Ngaphesheya kwe-United States, imithetho kahulumeni isebenza njengenqubo eyinhloko yokulungisa imikhuba yamaphoyisa, ikakhulukazi emizamweni yokwandisa ukumelelwa kwezikhulu ezimbalwa nabesifazane. Lezimiso nezimiso kuklanyelwe ukunikeza incazelo engokomlando engaphansi kwe-presence, ukuthuthukisa ukwethembana komphakathi, futhi iqinisekise ukuthi izinhlangano ezimisa umthetho zibonise inani labantu abakhonzayo. Nakuba amalungelo omphakathi asemthethweni ahlela izindinganiso ezibanzi ezingadingeniswanga ukuhlangana kwemithetho, amazwe ngamanye aye amisa izilinganiso eziningi zezindlela zokwenza izivumelwano zemali ezingokomthetho ezisemthethweni zokufuna ukukhokhela izinhlangano ezingaphansi kwamaqembu azimele. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinqubo ezingokomthetho, izinselele zomthetho, izinselele, iziqondiso zalemizamo, ukudwebela izibalo neziqondiso zamuva, ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa nomthetho.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwemithetho Ehlukahlukene Esetshenziswa Uhulumeni

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zathatha izindlela eziningana ezihlukene zokukhuthaza ukuqashwa kwemithetho ehlukahlukene. Amasu avame kakhulu ahlanganisa izinhlelo ezihleliwe eziseceleni, izisusa zezimali, ukugunyazwa kwenani labantu, nezimiso zokuqashwa kwabantu ezithandwayo. Lemithetho ihluka kakhulu ngokwezinga lemisebenzi nokusebenza, okubonisa isimo sezulu sombuso ngamunye nesimo esingokomthetho.

Isimiso seSetha-Iside kanye nokucaphuna

Idlanzana lezifundazwe liye lasebenzisa izinhlelo ezihleliwe ezigcinela isilinganiso somqasholo omusha kwabambalwa nabesifazane abazobhapathizwa. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye iminyango yamaphoyisa kamasipala eTexas nase-Illinois isebenza ngaphansi kwemiyalo yemvume noma imiyalo yombuso edinga isilinganiso esithile sabaqashwa ukuba bavele emaqenjini angaphansi kwamandla. Nakuba izilinganiso ezinjalo zivame ukubekelwa inselele enkantolo, zihlala ziyithuluzi emikhakheni egciniwe egciniwe yomsebenzi we-discriminary. Nokho, imithetho eminingi yanamuhla igwema imibandela ecacile, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa “izilinganiso nezikhathi” ezithambileyo, izisulu ezingagunyaziwe.

Izimali Nezimpahla

Izifundazwe eziningana zinikeza izimali eziqondile eminyangweni ehlangabezana nezindlela zokuthatha izimemezelo ezihlukahlukene noma izinhlelo zokukhipha izinhlelo. I-Division of Criminal Justice Services yaseNew York inikeza izimvume zokubuthwa kwezikhulu zeqembu elincane nabesifazane. IKhomishane yaseCalifornia eHlayeni yeMigangatho yokuthula ne-Tream (POST) inikeza imbuyiselo yezinhlangano ezihlanganyela ezinhlangothini zezindlela zemisebenzi evunyelwe uhulumeni. Lemali ingamboza izikhangiso, izimemezelo zomsebenzi, izimemezeli zezisebenzi, nokulungisa amashadi eziseshishishini ezihlola abafuna ukuthatha izikhulu ezivela emaqenjini ahlukene.

Ukubika Okushubile Nokubona Ngokukhanyayo

Izimfuneko ezibonisayo ziphakathi kwezindlela ezamukelwa kabanzi kakhulu. Ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili manje zidinga izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba zithumele imibiko yaminyaka yonke echaza imibiko yobuhlanga, ubuzwe, nobulili bobulili ekwakheni amachibi azo amasha amasha, izikhulu ezintsha, namanje. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano ze-Forviling and idectifiling Act (U-APRIPA) zaseCalifornia zigunyaza ukuba zonke izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ziqoqe futhi zisakaze ukwaziswa kwenani labantu ekumeni, kodwa futhi zidinga ukubika ngokubhalisa nokuqasha. Ngokufanayo, umthetho wenguquko ye-stadensi ka-201 ye-stance (HB1267) umthetho wenguquko weze-Oricity wesizwe (HB) u-Aptional smond) ufaka izibalo zezibalo zezibalo zezibalo zezibalo zezibalo zezibalo zezezeze zezezezezezwe. La makhensi ka-Drigionssspoiced

