile lwezobuchwepheshe lwengxenye ethile.

Izibonelo zihlanganisa i - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yaseU. ivimbela izindinganiso zomoya ezihlanzekile, noma iSecureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) eqondisa ukwambulwa kwezimali. Ngokuvamile ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho elawulayo kulandela ukusabela okuthweswa iziqu: isiqondiso ngokwethukela, bese kuxwayisa izincwadi, bese kukhishwa isijeziso somphakathi, futhi ekugcineni kubhekiselwe icala lobugebengu ezimweni ezingathi sína.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kokwahlulela

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuhilela izinkantolo, kungaba ngokumangalela kwezakhamuzi ngemithetho equlwayo noma ngamaqembu azimele, noma ngokuquliswa kwecala. Izinkantolo zingakhipha izimemezelo zokunqanda ukwephulwa komthetho okuqhubekayo, ukujeziswa kwezisulu, futhi zifake izigwebo zobugebengu kuhlanganise nokuboshwa. Ukugcinwa kwemithetho kunikeza ishekethi elizimele embusweni kahulumeni futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izijeziso zibekwa kuphela ngemva kokuqulwa ngokulunga.

Nokho, ukuqunga isigwebo kuthatha kancane futhi kubiza. Ngakho - ke izimiso eziningi zokuqondisa zisebenzisa ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho ezindabeni ezivamile futhi zigcine amaphoyisa angokomthetho ezicatshangelweni ezingokomthetho noma eziphikiswana kakhulu. Ukumangalelwa kweqembu nezingubo zezakhamuzi (lapho abantu ngabanye bengamangalela khona abangcolisi) kuyizinhlobo ezixubenisa ukugcinwa kwamacala obala nezinhloso zomphakathi.

Uzilungisele

Ukuzihlukanisa kwenzeka lapho izimboni noma iqembu lochwepheshe limisa ngokuzithandela futhi liphoqelela amalungu alo izindinganiso zokuziphatha, ukubukeza kontanga, ukuqamba, noma izinhlelo zobubhali. Inzuzo iphansi futhi ithengwa kakhulu abahlanganyeli. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi wokubala uncike emiizimbeni njenge-Manial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) ukuze ubeke izindinganiso, futhi amaqembu angochwepheshe angayala amalungu ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.

Ubuthakathaka bokuzilawula bungabangela izingxabano zesithakazelo. Izentengiselwano zingamisa izindinganiso ezibuthakathaka noma zihluleke ukuziphoqelela ngamandla. Ukuze banciphise lokhu, ohulumeni abaningi bahlanganisa ukubambisana nokuqondisa kukahulumeni, qhaza nesibonelo esaziwa njengokuhlanganisa imingcele. Ezimisweni ezinjalo, umbuso ubeka imigomo ebanzi futhi izimboni ziveza imithetho eningiliziwe, efanelwe ukuvunyelwa uhulumeni nokugcinwa kwemithetho evimbela ukugcinwa.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemishini Esekelwe Emakethe

Izinqubo ezisekelwe kuthengiso zisebenzisa izisusa zezomnotho ukuze zikhuthaze ukuthobela. Kunokuba zigunyaze ukuziphatha okuqondile, lamathuluzi ashintsha izindleko ze-calculus. Izibonelo zihlanganisa intela yokungcola, izimiso ze-cap-radis ezilawula ukukhishwa kwegesi, nezibopho ezibophayo okumelwe zifakwe ukuvala umonakalo ongase wenzeke endaweni ezungezile.

Lezi zinqubo zingaphumelela kakhulu ngoba zivumela izinhlangano ezilawulwayo ukuba zivumelane nendlela ezivumelana ngayo nezindinganiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ifektri enganciphisa igesi ingazinciphisa kakhulu, kuyilapho enye enezindleko eziphakeme ingathenga imvume kwabanye. Ngakho imakethe inikeza izikhundla ezikhokhelwayo umthwalo kubaqashi abambalwa. Nokho, inqubo yemakethe idinga ukuklanywa ngokucophelela, ukuhlolwa okuqinile, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokunembile ukuze igweme izikhala ezithenjiwe.

