Imithetho yokubona kahle iyisisekelo sokubusa kwezwe, inikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo elingokomthetho lokuthola ukwaziswa okuphethwe yizindikimba zomphakathi. Lemithetho inika abantu amandla okuqonda, ukuqondisa, nokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo ezithinta ukuphila kwabo. Kusukela emkhandlwini wendawo kuya ezinhlanganweni zezwe, imithetho yokubona iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni azifihliwe. Izakhamuzi, zazi ukuthi lemithetho ayisona nje ithuluzi elisebenzayo lokuthuthukisa nokulawula okukhululekile.

Iyini Imithetho Yokubona Ngokubona?

Imithetho yokubonisana, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkululeko yokwaziswa (FOI) noma imithetho elungile ekwazini, iyizimiso ezingokomthetho ezinikeza abantu ithuba lokuthola imibhalo, izincwadi, nokwaziswa okugcinwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni. Iklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukuthululwa kwenkululeko, ukuvimbela inkohlakalo, nokuvumela ukucubungula komphakathi ngezenzo ezingokomthetho. Nakuba lezi zici zihlukene ngokulawula, lemithetho ihlanganisa izimiso ezifanayo: ukuvalwa kokuthulula izigwebo, ukuvinjelwa okulinganiselwe, kanye nezindlela zokuqondisa okuzimele.

Inhlangano yanamuhla yokubona kukhanya yakhula phakathi nekhulu lama-20. I-United States yadlulisa inkululeko yoMthetho Wenkcazelo (FOIA) ngo-1966], ibekela izizwe eziningi isibonelo. ICanada yalandelwa ne-Unicssion yayo ku-Information Act ngo-1998, futhi i-United Kingdom yasebenzisa i-Freedom of Information Act ngo-2010, ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Freedom of Information Act yase-1998, i-Indiya’s Ligment to Information Act, kunye ne-Accemental and Accesces to Publictural Information Reformation Act. Lemithetho kahulumeni. Lemithetho ihlanganyela umgomo wokwenza ukwaziswa kukahulumeni kungene, kodwa ihlukile ekuncipheni, nasekuhleleni izinhlelo.

Phakathi, imithetho yokubona imisa ilungelo elingokomthetho kunoma yimuphi umuntu, − ukucela ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokudinga ukukuthethelela isicelo. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni kudingeka ziphendule ngokushesha, ngokunikeza izincwadi eziceliwe noma ngokuveza ukukhululeka okungokomthetho okungokomthetho kokuzigodlela. Lokhu kusuka ekuzifihleni kuya ekuthuleni kuyisici sokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ukubaluleka Kokubona Imibala

Ukubona bhabha kuyisisekelo somphakathi wentando yeningi. Kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine uhulumeni wazo ulandise ngokudalula i-ifficiences, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezimali, noma izinqumo ezingalungile. Uma imisebenzi kahulumeni ivulekele umphakathi, izikhulu zithambekele kakhulu ekuthatheni isinyathelo ngokukhathalela umphakathi. Izinzuzo zokubona ngale zidlulela ngalé kwezilinganiso eziningi:

  • Ukukhokha-mali: Ukubonakala gca kwalendaba kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi ziyaphendula ngezenzo zazo. Ngokungena emizuzwini yomhlangano, izivumelwano, noma ama-auncil, izakhamuzi zingaqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa ngokomthetho nangendlela elungile. Ngokwesibonelo, izintatheli ezicwaningayo zivame ukusebenzisa imithetho eveza ukukhanya ukuze zivule ukonakala noma udoti.
  • Ukuthatha Ingxenye: Izakhamuzi ezifundile zisengozini enkulu yokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi, ukuya ezindlebeni, noma ukuvota ezimisweni. Ukuthola ulwazi kwenza ukuthatha iqhaza kubaluleke, kuvumela abantu ukuba banikele imibono esekelwe kubufakazi ezimpikiswaneni.
  • Ukuthemba ezinhlanganweni:[ Ukukhululeka kwakha ukuqiniseka komphakathi. Uma ohulumeni behlanganyela ulwazi ngokusebenza, babonisa isibopho ebuqothweni. Ngokwe i-Strampancy International[[, amazwe anemithetho eqinile ebonakala kahle athambekela ekubeni namazinga aphansi enkohlakalo nokuthemba kakhulu kwezakhamuzi.
  • ukwenzeka nokulungisa: izinqubo ezibonisa ngokucacile zinciphisa amathuba okukhwabanisa nokuphatha kabi, ukulondoloza imithombo yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwaziswa okuvulekile kwenza abacwaningi namabhizinisi akwazi ukuveza amakhambi ezinselele zezenhlalakahle, kusukela ekuhleleni izinto zokuhamba kuya empilweni yomphakathi.