Izinhlelo Zokuphuma Komphakathi Nezokukhipha Imishini

Izifunda eziningi zinezimfuneko ezihlangene zokufinyelela emiphakathini emincane nezikhungo zemfundo. Imithetho ingayala ukuba iminyango ihlanganise izenzakalo ezihlanganisa amakholiji ase-Clack noma eLatino, isebenza namakholiji omphakathi anezindikimba zabafundi ezihlukahlukene, noma yakhe izindlela zokukhokha amakhebhuli avela ezizindeni ezingamele. I-Maryland’s Law Enfossictment Recruitment and Reention Task Force itusa (fuze ezinye iziqondiso zendawo) ukuba izinhlangano zinikeze usizo olukhokhelwa imikhumbi kanye nolwezinkonzo zobugebengu ezimbalwa eziminyangweni zomthetho. Le zinhlelo zemishini ye-patroli zihlozela ekubhekaneni nezithiyo njengokuqeqeshwa nokungavikeleki kwemisebenzi yamaphoyisa.

Imithetho Eyinhloko Kahulumeni Ehlelwe Ngemininingwane

Nakuba izifunda eziningi zinohlobo oluthile lomthetho ohlobene nokubuthwa, ezimbalwa ziphawuleka ngobukhulu nokuthuthukiswa kwezimiso zazo.

California

Ngokulindelekile iCalifornia iyikhoshana elikhulu ekusebenziseni umthetho kahulumeni ekulungiseni izinhlobonhlobo zamaphoyisa. IKhomishane kahulumeni ifuna yonke iminyango ukuba isebenzise icebo elibhaliwe elihlanganisa amacebo athile okudonsa abesifazane nabambalwa. Ngaphansi kwe-SB 960 2020), izinhlangano kumelwe zibhale imisebenzi yazo yokubhalisa nemiphumela, ngokuhluleka ukubhekana nokulahlekelwa yizimali zikahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iCalifornia inqabela ukusetshenziswa kohlanga njengendinganiso yokuqasha, kodwa ngokucacile ivumela “ukuthatha nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuthola inzuzo eqondile. I-RIPABB kunikeza izikhokhi ezikhokhiso eziqondile.

INew York

I-New York sekuyisikhathi eside isekela ukuhlukahluka kwezimfuneko zokuxhasa ngemali nezinqubo. I-State Police Act yo-2020 ihlanganisa amalungiselelo e- “Madoda Embonini nabesifazane-Omen-Primed Enpect” uhlelo lokutholana kwabaphathi bomthetho, futhi ihhovisi lomphathi elinikeza imvume yokuqashwa kwezincwadi. INew York City, ngaphansi kokucindezela kukahulumeni, yamukela inselele “yeSivini esiphambili” ehlela abazothatha iziqu emiphakathini ngenani eliphakeme lobugebengu nangemali ephansi yamaphoyisa. Naphezu kwalemizamo, umbiko ovela kuhulumeni 2023 wathola ukuthi ukumelelwa kwabantu abambalwa eminyango yezikhulu zezifunda zezwe kuhlala kuhleli i-Station, iqokomisa inselele yokuguqula umthetho.

Texas

Umthetho waseTexas uvumela ngokuqondile ukuvuma ukuthatha isinyathelo emsebenzini womphakathi, kuhlanganise nokugcinwa komthetho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. I-Commission on Law Encorcement (TCOLE) ifuna ukuba yonke iminyango igcine “isimiso sokuqasha abantu abambalwa” futhi ingacabangela ukuntuleka kwezindlela zokusebenza kwenhlangano njengembangela yokunikeza izimvume ezisemthethweni. Amanye amadolobha, njengaseHouston nase Dallas, athathe“ izimpawu ze-commony" izingcrates ezizisulu zokuqashwa kwabambalwa okusekelwe ekwazisweni kokubalwa kwabantu. Nokho, ukuphikiswa kwezombangazwe kweTexas kwezombangazwe ukuze kunikeze izimvume ezinzima. Ekwenzeni, iminyango eminingi ye-Texas ithembele ekutholeni i-octivess kunezinkozo eziphambili.

Illinois

Illinois yadlulisa i-Safety, i-Accounting, i-Fairnes and Equity- Today (SAFE-T) ngo-2021, eyayihlanganisa imfuneko yokuba zonke izinhlangano ezimisa umthetho zithathe “izimiso zokuvikela nokufaka izintambo” ezibekwe eMthethweni we-Illinois Indinois Indinois Indictive Tractive Commentation Commentation system Office. Icebo kumelwe lichaze amasuntrakhi akhethekile okuqeqeshelwa abesifazane nabantu abanombala. Umthetho futhi ugunyaza ukuqeqeshwa ngokucwasana kwazo zonke izikhulu nezisebenzi. Imininingwane yangaphambili yebhodi ibonisa ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-80 eminyango alalela, kodwa ukugcinwa kuhlala kungenamfaza.

IMaryland

I-Maryland’s Police Accountability Act ka-2021 yakha umthetho wezwe lonke “Izehlo neNguquko yezimali” ngokukhethekile ephawulelwa ukwanda kwezinhlobonhlobo. I-Grant ikhona ukuze iqondiswe izinhlangano ezikanye namakholiji amaBlack naseyunivesithi angokomlando (HBCUS) nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Lesenzo futhi sabeka umgomo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zamaqembu amasha amasha anezigaba ezintsha ziveza inani labantu abahlala kule ndawo phakathi neminyaka emihlanu. Nakuba zingabhalisanga, inhloso iye yasunduzela iminyango emitholazweni yangempela ezikhankambisweni yezelini kanye nezenzakalo zokuthola inzuzo.

Izinselele Zomthetho - sisekelo Nezomthetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yohlanga-yobulili nokwazi ubulili kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ezingokomthetho. Inkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iphethe iDolobha laseRichmond v. J.A. Croson Co. (19989) kanye [i- nabakhi bomthetho, i- Inc. v. Peña [195] [195]) yasungula ukuthi noma yisiphi isenzo sokwenqaba kumelwe siqhubeke sihlola isithakazelo esiqinile futhi sinciphe isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe. Izikhulu zamaphoyisa zivame ukuphikisa ngokuthi isithakazelo sesehlakalo noma ukuphumelela kokuhlelwa kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi inkantolo eziphansi ziye zahlela phansi izinhlelo ezikhona ngaphandle kokuthola izinhlelo ezikhethekile.

Muva nje, ukunquma kweNkantolo Ephakeme [kuyi-2023] iziqu ze-Fair Adcts v. Harvard (eye yaqeda ukuvunyelwa kwemindeni engabonakali ekholijini) iye yaqinisa izinselele kuzo zonke izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezisekelwe ezinhlanga. Izephulamthetho eziningi ziye zabekwa ngokumelene nokuhlola izinhlobonhlobo zamaphoyisa, kuhlanganise nase-Texas naseColorado. Ngenxa yalokho, abameli abaningi bombuso manje baluleka izinhlangano ukuba zihlele imizamo ehlukahluka-hlukene njengenkampane yezinhlanga “ekhohlolo lokuqashwa kwezinhlanga” kunokuthola imvume yezinhlanga. Ngokwesibonelo, isiqondiso se-California sithi izinhlelo zokuqasha kumelwe zivuleke wonke umncintiswano wezinhlanga futhi zingasebenzi njengengxenye yesigaba sohlanga.

Okukhethwayo okusekelwe ku- Gender kubhekene nendinganiso engaqinile kakhulu − kodwa kusadinga ubufakazi bokuthi abesifazane bancishiswa ngenxa yobandlululo lwesikhathi esidlule. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zayivikela ngokuphumelelayo izinhlelo eziye zavikela izinhlelo ezibalwa abesifazane ngokukhomba ukukhishwa kwabesifazane embusweni wamaphoyisa nakuhlolwa okubonisa ukuthi izikhulu zabesifazane azinamathuba amancane okusebenzisa amandla adlulele futhi zithenjwa kakhulu abesifazane emiphakathini. Nokho, indawo engokomthetho ihlala iwuketshezi, futhi izinhlangano kumelwe zibhale ngokucophelela incazelo yazo.

Umphumela Nokuphumelela: Lokho Okuboniswa Yileli Sazi

Ukulinganisa ithonya langempela lemithetho kahulumeni ezinhlobonhlobo zamaphoyisa kuyinkimbinkimbi. Umbiko ka-2022 we-National Institute of Justice wathola ukuthi ngokuthola izibalo zezinhlobonhlobo kwathola ukwanda kwe 12% kwabajoyinwa yidlanzana eminyakeni engaphezu kwemihlanu, uma kuqhathaniswa nokwanda kwesithathu% emazweni ngaphandle kwemithetho enjalo. Nokho, lombiko ofanayo waphawula ukuthi ukumelelwa kwabesifazane ekubanjweni kwamaphoyisa akushintshanga kakhulu lelizwe lonke cishe kusukela ku - 12% kuya ku-13% emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi nakuba ukuthatha izinyathelo eziningi zikahulumeni kungathuthukisa ukubonakala, akuqinisekisi ushintsho oluqinile.

Izinhlelo zokuthola i-painline nezinhlelo zibonakala zithembisa kakhulu. I-United States enikeza izimali zokuqeqesha nokusiza i-cadet (umz., Maryland ne-New York) iye yabona amazinga aphakeme okusebenza avela kwabambalwa. Ngokwesibonelo, amazinga okusebenza aphakeme ku-New York State Police “Uhlelo lwe-Trooper Kadet” lwamaqembu angaphansi kwaleyo abangela ukwanda kwama-40% kubantu abambalwa abacelayo eminyakeni emithathu yokuqala. Noma kunjalo, i-fusion ihlala iyinkinga: izikhulu ezimbalwa nabesifazane ngokuvamile zibhekene nendawo yomsebenzi egcwele ukuvukela. Imithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni yezwe ebhekene neyaphezulu. I-Promessss promsssss procendingssssss amelene nezinhlelo zobuphilishali zezokulwa nomthetho olwa nomthetho wokuthola imvume.

Abagxeki baveza futhi ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ingadala imiphumela engahlosiwe. Eminye iminyango, ekhathazekile ngokuchayeka ngokomthetho, ingalulaza izimfanelo zokuhlangabezana nezisulu zokuhlala, okungase kuhlehlise ukuphepha komphakathi. Abanye bangase bamelane nokuthatha imibiko emincane (ukulalela) kodwa bangayishintshi inqubo. Ukuhlola kweUrban Institute kwathola ukuthi izinhlangano ezisezifundazweni ezazibika izimfuneko eziqinile zazivame ukuhlangabezana nezingcaphuzo ezihlukene zokuqashwa okusha kodwa zahluleka ukuthuthukisa idlanzana lezisebenzi eziphambili, kushiye izisebenzi zezezezezezeze futhi zishiye izisebenzi zezikhulu zempiyelo zinezimhlophe nabesilisa.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kuyasetshenziswa

Ngaphandle kwemibuzo engokomthetho, izinselele eziningana ezisebenzayo ziyaphikelela. Okokuqala, izinyunyana eziningi zamaphoyisa ziphikisa iziphakamiso zezindawo ezihlukene, ziphikisa ukuthi zilulaza izimiso ezikhudlwana nezifanele. Kwezinye izifundazwe, izivumelwano ezihlangene zimise ukufinyelelwa kwemithetho yokuqashwa. Okwesibili, iqoqo lokufuna ukugcinwa komthetho liye lancipha, okwenza kube nzima ukudonsa noma iziphi izimendo ezifanelekayo, ingasaphathwa neze emaqenjini ahloselwe ukulwa. Okwesithathu, imingcele ezomnotho (yezinga eliphakeme lezindleko zokuqeqeshwa kwamaphoyisa) inciphisa kakhulu imithetho yokugcinwa kweqembu lamaphoyisa nabesifazane. Izifunda zasekholiji ezifuna ukuvinjelwa okuqhubekayo kwetheku.

Ukungaqiniseki komphakathi nakho kunendima. Ezindaweni ezikhona namaphoyisa axhaphazayo angokomlando, izakhamuzi ezimbalwa zingase zingangeni emnyangweni ofanayo onedumela lokuziphatha okubi. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasabela ngokufaka ububonisi bomphakathi ezinqubweni zokuqashwa, njengokuvumela izindawo zokuqasha abantu. Ekugcineni, ushintsho lwezombangazwe lungashintsha: ushintsho kumthetho wombuso noma umbusi lungaholela ekuthatheni izinhlelo zezinhlobonhlobo, njengoba zibonwa e-Arizona nase-Tennessee eminyakeni yamuva.

Iziyalezo Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba beqhubekela phambili, abamisi - mthetho bombuso bacabangela izinguquko eziningi ukuze bathuthukise ukuphumelela kwemithetho yokubuthelwa empini kuyilapho behlala bengaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Ukuqinisa Ukwaziswa Nokulandisa

Enye into ebaluleke kakhulu akudingi nje ukubika nje kodwa futhi izimpawu ezithatha isinyathelo ezinemiphumela yokungahambisani. ICalifornia icabangela isikhwama esizohlanganisa ukuxhasa kwezimali zikahulumeni ekuhlangabezeni izisulu ezihlukahlukene, esifana nendlela isigqebhezana sesihloko se-IX esisebenza ngayo ezikhungweni zemfundo. Ezinye izifundazwe zihlola ukusetshenziswa “kwezigqebhezana ezilinganayo” ezenza ukwaziswa kwezezinkonzo kutholakale obala ngesikhathi sangempela, ivumela amaqembu omphakathi ukuba agcine iminyango inecala.

Ukwandisa uhlelo lombhobho

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zixhasa ngokuqhubekayo izinhlelo zokuqeqesha abafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme nasekolishi abavela ezizindeni ezingakholisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-I-940 (edlulile ngo-2018) yase Washington yabela “amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-5 [amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-25] uhlelo lokuqeqesha amaphoyisa Codet” oluhlasela intsha emiphakathini enezinga eliphezulu lobugebengu. Imiphumela yakuqala ibonisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezinjalo zandisa izinombolo zokufaka isicelo futhi zithuthukisa ukuzimela ngokwakha umuzwa wokuba yilungu ngaphambi komsebenzi ongokomthetho.

Ukuqeqesha Nokuqapha Izinguquko

Izigodi eziningana ziveza ukuqeqeshwa kobandlululo olucacile kubo bonke izisebenzi abahilelekile ekubhaliseni nasekuqasheni. Umgomo uwukunciphisa ubandlululo olungabonakali lapho kuxoxwa, lapho kuhlolwa, lapho kuhlolwa iqophelo eliqinile, futhi kuhlolwa isizinda. Izinguquko zobupolisa zamashumi amabili20 zaseVirginia zidinga ukuba okungenani ilungu elilodwa lanoma iliphi iqembu labaqashiwe libe lisuka enkampanini enciphelweni elinganiselwe ebekwe emnyangweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amazwe ancishiswe izindinganiso eziguquguqukayo zomzimba kanye nezisemzimbeni ezibangela ukuba abesifazane abafuna umsebenzi bangakwazi ukuvuselelwa, bashintshele ekuhloleni izinqumo ezivamile zezelelwe emsebenzini kunokuba kube ukuhlola isoshalo esivamile sempi.

Izivikelo Ezingokomthetho Zezinyathelo Ezihlukahlukene

Isabela ekufuneni i-ligistration eqhubekayo, imibuso inikeza imithetho egunyaza ngokuqondile “ukungenela nokujoyina” ngaphandle kokusebenzisa uhlanga noma ubulili njengengxenye yokwenza izinqumo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wesibonelo owasungulwa yi-National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) ukhuthaza izinhlangano ukuba zilandele imininingwane engokwenani labantu futhi zibeke imigomo kodwa inqabela ukwelashwa okubalulekile ezinqumweni zokugcina zokuqasha. Le ndlela ihlose ukudlulisa ukucubungula okuqinile kuyilapho isakhuthaza ukwahlukahlukana kwezindawo.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yoMbuso elawula ukufakwa kwamaphoyisa amaphoyisa amancane nabesifazane imelela ithuluzi elinzima lokumisa imithetho engaphezulu esemthethweni. Kusukela ekubikeni okuqinile izimfuneko ze-HBCU ezihlangene nezinhlelo ze-Maryland nezinhlelo ze-New York ezinikezayo, indawo engokomthetho iyahlukahluka futhi ihamba ngokulandelana. Nakuba izinselele zomthetho-sisekelo nezithiyo ezisebenzayo ziphikelela, ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi ukufakwa kahle kwemithetho kahulumeni okukhona kuhlale kuhleliwe, / ngokuphindwe ka-iphakanye okuhlanganisa ukubonakala, ukusekela imali, nokuthuthukisa intuthuko yamapayipiter. Inguquko yesikhathi esizayo iyokwenza intuthuko ekuphenduleleni ukwaziswa, ukugcinwa, ukucusumbuza, nokulunga okungokomthetho kokuhlola inkantolo. Njengoba imiphakathi iyaqhubeka ifuna ukubungaza nokuhlonipha okubonisa, imibuso izifundayo ihlala isesimweni esibucayi.