Indima Yezimiso Zokuqondisa

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zingabaphoqeleli abaphambili bezimiso eziningi zanamuhla. Ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomeke ezicini eziningana: ukuzimela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ukuxhasa ngemali eyanele kanye nezisebenzi, igunya elicacile lomthetho, nekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha. Izinhlangano ngokuvamile zihlanganyela emisebenzini emithathu eyisisekelo:

  • Ukuqoqa ukwaziswa ngokuhlola, ukubika izimfuneko, ukuhlola, nokufutha impempe. Ubuchwepheshe obufana nokuzwa kude kanye nokuthungatha ukwaziswa kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukuzwa ukungalingani.
  • I-Investigation: Lapho kutholakala uphuzo olungase lube khona, izinhlangano ziqoqa ubufakazi, ofakazi bokuxoxa, futhi zakhe icala. Lokhu kungahilela amaphayiphu nokusesha.
  • Izenzo zokuphoqelela: Kuxhomeke ebuqathani, izinhlangano zingakhipha izixwayiso, zingadinga izenzo zokulungisa, ukuphoqelela izinkokhiso zomphakathi, noma ukukhomba amacala okumangalelwa.

Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa iFood and Drug Administration (FDA), ehlola izakhiwo zokukhiqiza ukudla kanye nokwakha izidakamizwa, kanye ne-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), eqhuba ukuhlola emsebenzini. Ukwethembeka kwenhlangano ethile kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwayo ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokumelene ngisho nabaphuli bemithetho abanamandla kanye nokubonakala kwayo ekuchazeni izinqumo.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kokusebenzisa Imishini Ngokuphoqelela

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, izimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo isebenza kahle zibhekana nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezingase zinciphise ukuphumelela kwazo.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izinhlangano eziningi eziqondisayo zisebenza ngezimali ezilinganiselwe nezisebenzi. Izinhloli azinakuba kuyo yonke indawo ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi amagalelo aphezulu adla imithombo engalingani. Lokhu kuholela ekuthembeleni ekuzibikeni nasekuziboneni ngokungenanjongo, okungase kungaphuthi ukuphulwa okuhleliwe. Umthetho ongapheli ungadala “ukushiyeka kwempoqo,” ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka.

Ukubanjwa Kwesimiso Sokuqondisa

Lapho izinhlangano ziqala ubuhlobo obuseduze nezimboni ezizabelwe, zingase zingabaze ukuphoqelela ngamandla. Lesi simo, esibizwa ngokuthi ukuthumba okulawulayo, siyingozi esobala ekuqikelweni kwemithetho. Ukuvimbela ukubanjwa kwezisebenzi kuhlanganisa ukushintshana kwezisebenzi, ukufuna ukuba zibe sobala, nokwenza izindikimba ezizimele.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuqina

Imithetho iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izinhlangano ezilawulwayo zingasebenzisa kabi ukucaca. Ukuphoqelelwa kungaba yizithako ezimpini ezingokomthetho ngenxa yokuchazwa. Isiqondiso esicacile, esingaguquguquki esivela ezinhlanganweni nasemithethweni elula yosizo, kodwa okungenakususa konke ukungaqondakali. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zilalela izincazelo zezinhlangano ngaphansi kwezimiso ezinjenge-Chevron beckence[ (e-U.S.), engaqinisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho.

Igebe Lokuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezinsolo

Izinkinga eziningi zanamuhla .Cliated projects org (i-inquisition) i-International Seciturations Commissions (IOSCO) ibalulekile, kodwa ngokuvamile intethelelo enciphileyo nengokwezombangazwe.

Izindleko Zokumelana Nezimo Nezokubambisana

Izinhlangano ezilawulwayo zingamelana nokugcinwa kwemithetho ngokufuna ukugcinwa kwemithetho, ngokushaya indiva, noma ngokumane ungayinaki imithetho uma isijeziso siphansi. Ikhampani ngokwayo iphoqelela izindleko ezingadluliselwa kubathengi noma ziholele emabhizinisini ashiya izimakethe ezilawulwayo. Ukuphoqelelwa kumelwe kulinganisele ukuvimbela ukumelana nomthwalo wezomnotho, ukucindezeleka okungaxazululwanga ngokuphelele.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ngokuphoqelelwa: Kusuka Emfundisweni Yokukhulekela Kuya Ekuziphatheni

Ukuhlola izimiso ezingokoqobo zokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa kwembula indlela lezi zinqubo ezisebenzelana ngayo nezombangazwe, ezomnotho, nezenhlalo.

