Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezindikimba zomthetho negatsha eliphethe isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke ezimisweni eziqinile zokulandisa. Ukuqondisa kwemithetho kuhlanganisa izinqubo amaphalamende, izingqungquthela, neminye efanayo yemihlangano, ukuqondisa, nokuthonya izenzo zesikhulu. Lenqubo ibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukubekwa kwamandla, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka, futhi ilondoloze ukwethenjwa komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Kule mibuso yanamuhla, ukuqondisa kuye kwayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengoba amagatsha aphethe ekhula ngobukhulu nangobubanzi, kudinga izintambo zokulungisa imishini nezinqubo zawo.

Ukuqonda Ukuphatha Kwemithetho

Ukwengamela umthetho akuwona umsebenzi owodwa kodwa iqoqo lemibuso nemikhuba evumela abameleli abakhethiwe ukuba balinganisele ukuziphatha kokulawula. Izimpande zawo zisesimisweni sokuhlukanisa amagunya, esidume kakhulu esicaciswe nguMontesquieu, futhi esiye savela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka enqubo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi uthathwa esigungwini somthetho, adala ukuhlangana kwemibuso efuna ukuhlolwa ngezindlela ezinjengasikhathi sobuphicoci nangezokuhlola ikomiti. Ezimisweni zikamongameli, ukwahlukana kucacile, kodwa ukwengamele kusemqoka ekuhloleni ukucunga.

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kufeza imisebenzi eminingi: kuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi, kuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo, kufundisa umphakathi, futhi kubeke izikhulu icala ngezinqumo zazo. Akuyona nje into ethatha isinyathelo kodwa kungabangela izinkinga, kubonelele ngaphambi kokuba zikhule. Ngokwesibonelo, U.S.[[FLT] inikeza amandla eSishaya-Mkhandlu ukuba aqhube imibuzo, aphoqelele ubufakazi, futhi afune izincwadi, ukwakha emasikweni ase-Liyamendeni aseNgilandi asukela ekhulwini le-17 leminyaka.

Imishini Eyinhloko Yokuqondisa

Imithetho isebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okuqondisa, ngalinye elinezici zalo ezinamandla nezilinganiselwe. izingxenye ezilandelayo zihlola amathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu, kusukela emazindlebeni kuya ekukhulumeni, okubonisa indlela asebenza ngayo phakathi kwezimiso ezihlukahlukene zezombangazwe.

Ukuqulwa Kwezindaba Nokuphenywa Kwekomiti

Amakomiti angamakomiti asebenzayo okuphathwa kwemithetho. Avumela ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwezindawo ezithile zesimiso noma izenzo zezinhlangano. Amakhanda angase ahlolwe, agxile ekuhlulekeni okubi noma ekuhlulekeni kwezimiso, noma ehlolwe, ebukeza ukufezeka okuqhubekayo. KuKhomishane yase-U.S., amakomiti angakhipha izimpondo zokuphonsa amabhukwana ukuze aphoqelele ubufakazi nezincwadi, namandla okubamba izikhulu ezizokwedelela. Inkonzo yokucwaninga ye-Chonarion Research iphawula ukuthi ukuzwa kobuphekula kusetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo ukuveza amahlazo okuvela eTeapot Dometial kumpoot. Ezimisweni ze-palme. Ezimisweni ze-palement, khetha amakomiti anjengezimeyame njengeminyango ye-U - Indlu Evamile yeminyango, futhi aveza imibiko kahulumeni kahulumeni kaningi. Nakuba kuthinta izinhlangano zezombangazwe.

