Isingeniso: Idwala Lokwethembana

Ukubonakala kwamandla kahulumeni akuyona nje inhloso engabonakali; yisisekelo esisebenzayo sesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi. Lapho izakhamuzi zingabona indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo, indlela izimali zomphakathi ezisetshenziswa ngayo, nendlela imithetho egunyazwa ngayo, ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni kuyakhula. Ngokuhlukile, ukufihla imfihlo kubangela ukusolwa, kwenza ukuba inyaniseke, futhi kuqede isivumelwano somphakathi phakathi kukahulumeni nabantu bakhe. Le ngxoxo ihlola indlela le mithetho ekhuthaza ngayo ukubusa ngokwezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso ze-almessage eklanyweni ukuze kuqiswe lokhu kukhanya. Ngokunikeza wonke umuntu ilungelo elingokomthetho lokungena emabhukwini ebhukwini, i-FOI iphoqelela ukuba imishini yezomthetho isebenze. Le mithetho ihlola indlela lemithetho ekhuthaza ngayo ukubusa, izinselele ezisezingeni lokuxhumana ngezimiso zezokuxhumana, nesizathu esibalulekile sokuhola.

Umsuka Nokuziphendukela Kwemithetho Ye - FOI

Umqondo welungelo elingokomthetho lokwaziswa kukahulumeni umdala kunemibuso eminingi yanamuhla elawulwa ngentando yeningi. Umthetho wokuqala we-FOI wawuyi-Ukukhululeka kwe-Cress Act ka-1766, owamisa ukutholakala komphakathi ezibhalweni ezingokomthetho njengetshe eliyinhloko lohlelo lwawo lomthetho-sisekelo. Lomthetho wakuqala waqaphela ukuthi izakhamuzi ezinolwazi ziyadingeka ukuze zikwazi ukuzilawula futhi zihlole amandla omqhele.

Igagasi lesimanje lomthetho we-FOI laqala phakathi nekhulu lama-3520. I-United States yadlulisa i-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) ngo-1966, idala isibonelo ezinye izizwe eziningi ezazizosamukela kamuva. I-FOIA yanikeza izakhamuzi nezintatheli ithuluzi lokucela amarekhodi avela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, futhi ilinganiselwe intethelelo yokungalondeki kwesizwe nokungafihliwe komuntu siqu. Umthetho waqiniswa ngokulungisa inguquko ngo-19776, 1986, no-2002, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yehlazo leWatergate kanye nokuhlasela okungu-9/11.

Kusukela ngawo-1990 kuqhubeke, imithetho ye-FOI yasakazeka ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke. Ukuwa kweSoviet Union, ukukhula kokushintsha kwentando yeningi eLatin America naseMpumalanga Yurophu, kanye nokulwela kwembulunga yonke ukulwa nenguquko yokonakala konke kwabhebhethekisa ukutholwa. IZizwe Ezihlangene nezindikimba zezifunda ezinjengeNhlangano yaseMelika (OAS) zaqala ukukhuthaza i-OI njengelungelo lomuntu − isuka kwesokudla kuya enkululeko yokukhuluma, ehlanganisa inkululeko yokufuna, ukuthola, nokudlulisela ukwaziswa.

Namuhla, amazwe angaphezu kuka 120 anohlobo oluthile lomthetho weFOI, nakuba amandla nokugcinwa kwemithetho kuhluka kakhulu. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezinjenge Article 19 [ zilandela lemithetho futhi zinikeze ukuhlaziywa okulinganayo, ukubhalisa, nomthetho wesibonelo.

Izimiso Zekhora Nemishini Ye - FOI

Ilungelo Lokwazi

Emfashinini, umthetho we-FOI umisa isimiso sokuthulula izifuba: konke ukwaziswa okuphethwe yiziphathimandla zomphakathi kucatshangelwa ukuthi kuyatholakala, ngaphandle kokuba kungene phakathi kwenkululeko elinganiselwe, efanelekile. Izakhamuzi azidingi ukubonakalisa isithakazelo esiqondile ekwazisweni; ilungelo lisezweni lonke. Lokhu kushintsha umthwalo kusuka kulowo ocelayo kuhulumeni, okumelwe uthethelele noma ikuphi ukuphika.

Inqubo Yesicelo

Ngokuvamile, isakhamuzi sinikeza isicelo esibhaliwe enxuseni elifanele, sichaza amarekhodi afunwayo ngokuqondeka. I-arhente kumelwe iphendule phakathi kwe-plogin yesikhathi − ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-20 noma ezingu-30 zokusebenza − ngokulandelana ukunikeza amarekhodi, ukunqaba ukuthola ngezizathu, noma ukudlulisa izicelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izindawo eziningi zivumela ukunxusa kozimele noma umphathi wolwazi uma izicelo ziphiwe ngokungafanele.

Intethe Nokulinganiselwa Kwazo

Inkululeko evamile ihlanganisa:

  • ukulondeka kwesizwe nokuzivikela – ukuvikela ukuhlakanipha okusheshayo noma amasu asebenzayo.
  • Imfihlo yakho siqu – ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kokuphila kwabantu kwangasese.
  • [[UMTH:0] Imfihlo ye-imfihlo – ukuvikela izimfihlo zentengiselwano noma ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] ukuphoqelela komthetho kanye nokuqulwa komthetho [[QUL:1] – ukugwema ukuphenya kwangaphambi komthetho noma ukuqulwa okulungile.
  • Izinqubo ze-interal deversal – ukulondoloza iseluleko esiqotho kuhulumeni (ngokuvamile esinesithakazelo somphakathi sidume kakhulu).

Isihluthulelo sokubusa kwezimiso zokuhle siwukuthi lenkululeko ichazwa kancane futhi isengozini yokulinyazwa: ukudalulwa kufanele kugodlwe kuphela uma kungabangela isithakazelo esivikelekile. Imithetho eminingi futhi inezivivinyo zomphakathi ezidinga ukukhishwa kokwaziswa uma inzuzo emphakathini idlula ukulimala.

Ama-propact v. Draslore ebuyayo

Nakuba i-FOI ithatha isinyathelo-soyela, ilandela izicelo ezithile .Imikhuba yanamuhla engcono kakhulu igcizelela ukwambulwa kwemininingwane ephakeme yenani elingu-135, uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, izivumelwano, nezincwadi zezimiso ze-intanethi ngaphandle kokulinda isicelo. Lokhu kunciphisa umthwalo ezakhamuzini nasemikhakheni futhi kubonisa isiko lokuthulula amahlombe kunokuba kukhishwe.

Izinzuzo Zokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukulandisa

Ukulandisa kudinga ukwaziswa. Izikhulu eziqashelwayo nezisebenzi zomphakathi azinamathuba amancane okusebenzisa kabi amandla uma zizazi izenzo zazo. Imithetho ye-FOI yenza ukuba ababali bezincwadi, izintatheli, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zilandele izinqumo, zilandele imali, futhi zidalule ububi. Ngokwesibonelo, izintatheli ezicwaningayo zithembele ku-FOI ukuze zivulule izindlela zokulahlwa kukahulumeni, izingxabano zesithakazelo, noma ukonakala ekuthengeni komphakathi.

Ukwakha Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi

Ukwethemba kutholakala ngokuveza obala. Uma ohulumeni behlanganyela ukwaziswa futhi besabela ngokushesha ezicelweni, izakhamuzi zizizwa zihlonishwa futhi zihlanganiswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufihla kubangela ukungathembi. Impumelelo ephezulu FIP. I-Highłprofile FOI (njengokukhulula ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokungcoliswa kwendawo ezungezile, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, noma ukuthaka imithi) kubonisa ukuthi umphakathi ungasingatha ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi futhi ukuthi ukubonakala kuholela emiphumeleni engcono.

Ingxenye Ekhuthazayo Yomsebenzi Wesibonda

Umphakathi onolwazi uhlangene nomphakathi. Imithetho ye-FAI inika izakhamuzi ezivamile amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezwe, inguquko yemfundo, isimiso sempilo, nezinye eziningi. Amaqembu omphakathi asebenzisa i-FOI ukuba athathe izinqumo zendawo zokuhlela noma ukuxhasa isikole. Umphumela uwumbuso wentando yeningi onamandla kakhulu lapho izinqumo zincintiswana khona ngamaqiniso, hhayi amahemuhemu.

Ukunciphisa Ukonakala

Inkohlakalo ichuma ngasese. Imithetho ye-FOI isebenza njengesivikelo ngokundisa ingozi yokuchayeka. Uma izivumelwano zikahulumeni, amarekhodi agunyaza, nezimemezelo zempahla zivulekele ekuhlolweni komphakathi, amathuba okufumbathisa nokugobeka. I-Transparency International iye yaphawula ukuthi i-FOI iyisici esiyinhloko sezindlela zokulwa nokonakala. Amazwe anemibuso enamandla ye-FOI athambekele ekubeni abe namazinga aphansi okonakala okucatshangelwa.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Izithiyo Zokumelana Nezikhungo Zasebuthweni Le - Bureastcracy Nezokuhlasela

Esinye sezithiyo esikhulu kakhulu isiko lobuphekula. Izikhulu zomphakathi zingamelana nokudalulwa ngenxa yomkhuba, ukwesaba ukugxekwa, noma isifiso sokuvikela izithakazelo zezinhlangano. Ngisho nalapho imithetho ikhona, izinhlangano eziphansi ziswele izisebenzi nobuchwepheshe bokulungisa izicelo ngokuphumelelayo. Izicelo zinganwebeka iminyaka eminingi, zinikeze ilungelo lokufinyelela ize. Ukuqeqesha nezikhulu zeFOI ezinikezelwe zibalulekile kodwa ngokuvamile azinakwa.

Ukuhlelwa Kwale Ndawo Nokukhululwa Okungaphezu Kwe - 93

Abanye ohulumeni banqoba injongo ka-FOI ngokumisa “ihlelo” emabhukwini enqubo noma ngokuchaza ukukhulula okukhulu kangangokuba cishe noma yimuphi umbhalo ongagonywa. Ukuvikelwa kwesizwe kuthambekele kakhulu ekuxhashazweni. Izindikimba zobubonisi zidingeka ukuze zibukeze lokho okushiwoyo futhi ziqikelele umthetho.

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwe - FOI Ekuhlukunyezweni Noma Ekuceleni Okungathandeki

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-FOI ingasetshenziswa njengezikhali. Abaceli abanobuhlakani bangase bagcwalise izinhlangano ngemfuno engapheli, imfuno ekhiqizwayo. Abanye abezombangazwe noma amaqembu esithakazelo basebenzisa i-FOI ukuze bambe ukwaziswa okudumazayo kodwa okungadingekile. Nakuba ilungelo lokungena kumelwe livikelwe, imibuso eminingi manje inelungiselelo lokwenqaba izicelo ezisobala ezingekhonangqondo noma ezixhaphazayo.

Ukungaqapheli Phakathi Kwezakhamuzi

Imithetho ye-FOI iphumelela kuphela uma abantu bazi ukuthi ikhona. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi emazweni amaningi abakaze bezwe ngamalungelo abo e-FOI. Ukuqasha, ukuqeqesha, nezinqubo zesicelo ezenziwe lula kudingekile ukwenza umthetho ube ithuluzi eliwusizo kunokuba ube ilungelo lokucabanga.

Inselele Yokuphathwa Kokwaziswa Ngezinombolo

Amarekhodi kahulumeni azalwa ngokwandayo nge-digital(email, imilayezo esheshayo, i-memostry, namafayela esikhashana. Imithetho ye-FOI yaqoshelwa amarekhodi ephepha, futhi ukuvumelana namaqiniso enombolo kunzima. Imishini kumelwe ilawule amarekhodi ngokuphumelelayo ukuze ivumelane nezicelo, kodwa ukulawulwa kwemininingwane okungahlakaniphile kuvame ukuholela ekulahlekelweni noma ekucinyweni kokwaziswa.

I - SOI Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ukuhamba Neziteshi Ezisebenzisa I - Internet

Ohulumeni abaningi manje banikeza izinhlelo ze-FOI ezifaka ama-oply e-FoI, ezilandelanayo, nezisabelayo. I-United States iphethe iFOIA.gov, kanti i-United Kingdom inento ethi Doishew.com (isiteji elizimele elicelwa yilabo abamemile). Lezi zikhungo zinciphisa izithiyo futhi zivumele abacelayo ukubona ukusabela kwabanye, bakhe inqolobane yokwaziswa kukahulumeni.

Vula Imininingwane Nezimfijoli Ezisebenzayo

Inhlangano yokwaziswa evulekile ivumelana nezimiso ze-SOI. Ohulumeni bakhipha amaqoqo afundekayo emishinini ehlela izindleko zemali, imali, ubugebengu, impilo nendawo ezungezile. Ngokunyathelisa ukwaziswa okuningi okudingayo kuqhubeke kusebenza, baneliseka ngaphambi kokuba kugcinwe izicelo. I-Publica Government Partrineship[ [OGP] ikhuthaza imikhuba enjalo emhlabeni wonke, kanye namazwe angamalungu afuna izinguquko ezibonisa imibala.

Ukuhlelwa Kwenqubo Okululwe Nokuzenzakalelayo

Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo kunikeza amathuba nezingozi. Ukulungisa ulimi lwemvelo kungasiza izinhlangano ukuba zihlole imiqulu emikhulu yezincwadi ezifuna amarekhodi asabelayo, ukunciphisa izikhathi zokulungisa. Nokho, i-Al ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa amabhukwana angaphezu kwalawo akhile noma ukuhlukanisa amaphepha ngaphandle kokuqondisa komuntu. Ukulinganisela ngokunempumelelo nokuziphendulela kuzoba yinselele enkulu.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ngokujula

ESweden: Iphayona

Inkululeko yaseSweden yomthetho-mthetho wePress Act, manje eyingxenye yomthetho wayo womthetho-sisekelo, inamandla ngokuphawulekayo. Ivumela ukuba kutholakale ngokushesha zonke izincwadi ezingokomthetho ngaphandle kokuba kunikezwe umthetho othile ohlukile. Izakhamuzi zaseSweden zingangena ehhovisi likahulumeni futhi zibuze ukubona amadokhumende ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu. Lempucuko ejulile yokuthulula izigwebo yenza i-Sweden ibe omunye wohulumeni abonakele nabathenjwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Isimiso [i-asterighetpincipen (isimiso sokungena obala) sidlulela ngisho nasenkantolo yasebukhosini nasepalamendeni, kanye nenkululeko elinganiselwe kuphela yokuvikela umbuso.

Canada: Ukufinyelela eMthethweni Wolwazi

I-Access of Information Act yaseCanada yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1934. Ihlanganisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi iye yashintshwa kaningana, ikakhulukazi ngo- 2006 ukuqinisa indima ye-Information Commissioner kanye no-2019 nge-Access to Information Act ebeka imingcele eqinile yesikhathi kanye nentelekelelo ebanzi ehhovisi likaNdunankulu. Naphezu kokuthuthukiswa, isimiso se-ATI , i-Canada isahlushwa ukulibala namasiko okuyimfihlo kwezinye izinhlangano. I-Aprice Commissioner ingakhipha iziyalezo ezibophayo, kodwa iyaqhubeka isebenza ngokuqhubekayo.

E - United States: Ifa Nemingcele KaFOIA

I-FOIA iye yaba yithuluzi lokudalula yonke into kusukela kuhlelo lwePentagon Papers kuya ku-CIA yenhlekelele yamanzi ne-Flint yamanzi. Izicelo ze-FOIA ziyithuluzi elibucayi kubacophelelayo, izazi, namaqembu ezithakazelo zomphakathi. Nokho, lesi simiso sithweswe umthwalo omkhulu ngezicelo ezinkulu ze-fullments. Ukukhulula, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokulondeka kwesizwe, kuvame ukuncishiswa ngokweqile. I-Obama ithembisa “impatho esobala kakhulu emlandweni” kodwa izama ukunikeza. Ukuphatha kweBiden kuye kwafuna ukuqinisa i-FOIA ngeziqondiso zezikhulu zezempathiyo nokuxhaswa kwezimali okukhushubile. Isifundo: I sifuna ukuba intengo engosini nje, hhayi nje umthetho ezizincwadini.

ENdiya: Ilungelo lokwaziswa (RTI) Act

I-RTI Act yaseNdiya, eyadlula ngo-2005, ivame ukudunyiswa njengenye yezindawo ezithuthuka kakhulu emazweni asathuthuka. Inika izakhamuzi amandla okufuna ukwaziswa kuzo zonke izigaba zikahulumeni nakuzo zonke izindikimba ezizimele ezithola izimali zomphakathi. Umthetho wakha i-Unist Commission ezimele ekulweni kwezwe nakuhulumeni. I-RTI isetshenziselwa ukudalula ukonakala kuMnyango Womphakathi, imigodi engekho emthethweni, namazinga kahulumeni omgunyaziwe. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezinjengeMazhoo Kis Shaktigathan San (MKSS) zadlala indima ebalulekile ekubhikiseleni umthetho futhi ziqhubeke nesitimela ekusebenziseni kwawo. Izinselele ezinkulu zisetshenziswa emuva ekudluliseni izimemezelo ze-Dioptionstion, iziteshini ezingafaneleki ze-CMphathiswanotes, nokuhlukuhlulwa kwe-RTS.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Nezindinganiso Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ilungelo lokwaziswa liqashelwa ezinsikeni eziningi zomhlaba. Isimemezelo soMalungelo Obuntu (Umchamo 19) umemezela ilungelo “lokufuna nokudlulisela ukwaziswa.” Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi (ICCPR) siqinisa lokhu. I-Afrikaan Charter on Human Rights ihlanganisa ilungiselelo elifanayo. Amahlelo anjengeSishaya-Puni of Europe aye akhipha imihlangano kanye nokutusa ekungeneni kwezincwadi ezingokomthetho. I-World Bank nezinye izinhlangano zezentuthuko zifaka izibopho zezibopho zokuvela.

Imithetho yesibonelo, njengaleyo ekhishwa yiSiphakamiso 19, inikeza isiqondiso ngemikhuba engcono kakhulu: izincazelo ezicacile, ukunqatshelwa kwenkululeko, ukulawulwa kwenkululeko, nezijeziso zokungahambisani. Lezi zindinganiso zisiza amazwe akha imithetho ye-FOI amasha agweme izingibe ezivamile.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuqinisa Ukubusa Kwakho Okuhleliwe

Ukushintsha Izikhathi Nezilinganiso Zesikhathi

Imithetho eminingi ye-FOI iphelelwe isikhathi. Izinguquko kufanele zifake imingcele eqinile, zisuse ulimi olufiphele, futhi zimise izikhathi zokusabela eziqinile. Ukuhlelwa kwemibhalo ehlelwe ngezikhathi ezithile kungahlela amabhukwana ngemva kwesikhathi esimisiwe, zithulule umthwalo kulabo abafuna ukuwagcina eyimfihlo.

Ukuthutha IFOI Ngokubusa Okuvulekile

I-FOI akufanele ime yodwa. Ohulumeni kufanele bahlanganise imithetho yokungena namatheku avulekile okwaziswa, amapulatifomu ezakhamuzi, kanye nezivikelo zokufutha ikhwelo. Indlela yokuveza imibala yenza isitho ngasinye sibe namandla. I-Puble Government Parterparter [ inikeza i-orm kumazwe i-om ukuze kuhlangabelwe izinguquko nezibopho.

Abavikeli Nezintatheli Abavikelayo

Emazweni amaningi, abasebenzisi beFAI babhekene nezinsongo, amacala, noma ngisho nobudlova. Ohulumeni kumelwe balwele ukuphindisela kwabacelayo futhi baqinise imithetho yokushaya ikhwelo. Amaqumrhu amazwe ngamazwe kufanele aqaphele futhi agunyaze ukuthi ashushise abasekeli bemisebe ye-operance.

Ukwamukela Ubuchwepheshe Lapho Uzigcinela Uzimele

Amathuluzi emishini angenza i-FOI isheshe futhi inciphe, kodwa futhi aphakamisa izingozi zobumfihlo. Amasu okufihla imfihlo, ukunciphisa ukwaziswa, nemithetho eqinile yokuvikela ukwaziswa kumelwe ihambisane nokubona. Umgomo awukho ukudalula okukhulu kodwa ukuveza okungcono kakhulu, kodwa kunikeza isithakazelo somphakathi ngaphandle kokwephula amalungelo omuntu siqu.

Isiphetho

Inkululeko yolwazi ayiyona imithetho eyisikhala, kodwa ingamathuluzi abalulekile okulawula isimilo. Ngokuwenza ukwaziswa kutholakale, baphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba benze ngokuthembeka, banikeze izakhamuzi amaqiniso abawadingayo ukuze bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo, futhi badalule ukungalungi lapho kwenzeka. Uhambo olusuka eSweden lweshumi elinesishiyagalombili lwenkulungwane lokuhlola ukubonakala kwembulunga yonke luye lwaphawuleka, kodwa umsebenzi usuka kude kakhulu. Ukumelana kwezindawo zobukhoma, ukumelana nezombangazwe, futhi usongela isithembiso sikaFOI ezizweni eziningi. Ukuqaphela ukuphumelela kwalo, ohulumeni kumelwe bafake imingcele eqinile, imithetho ephelelwe isikhathi, futhi basekela ngokungaguquguquki impucuko. Uma besenza, ukuthemba okusekela ukubusa kwentando yentando yeningi kuyavusene. Ukukho konke kuvikela okulungile.