Ukubona gcaluza kusebenza futhi njengesithiyo ekusebenziseni kabi amandla. Uma izikhulu zazi izinqumo zazo namarekhodi azo kubukezwa umphakathi, azinakuhileleka ekuziphatheni okungahlonipheki. Lokhu kuvimbela kuqinisa ukubusa komthetho futhi kusekela ukubusa okulungile.

Amalungelo Akho Ngaphansi Kwemithetho Ebonisa Ukuma Kwemisebe

Njengesakhamuzi noma isakhamuzi, unemithetho ekhethekile elawula ukubonakala. La malungelo akha isisekelo sokuthola ukwaziswa kukahulumeni. Nakuba imininingwane ihlukahluka ngokwemithetho, okulandelayo kuyaqashelwa:

  • Ilungelo lokucela amarekhodi: Ungacela amabhukwana anjengemibiko, ama-imeyili, izinqubo, amasethi okwaziswa, nezivumelwano. Imithetho eminingi ihlanganisa zonke izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe, kuhlanganise neminyango, amabhodi, kanye namakhomishane.
  • Ilungelo lokusabela ngesikhathi: Izimo eziphuthumayo kumele zivume isicelo sakho phakathi nenkathi emisiwe", ngokuvamile 20 kuya ku-30 yezinsuku zebhizinisi (nezinsuku ezilinganiselwa ku-30) futhi zinikeze usuku olulinganiselayo lokugcwaliseka. Eminye imithetho idinga impendulo phakathi nesikhathi esifushane sezindaba eziphuthumayo.
  • Ilungelo lokudlulisa ukukhanseka:[ Uma inkampani igoma ulwazi, unelungelo lokubukeza ngaphakathi noma ukunxusa equlwini elizimele. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FOIA ivumela ukudluliswa kwe-ace commart bese ikhokha inkantolo ye-guant.
  • Ilungelo ku-Fe Waivers: imithetho eminingi ikuvumela ukuba ucele ukuncishiswa noma ukuhholelwa izindleko uma ukudalula kunikeza isithakazelo somphakathi, njengasemsebenzini wokucosha izihloko, isazi, noma i-advocation.
  • Ilungelo lokuthola amafomethi: Ungacela ukwaziswa ngamafomethi athile, njengamafayela noma amakhophi ephepha, nakuba izinhlangano zingakhokha izindleko zokuzala.

Lamalungelo awaphelele. Angase abekelwe imingcele ezinkantolo, noma ezinhlanganweni ezizimele ezingamukeli zimali zomphakathi.

Izibonelo Zamalungelo Aphesheya Kwamazwe

United States, FOIA inikeza noma yimuphi umuntu ilungelo lokufinyelela amarekhodi enhlangano kahulumeni, nokukhulula okuthile. Umthetho futhi ugunyaza ukuba abaphathi banyathelise izincwadi ezicelwa kaningi. [[[FLT:]] I-Canada[[FLT:][FL:3], i-Act yolwazi isebenza ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, futhi izakhamuzi zingakhononda eHhovisini likaKhomishanelo lolwazi uma zinganelisekile ngempendulo. [[FLT:] I-United Kingdom [FLT:][FLT]] [5]] iSivume somthetho sokwaziswa sihlanganisa izikhulu zezeminyango, imikhandlu yezente, ne-National Services. [FUFUT] [FUT] [FLT]]

Indlela Yokwenza Isicelo

Ukucela ukwaziswa ngaphansi kwemithetho evezayo kuyinqubo eqondile, kodwa ukunaka imininingwane kungathuthukisa amathuba akho empumelelo. Landela lezi zinyathelo ukuze ubhalise isicelo esiphumelelayo:

  1. Imelela i-Seagency: Inquma ukuthi yiyiphi indikimba kahulumeni ephethe ukwaziswa okudingayo. Lokhu kungaba umnyango kahulumeni, inxusa lombuso, noma i-compatimeter yendawo. Sebenzisa ama-intshi kahulumeni, izingobo zesicelo sangaphambili, noma amarekhodi omphakathi ukuze unciphise ukusesha kwakho.
  2. Yenza isicelo esicacile: bhala uhlamvu olufingqiwe noma i-imeyili. Hlanganisa igama lakho eliphelele, imininingwane yokuxhumana, kanye nencazelo eqondile yamaphepha owafunayo. Gwema ulimi olungacacile , usuku, izitebhu, nezinhlobo zombhalo (umz., “ama-imeyili athunyelwe uMqondisi phakathi kuka-January 2022 noJune 2023 mayelana ne-Alufa).
  3. I-ubmit Throm the Set Channels: Izinhlangano eziningi zivuma izicelo nge-inthanethi ye-mastal, i-imeyili, noma iposi. Amanye ama-reversi avumela izicelo ezingaziwayo, kodwa ukunikeza ukwaziswa kothintana nawe kwenza ulandele. Gcina ikhophi yakho yokuzithoba nanoma yiliphi ama-indishi aqinisekiswayo.
  4. Track iResponse Time: Qaphela isikhathi sokuthatha indiva semithetho yempendulo. Uma ungatholi ukuvuma phakathi nenkathi elindelekile, thumela ulandele ngesizotha. Zilungiselele ukucacisa noma ukufinyeza isicelo sakho uma i-arhente isithi sibanzi.
  5. Sebenzisa izifanekiso zesilinganisi sesilinganisi: Amaqembu azimele anikeza izinyathelo zezicelo. Njengesibonelo, iKomiti yababikezeli yenkululeko ye Press inikeza isampuli yezinhlamvu ze-FOIA ze-U.S. lezizilungisi ziqinisekisa ukuba uhlanganise imininingwane edingekile nezikhombo ezingokomthetho.
  6. Ifuna i-Request Fee Waivers:[ Uma ikhona, chaza ukuthi isicelo sifeza kanjani isithakazelo somphakathi, njengemfundo, ukucwaninga, noma ukubika izindaba. Imithetho eminingi idinga izinhlangano ukucabangela izikhokhelo ngesicelo.

Kucela imishini, sebenzisa amapulatifomu anjenge Lokho Abakwaziyo e-UK noma FOIA.FOV e-itheku e-U.S. lamathuluzi akwenza lula futhi akuvumele ukuba ufune ukwaziswa okufanayo.

Isihlengo Esivamile

Nakuba imithetho evumela ukubonakala kwemisebe, eminingi ihlanganisa ukuxoshwa ukuze kuvikelwe ukwaziswa okusheshayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kukhulula kusiza ekulawuleni amathemba futhi kuzise icebo lakho lokudlulisa isikhalo. Ukungadingi okuvamile kuhlanganisa:

  • Ukwaziswa kwesizwe: okungalimaza imisebenzi yokuzivikela noma yokuhlakanipha, njengamacebo ezempi, izindlela zokuhlola, noma ukuxhumana kwezokuxhumana, ngokuvamile kuyakhululwa.
  • Izindaba zomuntu siqu: eziqukethe ukwaziswa komuntu siqu okunjengezimo zezokwelapha, izinombolo zezokulondeka kwezenhlalo, amakheli, noma imininingwane yezezimali yangasese ivikelekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlaselwa kwemfihlo.
  • I- Imfihlo yezentengiselwano:[ Izimfihlo zezohwebo, ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo, noma ulwazi lwezentengiselwano olunikezwa uhulumeni lungakhululwa ukuze kuvikelwe izithakazelo zokuncintisana. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani efuna isivumelwano somphakathi ingase incishiswe ngokwengxenye.
  • [[NT:0] Ukwaziswa okungahlehlisa uphenyo oluqhubekayo, ukuveza izimemezelo eziyimfihlo, noma ukuvimbela ukugcinwa komthetho kuvame ukugodlwa.
  • Izivumelwano: Imibhalo edluliselwe njengezimiso zokwenza umshini, imisebenzi yangaphakathi, noma amaphuzu omhlangano angakhululwa ukuze kulondolozwe ingxoxo eqotho nezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi “ilungelo lenqubo yokuzihlela.”

Lokhu kukhululwa kufanelwe ukuhlolwa kwesithakazelo somphakathi ezindaweni eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwe-UK’s Freedom of Information Act, ukukhululwa kungangaziswa uma ukukhululwa kunesithakazelo somphakathi. Izimo zomthetho kumelwe zinikeze izizathu eziqondile zokukhulula ngakunye, zicaphuna ilungiselelo elingokomthetho futhi zichaze ukuthi ukuthululwa kungabangela ukulimala kanjani. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi ukuhoxelwa kusetshenziswa ngokungafanele, ungakubekela inselele ngenqubo yokudlulisa.

Ukukhangwa Ukuphika

Uma isicelo sakho siphiwe, ungadangali, izinqubo zokudlulisa ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa amaphutha alungile nawalungile. Nakhu okumelwe kwenziwe:

  1. Bheka iLetter ethi Khanse: Izimo eziphuthumayo kumele zisho ukuthi ukukhululeka okuthile okusetshenziswayo futhi zichaze ukuthi kusebenza kanjani. Qaphela noma yikuphi ukwaziswa okulahlekileyo noma ukulunga okungacaci. Uhlamvu kufanele luphinde luphawule ingxenye engokomthetho ebizwayo.
  2. Ihele eliyi-Open a Infoundation Appeal:[ Imithetho eminingi ifuna ukubukezwa ngaphakathi kwesikhulu esiphezulu. Faka isikhalo esibhaliwe phakathi kwefremu yesikhathi emisiwe @ kaningi zinsuku ezingu 30 ekuphikiseni. Iphikisa ngokucacile ukuthi kungani ukukhululeka kungasebenzisi noma ukuthi kungani isithakazelo somphakathi sivuma ukuthululwa. Qopha isicelo sokuqala nokuphika incwadi yokukhomba.
  3. [[FLT: 0] Funa i-External Review: Uma ukudluliswa kwesicelo ngaphakathi kwehluleka, kuqhubekela equlwini lobubonisi obuzimele. E-United States, iHhovisi LezeNhlalo Yolwazi (OGIS) linikeza i-media, futhi ungafaka futhi icala enkantolo kahulumeni. ECanada, iKhomishane yolwazi iphenya izikhalo. Ku-UK, i-Oprementimessaunt’s Office yezokudlulisa izikhalo. Lemikhampane inegunya lokuyala noma ukutusa izinguquko zenqubo.
  4. Cabangela ukuqulwa: Amanye ama-ocentime anikeza ezinye izinkonzo zesinqumo zempikiswano, njenge-mediation, ukuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kokuziphikisa. Lokhu kungabiza ngokushesha futhi kungabizi kakhulu kunezindaba zenkantolo.
  5. Uxwebhu Yonke: Ukugcina amakhophi azo zonke izincwadi, kuhlanganise nezinsuku, amagama ezisebenzi, nezincwadi zokusabela. Lombhalo ubalulekile ekwakheni icala eliqinile ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho.

Kuzo zonke izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, funa usizo ezinhlanganweni ezingazuzisi njenge- American Civil Liberties Union noma imitholampilo engokomthetho. Amaqembu amaningi ezemfundo asebenza kakhulu ngenkululeko yezindaba zokwaziswa futhi anganikeza isiqondiso noma ummeleli.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Ecela Impumelelo

Ukuze uqiniseke ngokwengeziwe ukuthi ungakuthola ukwaziswa okudingayo, sebenzisa le mikhuba ewusizo:

  • Bheka i-Profect no-Narrow: Izicelo ezibanzi zivame ukuholela ekubambezeleni, ekuphikeni, noma ekukhokheleni okukhulu. Esikhundleni sokucela “zonke izincwadi ezihlobene nenkambiso,” chaza“ imiyalezo evela kumphathi weStaff ngokuphathelene no-Pilogil X phakathi kuka-January no-March 2023. Ukunciphisa izinga kungasheshisa ukusetshenziswa.
  • Sebenzisa Ukucima, Ulimi olulula: Gwema ulimi kanye namagama angokomthetho ngaphandle kokuba kudingekile. Bhala ngesiNgisi esicacile ukuqinisekisa izisebenzi ze-authority zingasiqonda kalula isicelo sakho futhi uthole amarekhodi ahlobene naso.
  • Landela Uphakamiso: Uma ungatholi impendulo phakathi kwe-frame yesikhathi esingokomthetho, thumela i-specter. Ukuphikelela ngokuvamile kuyakhokhela, njengoba amanxusa angahlela izicelo ezisalokhu zibonakala.
  • Seketha ama-Portals Kuqala: Amanxusa amaningi anyathelisa njalo izincwadi, njengokuchitha imibiko, izivumelwano, noma imizuzu yomhlangano. Bukeza lezi zinhlelo ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo sokulondoloza isikhathi nomzamo.
  • `I-Nagotiate the Specience: Uma inxusa lithi isicelo sakho sikhulu kakhulu noma sinzima, lithembisa ukunciphisa ububanzi benani. Ngokwesibonelo, linganisela ububanzi bosuku noma i-data yokufingqa kuphela. Lokhu kungasheshisa ukuqhubekeka nokunciphisa izindleko.
  • Hlala uwazi ngezinguquko zomthetho: Imithetho yokubonisa isuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, u-FOIA Reformation Act ka-2016 yaqinisa ukwambulwa e-U.S. ngokufuna ukuba abantu bakhululeke. Ngokulandela izinguquko zemithetho kukusiza ukuba usebenzise amalungiselelo amasha.

Ngokuzigcina uhlelekile futhi uphikelela, ungenza ilungelo lakho lokwazi imiphumela esobala eyazisa umphakathi wakini, ukucwaninga kwakho, noma ukuqapha kwakho.

Imithombo Yokwaziswa Okwengeziwe

Ukuze ujulise ukuqonda kwakho nomkhuba wakho wemithetho yokubona, hlola le mithombo enegunya:

  • United States FOIA: Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni e hoia.gov inikeza amathuluzi okucela, abangathintwa bezezimali, imibiko yaminyaka yonke, nesikhungo sokufunda se-FOIA.
  • ’s Access to Information: Ihhovisi loMphathi wokwaziswa waseCanada linikeza isiqondiso nezindlela zokukhononda i-ci.gc.ca[.
  • UK Freedom of Information Act: Ihhovisi lolwazi lichaza amalungelo akho futhi linikeze iseluleko sesicelo ico.org.uk.
  • [[QURT:0]] Inxanxathela yezizwe zonke: [lenhlangano yomhlaba wonke] ikhipha ukucwaninga ngokuba sobala, ukonakala, nokulandisa umehluko. org[
  • Access Ulwazi lweYurophu:[ Umemezelo ongakhiyo kahulumeni ovulekile eYurophu, onemithombo nezifundo zezezimali ku acces-info. org[.
  • [[QUTY:0] Abayazi: Indawo yesiteshi esisekelwe ku-UK esivala izicelo ze-FOI nokufuna izicelo zesikhathi esidlule [[QUL:2] aziwayo.com.
  • Ilungelo lobuzwe lokwazi izinhlangano: Amaqembu anjenge-American Civil Liberties Union anikeza iziqondisi ezingokomthetho zezicelo ze FOIA (alu.org/wazi-amalungelo akho/ inkululeko-lwazi).

Amazwe amaningi futhi anewebhusayithi zikahulumeni ezinikezelwe ukuze athole izisekelo zokubona.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yokubona ngokomthetho ayiyona nje imithetho engokomthetho; ingamathuluzi okulawula ngentando yeningi. Ngokuqonda amalungelo akho nendlela yokuwasebenzisa, ufaka isandla ekuthuleni ukuthumba okuvimbela ukuxhashazwa nokuthembana. Uma uyintatheli ehlola ububi, umcwaningi ocwaninga ngezimiso, umnini webhizinisi ofuna ukwaziswa kokuncintisana, noma isakhamuzi esikhathazekile ngokubusa kwendawo, lemithetho ikunika amandla okufuna izimpendulo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buguqula u-(nemibhalo ye-ministry), ukwenza izinqumo ezizihambelayo, futhi kuvuleka amathuba amasha nezinselele. Nokho, isimiso esiyinhloko sezebhizinisi sihlala sikhona: uhulumeni umnini mayelana nabantu. Hlala ufundile, izicelo, izicelo zikahulumeni, futhi uba nesibopho sokulandisa komphakathi lapho uhulumeni wakho uhlola khona amandla abonakalayo, ukuthatha uhlangothi, futhi kutholakale ukuthenjelwa.