Ukulawula Uhlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Namandla Entengo

Ukulawula izimali zomphakathi kuyithuluzi lokwengamela elinamandla kakhulu kwendlu yomthetho. Ngenqubo yokuhlela, imishini yokumisa imvume, inguquko, noma ukuphika ukuxhaswa kwezimali zezinhlelo zezikhulu. Bangahlanganisa izimo zokusebenzisa, imibiko, futhi bagcine ukukhishwa kwemali. I-U.S. amandla esikhwama semali afakwe eSibonelweni seSiphakamiso se-Akhawunti I soMthetho-mthetho, futhi siye sasetshenziselwa ukubumba yonke into kusukela ekusebenziseni kwezinhlelo zempi zezezobusosha. Ngokufanayo, iPalamendement i-Ucrutinise isebenzisa imali kahulumeni nge-Public Akhawu kunye ne-Oftivement Office, okunikeza isiqinisekiso esizimele. Umthetho waminyaka yonke ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kwe-ognocrackist, nokuhlolwa kwe-ogconst processssss emahhovisi amaningi ehlola amahhovisi ezwezwezwezwe ngokusebenza.

Ukuqinisekiswa Namandla Okumisa

Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zinegunya lokuqinisekisa noma ukunqaba ukumiswa kwezikhulu, kuhlanganise namalungu ombuso, abahluleli, nabaholi bezinhlangano ezizimele. Le nqubo ivumela abashaya umthetho ukuba bahlole izimfanelo zabaqondisi, izingxabano ezingenzeka zesithakazelo, nemibono yezimiso. E-United States, ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele kuye kwaba okubonakala kakhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi izindaba eziphikisanayo, njengoba abamele ukubuzwa okukhulu ngezindaba eziningi. Iseluleko nemisebenzi evumayo kuyi-archy eqondiswe ngokuqondile emagunyeni ezisebenzi eziphethe. Kwezinye izimiso zephalamende, amakomiti angamisa noma agcine ukuzwa kwangaphambi kokubekwa kwecala. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa kwemithetho yaseYurophu yezikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu zesonto kuye kwaba ingxenye yenqubo yokumiswa, ngezinye izikhathi abamelelwayo, ngezinye izikhathi benqatshwa.

Ukulwela Nokususa

Ukuqapha kuyindlela yokuqondisa elandela kakhulu, eklanyelwe ukususa izikhulu eziphetheyo . "kuze kuhlanganiswe nomphathi kahulumeni" ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi kakhulu njengokuvukela umbuso, ukufumbathisa, noma ubugebengu obukhulu nokungaqondi kahle. Lenqubo iqala endlini ephansi ngokuphenya nangokuvota izinto zokungagunyazi, kulandelwe ukuqulwa kwecala endlini ephezulu. Ukuhlasela kwemali ngemithetho kusetshenziswe ngokulandelana kwemibuso eminingi ngenxa yobukhulu bemibuso engaphezulu; eUnited States, kuphela ababusi abathathu abaye bakhishwa (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump) ababoshelwa yisigebengu esingokomthetho. Nokho, usongo lwezingalomo lweziqu zabo lungasebenza njengesithiyo. Ezimisweni ze-palmential, abakhonzilelisa umsebenzi ofanayo, abakhonziwa nguhulumeni abakhonzile ukukhipha uhulumeni abaphethe umthetho ongokomthetho. Kodwa uhulumeni abakhohliswa ngokusetshenziswa kakhulu, kodwa uhulumeni abakholeki kakhulu, uhulumeni abakhohliswa ngokubusayo.

I - Legislative Veto Ne - Sunseades

Ezinye izishaya-mthetho zisebenzisa i-veto i-pactical commissions ukuze zivimbe izenzo zokubusa ngaphandle kokushaya umthetho omusha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Congress yase-U.S. yake yasebenzisa indlu eyodwa nendlu emibili yemithetho kabanzi, kuze kube yilapho iNkantolo ePhakade kakhulu ikhipha imithetho engavumelani nemithetho phakathi . [1903] [[FLT]]] [1]. Naphezu kwalokho ukunquma, kuyaqhubeka ngezindlela zekomiti zokuvumela. Imithetho iphinde iphele ngenye i-ajectssss ngokuzenzekelayo ngemva kwesikhathi esimisiwe ngaphandle kokuba abaqondisi be-partimensssss. Laws Congressscencelverance i-octives i-U.

Isikhathi Sombuzo Neziphazamiso

Ezimisweni zephalamende, isikhathi sokubuza sivamile cishe masonto onke, isiqephu lapho abefundisi bephendula khona imibuzo eshiwo ngomlomo kumalungu esishaya - mthetho. Lokhu kunikeza umphakathi i-conum ukuze izikhonzi zilandise ngezenzo zeminyango yazo. I-Prime Minister’s Questions, eqhutshwa njalo ngoLwesithathu, ingenye yezibonelo ezibonakala kakhulu. I-interpellings, esetshenziswayo ezindlini eziningi zemithetho yomthetho yaseYurophu ne-Latin America, ivumela amalungu ukuba anikeze imibuzo ebhaliwe edinga ukuphendulwa okuningi ngokuningi. Lezi zinqubo zidala ingxoxo eziqhubekayo futhi zingadalula ukwehluleka noma ukungqubuzana kwezimiso zesimiso sezempathiwe.

Abahloli Abavamile Nabahlaziyi

Izindikimba ezizimele zongamele ukucubungula ukucusumbulwa kwemithetho. Abahloli be-Association General ye-operation. Abahloli be-arhente, abavamile kuhulumeni wase-U.S., bafakwe ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano ukuze bahlole futhi bahlole ukukhwabanisa, udoti, nokuxhaphaza, babike ngqo kuKhongolo. Umthetho weNhlolo-mthetho kaJenene eSigunyeni sobuqotho noMnyango womthetho uhlanganisa umsebenzi wazo. Ombudsman, owandile eYurophu nakwezinye izifunda, wamukela izikhalo zezakhamuzi ngezimiso zokuphatha okungalawuleki futhi ungatusa ikhambi ikhambi. Nakuba lezi zinezindikimba ngokwazo ngokwazo zikhuluma ngemithetho yemithetho, zinikeza ukwaziswa okuthenjwayo nokuhlola okugunyayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokulawula Icala Lentando Yeningi

Ukulawula akuwona nje umthetho ovamile; kungokokubaluleka kokulandisa ngentando yeningi. Ngokuhlola izenzo zezikhulu, izishaya-mthetho ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho futhi uhlonipha amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Ukubona ngokomthetho kuyisihluthulelo ngokuzala: ukuzwa, imibiko, nokuphikisana kwazisa umphakathi ngokuthi amasheya abo entela asetshenziswa kanjani nokuthi inqubo isetshenziswa kanjani. Lokhu kwakha ukwethemba ezinhlanganweni, ngisho nalapho imiphumela ingaphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqondisa kungathuthukisa inqubo ngokuhlukanisa izinkinga nangokutusa izinyathelo zokulunga. Isibonelo, iHhovisi ye-akhawunti kahulumeni (GAO) ibika njalo ukuthi izingxoxo eziphambili zezindawo ezifana nezokukhathalela impilo nokuzivikela.

Ukuphumelela kobubonisi kuthinta ngokuqondile izinga lokubusa. Lapho ukuphatha kubuthakathaka, amandla aphethe kunganganqandwa, kuholele ekonaleni, ukwenza izinqumo ngokuzinqumela, nokukhukhuleka kwezimiso zentando yeningi. Ngokuphambene, ukuqondisa okunamandla kungavimbela ukuxhashazwa ngaphambi kokuba kubangele umonakalo ohlala njalo. [i-OLD] CD iqokomise ukubaluleka kokuhlola umthetho ezingeni eliphansi nezokulandisa.

Izinselele Zokwengamela Ngokuphumelelayo

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo, ukuqondisa imithetho kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ezingase zikwenze ungaphumelele.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Ne - partisan Grid

Kulokhu kuwohloka kwezombangazwe, ukuqondisa kungasetshenziswa njengezikhali. Amaqembu amakhulu angasebenzisa amandla okuhlola ukuba ahlasele umqondisi lapho elawulwa ukuphikiswa, noma angavikela umphathi ophethe ububanzi obufanayo ukuba angahloli. I-U.S. ibone izimpi ezilwa nama-subroffa, neNdlu ngokuvamile iphenya umongameli eqenjini eliphikisayo lapho inqaba. Le bhodi ingavimbela ukuqondisa okunenjongo, njengamakomiti afile emigqeni yeqembu. Kuyi-UK, kuyilapho ikhetha amakomiti alwela ukuvumelana kwesiphambano, ukuvukela okukhulu kungathinta umsebenzi wawo, ikakhulukazi lapho ihlola izimpikiswano ezibucayi.

Ukumelana Negunya Nezinkulumo Zelungelo

Abaqondisi ngokuvamile bayala ukubheka amalungelo anjengelungelo lokuphatha noma ilungelo eliphezulu (e-U.S.). Lokhu kusho kusekelwe esidingweni seseluleko esiyimfihlo noma ukulondeka kwesizwe, kodwa bangasetshenziswa ukuvikela ukwaziswa ekubuzeni okungokomthetho. INkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu iqaphele ilungelo lesikhulu kodwa ikwenze ukuba kungaphelele, njengakuyi- United States v. UNxon. Noma kunjalo, izimpi ngezicelo zezincwadi nobufakazi obufakazelwayo zingalibazisela noma zibophendulele. Ezinye izikhulu zezikhulu zivele zenqabe ukubambisana, kuholele ekulweni okungokomthetho. Esigabeni, ukulawula kukahulumeni izinhlelo ze-Genepalgeal kungalinganisela isikhathi esikhona.

Imithombo Yezinto Nezikhawu Zokuphumelela

Ukwengamela okuphumelelayo kudinga izisebenzi ezinekhono, imali eyanele, kanye nobuchwepheshe. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi, ikakhulukazi ekwakheni imibuso ezimeleyo, ziswele le ngcebo. Amakomiti angathola amalungu ezisebenzi angowodwa noma amabili, anganele ukuhlaziya izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zesimiso noma ukwenza uphenyo oluphelele. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwemithombo yemali phakathi kwesikhulu nendlu yomthetho kungaphazamisa ukuqondisa. Ngisho nasezindlini zomthetho ezinezinqunyiwe njenge-U.S. Congress, ubukhulu obuphelele begatsha eliphethe izisebenzi [1] [1] nezigidi zezisebenzi zenza ukuba zingakwazi ukuqondisa kahle. Imithetho yemithetho kumelwe ithathe i-smeo amacala aphezulu emicimbi yomthetho, futhi ishiye imisebenzi engekho emthethweni.

Ulwazi Oluyinkimbinkimbi

Igatsha eliphethe linamaningi kakhulu ukwaziswa ngokwenziwa kwalo, kuyilapho izishayamthetho zivame ukuthembela kulokho isikhulu esikhetha ukukuhlanganyela. Izimiso zanamuhla − njengezesayensi yezesayensi yesimo sezulu, noma imithetho yezezimali − zenza ulwazi olukhethekile abanalo abashicileli abambalwa. Amakomiti asebenza kakhulu angase alwelwele ukuqonda imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe, eziwashiya encike kofakazi abangochwepheshe noma amaqembu anezithakazelo. Lokhu kwaziswa okunenzuzo kungancishiswa izinhlangano zokucwaninga ezizimele njenge-GAO, CRS, noma i-UK’S Office yoProphiliso yesizwe, kodwa lezi zindikimba ngokwazo zingabhekana nemali.

Ukuqinisa Ukubusa Okungokomthetho: Imikhuba Nezinguquko Ezingcono Kakhulu

Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinselele, izishaya - mthetho zingathatha izinguquko nemikhuba emihle.Ukwengamela kudinga isibopho esivela kubaholi bezombangazwe nezinguquko ezingokwezinhlangano ezinika amakomiti amandla futhi zinciphise ukungenela kweqembu elilwayo.

Ithumela Ukubona Kahle Nokufinyelela Ulwazi

Imithetho kufanele iqhubele phambili inkululeko eqinile yemithetho yolwazi futhi ifune ukuba umphathi amemezele ukwaziswa okusheshayo okuphathelene nokusebenzisa imali, ukwenza, nokwenza izinqumo. Izindlela zokwaziswa ezivulekile, njenge-DATA, zinganikeza izishayamthetho nomphakathi onokwaziswa okufundekayo okusiza ukwengamela. Isivikelo se Wistle pulpher sibaluleke kakhulu futhi: abantu ababika ukungalungisi kumelwe bavikeleke ekuphindiseleni. Inhlangano ye-Stal stancy International[ iqokomisa ukuthi isivikelo esiqinile esingokomthetho sokuqondisa i-pilova siyisihluthulelo sokulandisa.

Ukuthola Imithombo Yezinto Yamakomiti Nokuziphilisa

Imithetho kufanele ihlele imali eyanele yezisebenzi zekomiti, ukusekela ukucwaninga, kanye nekhono lokuhlola. Amahhovisi emali ephalamende elizimele (PBOs) angahlola ithonya elibalulekile lezicelo zobuphathi, ukunikeza ukuhlaziywa. I-Congregational Baccom Office ne-Palamentery Baccogement izibonelo eziye zavezelwa kwamanye amazwe. Izinhlelo zokuqeqeshelwa izishaya umthetho nezisebenzi zezindlela zokwengamela, kuhlanganise nezinqubo zokuhlola ukuzwa, zingathuthukisa futhi.

Ukulawula Isimiso Sobuhlanya Nesiko Elingangeni Esohweni

Ukuphatha umsebenzi kungcono kakhulu uma kubhekwa njengomthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwe, hhayi njengesikhali esilwayo. Imithetho ingamisa imithetho edinga isivumelwano se-bipartis ngaphambi kokukhipha izimpondo noma ukusungula uphenyo olukhulu. E-UK, khetha izihlalo zamakomiti zibekwa ngokwesilinganiso, futhi amakomiti alwela ukuvumelana. E-U.S., imisebenzi yeNdlu yeNdlu yeSigebengu ibilokhu iyingxenye yesivumelwano kunaleyo yendlu. Ukwakha izimiso zokuhloniphana nokunaka amaqiniso kunokugxila ematheni kunokuba kuthuthukiswe izihloko ezingathuthukisa kokubili ukuthembeka kanye nethonya lobungameli.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokwaziswa Okuntekenteke

Ubuchwepheshe obusha bungasiza izishaya - mthetho ukuba zicubungula ngenani elikhulu lokwaziswa. Imininingwane ingaveza izindlela ezisikisela ukungcola noma ukukhwabanisa ekusebenziseni imali kahulumeni. Amathuluzi obuchwepheshe angasiza ekubukezeni ukwenziwa kwezincwadi ezinkulu ezivela kumphathi. IPhalamende laseYurophu liye lazama ukumba izibalo zemibhalo ukuze lihlole iziphakamiso zemithetho. Nokho, izishaya-mthetho kumelwe zifake imali futhi ekuvikeleni ukwaziswa okuthathelwanayo okuqoqwe phakathi nophengululi.

Isiphetho

Ukwengamela umthetho akuyona imfuneko yokunethezeka kodwa imfuneko yokubusa ngentando yeningi. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphetheyo lihlala linesibopho kubantu ngabameleli balo abakhethiwe. Izindlela ezixoxwe ngakho “‘ ukuvalwa kwezindlebe, ukulawula uhlelo, ukuqinisekisa, ukuqinisekisa, ukugunyaza, kanye nezinye (ukusungula ithuluzi elibanzi lokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa, ukunqanda ukuxhashazwa kombuso nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni. Kodwa ukuqondisa kusezandlekile okuqhubekayo ekuncipheni, ukumelana nemingcele yemisebenzi. Ukukuqinisa ukuhlelwa kwamandla okudinga inguquko yamaqhinga: ukunikela amandla, ukuvikela ukufinyelela ulwazi, ukukhuthaza ukubambisana kweminyana eqedwe, nokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Njengoba ohulumeni beqhubeka benziwa kakhulu, ukuqondisa okuqinile kuyoba baluleke kakhulu. Kuwumthwalo ohulumeni womabili amabhuduna kanye nezakhamuzi ukuba bafune inzuzo ezisebenzini ezimisweni zezokubusa kanye nezakhamuzi ezibusayo ezibusayo.