Isinyathelo Somoya Ohlanzekile Ne - EPA

I-U.S. Clean Air Act (1970) yanika i-EPA amandla okumisa izindinganiso zomoya ezisemgangathweni wesizwe futhi ifuna ukuba amazwe asebenzise amasu okuhlangabezana nazo. I-Ercedism ihlanganisa ukugada izinkulungwane zezindawo zezimboni, ukukhipha amafa kahulumeni, ngisho nokuthatha isinyathelo sobugebengu ngokumelene nokwazi abangcolisi. Lesi senzo siye sanconywa ngokuncitshiswa okukhulu kokungcoliswa komoya okungokomthetho. Nokho ukuphoqelelwa bekungalingani nakamelwa kwezindawo ezilawulayo, kubonakalisa ithonya lentando yezombangazwe emiphumelweni elawulwani elawulayo.

UMthetho Wokuphepha Kokudla Owenziwe Nge - modernization (FSMA)

Ngo-2011, i-FDA yashintsha ukugqashuka kwe-FDA ekusabeleni ekuvuthweni kwezifo ezibangelwa ukudla yavimbela. Yanika inhlangano isibopho sokukhumbula izakhiwo, ukuvama kokuhlola izakhiwo eziphezulu, kanye nesidingo sabathengisi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvuma kwabathengisi bakwamanye amazwe. Ukuzalana kwe-FDA kuye kwaba ncane kancane, kuhlanganise nezinselele zokusebenzelana nezwe kanye nabantu abasebenza ndawonye emhlabeni wonke. Izenzo zokusebenza zazenza zisuka ezinhlabeni zokuxwayisa izincwadi kuya ezixhushwini nasemigqonyeni yemikhiqizo emachwebeni.

UMthetho Wezezimali KaDodd-Frank

Ngemva kwenkinga yezimali ka-2008, i-Dodd-Flank Act yadala izindlela ezintsha zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwesimiso sezezimali sase-U.S., kuhlanganise ne-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) kanye negunya elisha le-SECC ne-Commodity Fumeidating Fumees Fumeding Commission (CFTC). Lezi zinkampani ziye zabeka izinkulungwane zezigidi zezijeziso ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi njengokukhwaba ngezimali nokuhweba ngemakethengi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuye kwashintshashintsha futhi eminye imithetho iye yathathwa emuva, ibonisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nemithetho yezemali.

I - General Data Provincial Regation (GDPR) kuyi - EU

I-GDPR, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2018, iyisibonakaliso sokugcinwa kwemininingwane yezokwaziswa. Inika iziphathimandla zesizwe zesivikelo sokwaziswa amandla okukhokha imali elingana namaphesenti amane enguquko yembulunga yonke yenkampani. Izenzo zokuphoqelela ziye zathathwa ngokumelene nobuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa i-Google, i-Amazon, ne-Meta. Lo mthetho ukhuthaza ukuzivumela ngokwawo ngemithetho yokuziphatha nangamacebo okulawula. I-GDPR's extterritaial ifinyelela ku-$] I-apply kunoma isiphi isiphi isikhungo se-data se-EUC (*whow'ubonisa indlela i-sociso sokugcinwa kwemithetho evimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho, kodwa futhi iholele ekubekeni kwemibangeni ephethe izingxabano nokubizeni kokubambisana.

Ikusasa Lemishini Ephoqelelwayo

Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho kuyinto eyenzeka njalo.

Ukuhlolwa nokuhlelwa kwemishini yobuchwepheshe

Abalawuli basebenzisa kakhulu ukwaziswa okukhulu okuphathelene ne-alytic, umfanekiso wesatellite, nokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela ukuze babone ukuphulwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-EPA ihlola ukukhishwa kwegesi ngezimiso eziqhubekayo zokuhlola nokuhlola emoyeni. Amathuluzi e-algoric anganikeza izinqubo zokuhweba ezisolekayo kubaqondisi bezimali. Nokho, ukuthembela kwezobuchwepheshe kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nemfihlo, ukucwaswa kwemithetho-mthetho, nesidingo sokwahlulela komuntu ezinqumweni zokugcinwa.

Ukuvimbela Nokusakaza Umholi Wokubonisa Imibala

Ubuchwepheshe beblockchain bunikeza ithuba lokugcinwa kwemibhalo ephoqelela ukuba kuvumelane nezivumelwano ezihlakaniphile. Uma kutholakala amaketanga, amabhanki angaqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zihlangabezana nemisebenzi noma nezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile. Nakuba zisezingeni eliphezulu, lezi zinqubo zinganciphisa isidingo sokugcinwa kwemithetho yezesiko ngokufaka imithetho eqinile ngokuqondile ekuthengiseni.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Nezingozi

Izinhlangano eziningi ziqhubekela ekuqikelweni kwamandla asekelwe engozini, zifaka imithombo yemali ngaphambi kwezingozi eziphawulekayo. Lendlela isebenzisa ukwaziswa ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi kungenzeka futhi kukhulu kangakanani, kuhlolwe futhi kuphathwe izisulu lapho zinemiphumela emikhulu khona. Umqondo “womthetho owenziwe ngokunye” usikisela ukuthi izinhlangano kufanele zinyuse noma zisuse izenzo zokuqinisekisa okusekelwe ekuziphatheni okulandelwayo kwenhlangano elawulwayo, abadlali abahle abanomvuzo abakwazi ukunikeza inzuzo ngokuthintana.

Ukubambisana Nemithetho Yomhlaba Wonke

Njengoba izinkinga zembulunga yonke zikhula, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kumelwe kube yizimo ezibambisanayo. Izivumelwano zesivumelwano esihlanganisa amanani amaningi njenge-Paris Accordition on transformation transformation incike ekuboneni isimo sezulu kanye nasekucindezeleni kontanga kunokuqiniswe kakhulu. Ezentengiselwano, izivumelwano zokuqaphelana zivumela abalawuli emazweni ahlukene ukuba bamukele ukuhlolana. Inselele iwukwakha ukuthembana nokunqoba izinkathazo zobukhosi, inqubo eyochaza isizukulwane esilandelayo sokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Kuphoqelelwe Imfundo Engokwesiko

Izinqubo eziphoqelelwe akuzona nje imininingwane yobuchwepheshe yokubusa; zilapho umthetho ongabonakali uhlangana khona namandla aqinisekile. Abafundi bomlando nezifundo zezenhlalo kumelwe baqonde ukuthi imithetho inamandla kuphela njengokusebenza kwabo. Umehluko phakathi kwesimiso sokuqondisa okuhle nobuthakathaka ngokuvamile ukhona emithethweni ngokwayo kodwa esemandleni, ekuzilawuleni, nasekuzivumelani nezimo zemizimba ebacindezelayo.

Njengezakhamuzi, abafundisi, nabasunguli bezimiso besikhathi esizayo, kubalulekile ukuba kuhileleke kulezi zinqubo. Ukuphoqelelwa kuthonya yonke into kusukela emoyeni esiwuphefumulayo kuya ekulondekeni kokudla nokuqina kwezimiso zethu zezimali. Ngokuhlola indlela ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho okuye kwaqala ngayo, kanye nendlela okuqhubeka ngayo kushintsha ubuhlobo obunamandla phakathi komthetho, umphakathi, namandla.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola ukugcinwa kwemininingwane yezomthetho [[FLT: 0] kwekhasi ngezenzo zamanje ngaphansi komthetho womoya Ohlanzekile, GDR Encorcement Tracker[ yentambo yemininingwane yezomthetho, kanye [[FLT:]] ne 'AC'S's metaboss mey yezenzo zokupholoza [ ngokuqonda inqubo yezezimali. Academic isebenza njenge [[FLT:] JOUral of Lawn and Economments[FLT] njalo] ishicilela ukusebenza kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene.