Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Nendima Yezinkantolo Ezikhethekile Ekulungeni Kwanamuhla

Isimiso sobulungisa siwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi oluklanyelwe ukusekela imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukulunga. Kulesi simiso, izinkantolo ezikhethekile ziye zavela njengendlela ebucayi, zikhuluma ngezindlela ezithile zamacala ezihambelana nezindlela ezihambelana nazo zonke ezidlula isilinganiso esisodwa sezinkantolo ezingokwesiko. Lesi sihloko sihlola umsebenzi wezinkantolo ezikhethekile, ukuthuthuka kwazo ngokomlando, izindlela zokusebenza, izinzuzo, izinselele, kanye necebo lesikhathi esizayo, sinikeza ukubheka ngokunzulu indlela ezilungisa ngayo ubulungisa.

Ziyini Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile?

Izinkantolo ezikhethekile ziyizinhlangano zokwahlulela ezihlukene ezigxile ezingxenyeni ezithile zomthetho noma ezinhlobo zecala. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo ezilawulayo ezisingatha izindaba eziningi kakhulu zenza ukuphulwa kwezimoto kuya ekubulaleni − izinkantolo ezikhethekile ziklanyelwe ukunikeza amacala aphumelela ngokwengeziwe, aphumelelayo, futhi afundiswa ukusingatha amacala adinga ulwazi olukhethekile noma ulwazi. Asebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezifanayo nezinkantolo ezingokwesiko kodwa ahlanganisa ezinye izinqubo, amaqembu abambisanayo, kanye namafilosofi axazulula izinkinga.

Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zemikhaya, izinkantolo zezingane, izinkantolo zezengqondo, nezinkantolo zentela. Ngazinye zivumelana nezici ezivelele ezingokomthetho, zezenhlalo, nezengqondo zendaba yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zezidakamizwa zimisa ukuphathwa ngokulandelana kwecala lokuboshwa, kuyilapho izinkantolo zomkhaya zigxila ekufuneni ukuthunyelwa kwezindaba nasezithakazelweni okuhle kwezingane. Umqondo wokuzihlela ngendlela ekhethekile awumusha; izinkantolo ezinjenge-probate ne-admiral ments th marde. Nokho, amagagabhu anamuhla ezinkantolo ezikhethekile abizwa njalo ngokuthi yinkinga enkantolo esingatha izinkantolo kwishumi lama-20 leminyaka njengempendulo ehlwithwa nezimo ezigcweleyo.

Injongo Yezinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zifeza izinjongo eziningana ezibalulekile esimisweni sobulungisa.

  • [[FLT: 0] ukwenzeka: Ngokugxilisa ingqondo ezinhlotsheni ezithile zecala, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zingalandelana ngezinqubo, zinciphise ukulibala, futhi zidlulise amacala ngokushesha kunezinkantolo ezivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zezidakamizwa zivame ukuqeda amacala ngezinyanga kuneminyaka.
  • Expertie: Abahluleli, abashushisi, nabameli ezinkantolo ezikhethekile bathola ukuqeqeshwa esicini esifanelekile somthetho noma ezindabeni eziyisisekelo zezenhlalo. Lobu buchwepheshe buholela ezinqumweni ezinolwazi olungcono. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo yezempilo yengqondo iqonda ukuguquguquka kwezifo zengqondo kanye nezinketho zokwelapha.
  • Lezinkantolo zingasebenzisa izinhlelo kanye neziphakamiso ezisingatha izimbangela eziyinhloko zezinkinga zomthetho, njengokuluthwa, ukugula kwengqondo, noma ukungasebenzi. Esikhundleni sokunikeza izigwebo ezivamile, zihlela ngekhono elihlanganisa ukululeka, ukuhlola imilaliso, nokuqeqesha umsebenzi.
  • Unikezelo: Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zivame ukunikeza abantu ababhekene nezinselele zomthetho indawo esekela kakhulu. Zinganikeza abaqondisi bezezimali, ontanga, nezinqubo ezenziwe lula ezenza le nqubo ingasabiseki futhi ibe yize kakhulu kubantu abasengozini.
  • Isusa iRecivism:[ Umgomo oyinhloko ukuqeda umjikelezo wobugebengu. Ngokusingatha izindaba ezicashile, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zizimisele ukunciphisa amathuba okuziphindisela, ukuzuzisa kokubili abantu nemiphakathi.

Izinhlobo Zezinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinkantolo ezikhethekile zikhuluma ngezindaba zomthetho ezihlukile namanani abantu. Nakhu ukuhlola okukhulu izinhlobo ezivamile nezinemiphumela:

Izinkantolo Zezidakamizwa

Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa zigxila kubantu abamangalelwa ngecala elihlobene nezidakamizwa, ukuphathana ngezidakamizwa okuvamile okungenabudlova noma ukuphatha ngebanga eliphansi. Zavela ekupheleni kwawo-1980 njengempendulo ekusakazeni umqedazwe wecrack nokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi. Lezi zinkantolo zisebenza ekhonweni le-jurisprudency, zihlanganisa ukuqondisa kokwahlulela ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, ukuhlolwa njalo kwezidakamizwa, kanye nezisusa zokuzivumelanisa nokulalela. Abagawuli bavela njalo phambi komahluleli ukuba babike intuthuko. Ukuphumelela kungaholela ekuxosheleni amacala noma ekuncipheni kwemisholo. NgokweSiko sesizwe se-Justial [[FLT:], ukusetshenziswa kweMilaliso yezidakamizwa, ukuhlolwa njalo, nezinkantolo zezidakamizwa zinciphisa kakhulu ukugcinwa kwemilaliso nezindleko uma kuqhathaniswa nenqubo evamile.

Izinkantolo Zomkhaya

Izinkantolo zemikhaya zisingatha amacala ahilela ubuhlobo basekhaya, njengesahlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekela izingane, ubudlova basekhaya, nokutholwa. Indlela yazo igcizelela ukuqulwa kwezindaba nokukhishwa kwezimpikiswano. Izinkantolo eziningi zemikhaya zisebenzisa amajaji akhethekile ngokuqeqesha izingane ngokuthuthukisa nokusebenza kwengqondo komkhaya. Izithakazelo ezingcono kakhulu zezingane zinkulu, futhi ngokuvamile zisebenza nezisebenzi zezenhlalakahle nabaxhumanisi bokukhulisa izingane. Izinkantolo zemikhaya zingabuye zikhulume ngezindaba ezinjengokuthi ukubeletha nokunakekela nokunakekela, zinikeze ukumiswa kwempikiswano emndenini.

Izinkantolo Eziyimiqhudelwane

Izinkantolo ze Juvenile zisingatha amacala ahilela izingane ezimangalelwa ngokuziphatha kobugebengu noma icala lesikhundla (njengesivumelwano). Ifilosofi ibuye ilungise izinkolelo zayo, isekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi intsha iyakwazi ukushintsha. Izinhlelo zingahlanganisa ukweluleka, inkonzo yomphakathi, imfundo, kanye nokunikeza umnyango. Umgomo uwukuqondisa intsha esuswe eqenjini lezemthetho wezobugebengu (njengezigebengu) uma ifuna ukuba ibeke icala. Izinguquko zamuva zigcizelela ukunciphisa ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga nokugwema ukufakwa kwecala elincane. Ihhovisi le Juvenile Justice and Delistquictive Prevention inikeza ukucwaninga okukhulu ngezenzo zobugqizi.

Izinkantolo Ze - Veterans

Izinkantolo zezempi zinakekela omakad ’ ebona abanolwazi lwezempi abazithola besenkingeni engokomthetho, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezimpikiswano ezihlobene nokusebenza njenge-PTSD, ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu, noma ukusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa. Lezinkantolo zavela ekuqaleni kwawo- 2000 futhi zahlanganisa ukuqondisa kokwahlulela nokuthola izinzuzo ze-VA, ukwelashwa ngengqondo, nokusekela kontanga kontanga kontanga kontanga. Iqembu lenkantolo lihlanganisa ukuxhumana kwasebeqeqeshiwe nodokotela abanolwazi. Abathathi-mdlali kuyadingeka ukuba baye enkantolo futhi bahambisane namalungiselelo okwelapha. Izinkantolo ziye zabonisa impumelelo enkulu ekunciphiseni ukunciphiswa kwe-recid redioms kanye nokuxhuma izikhulu zempi yabanye abantu ukuba bahambe phambili ezinkonzweni.

Izinkantolo Zempilo Yengqondo

Izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo zisingatha izinkantolo lapho ummangalelwa enesifo sengqondo esitholakalayo. Umgomo ukuphambukisa abantu ukuba basuke ejele baye ekwelashweni, ukunciphisa ubugebengu besifo sengqondo. Lezinkantolo zisebenza neqembu elibambisanayo kuhlanganise nochwepheshe bezengqondo, abaphathi bezezomthetho, nabahluleli abaqeqeshelwe ezindabeni zempilo yengqondo. Abathathi-mgomo bathola amasu okwelapha, usizo lwezindlu, kanye nokwelashwa. Ukucwaninga [ku- Substance Abuse Administration and Mentaltic Services Administration kubonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zezempilo zengqondo zinciphisa ukuboshwa nokuhlaliswa kweminyango.

Izinkantolo Zentela

Izinkantolo zentela zisebenza kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni phakathi kwentela nohulumeni ngokuphathelene nezikweleti zentela, njengesijeziso, ukubhalisa, nokukhipha intela. Zinikeza imvume yokuxazulula izindaba ezinqubweni ezingokomthetho ezingezizo izinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni. Amajaji enkantolo yentela angochwepheshe emthethweni wentela, futhi izinqubo ziklanyelwe ukuba zingeneke uma kungangeni muntu okhokhile. INkantolo yezentela yase-United States isingatha amacala esizwe, kuyilapho amazwe amaningi anezinkantolo zawo siqu zentela noma amabhodi.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Ezisebenza Ngayo: Isibonelo Esishintsha Inkinga

Ngokungafani nezinkantolo ezivamile ze-aversarial, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zivame ukusebenza embonini elungisa izinkinga ebeka kuqala imiphumela ngenqubo. Izici eziyinhloko ezisebenzayo zihlanganisa:

  • Iqoqo lobukhazikhazi: Umahluleli, umshushisi, ummeli ovikelayo, abanikezeli bendlela yokwelashwa, kanye nabaphathi bezendaba basebenza ndawonye ekuklameni nasekuqondiseni amapulani okuvumelana. Lesisakhiwo esingakhonzisi sikhuthaza ukulandisa nokusekela.
  • I-Frequent Judication Monitoring: Abalweli bavela phambi komahluleli njalo-kabili(ngesonto) noma ngesonto-impela nesonto(ukubika intuthuko. Lokhu kuqondisa okuseduze kwenza kube nokulandisa futhi kuvumele ukungenela kwakuqala lapho kuphakama izimpikiswano.
  • Ikhothamo eliphakathi neSanctions: izinkantolo zisebenzisa isimiso esithweswa iziqu zemivuzo (umk., ukubonakala kwenkantolo okuncishisiwe, ukudumisa) nezivumelwano (umz., izabelo zokubhala, ijele elimfushane) ukukhuthaza ukuthobela. Lendlela yokulungiswa kokuziphatha ibaluleke kakhulu ezinkantolo zezidakamizwa namakadlwana.
  • Izinhlangano ezihlangene: izinkantolo ezikhethekile zithembele ebuhlotsheni nezikhungo zokwelashwa zendawo, iziphathimandla zezindlu, izinkonzo zemisebenzi, nezinhlangano ezingomakad ’ ebona. Lezi zibopho zinikeza imithombo ebalulekile engenakunikezwa izinkantolo kuphela.
  • Focus on Out Hout homes: Impumelelo ilinganiswa hhayi ngesinqumo secala kuphela kodwa ngezici ezifana nokuncishiswa kwezidakamizwa, indlu eqinile, umsebenzi, futhi inciphe. Izinkantolo eziningi zilandelela lemigqa ukuze zihlole ukusebenza.

Izinzuzo Zezinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi esimisweni sobulungisa, abahlanganyeli, nemiphakathi:

  • Ukuxazululwa kwecala eGeneral Courts: ngokuphambukisa amacala athile, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zisiza ekunciphiseni ukuminyana ngokweqile ezinkantolo ezingokwesiko, zivumela amajaji avamile ukuba agxile emacaleni ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu noma anobudlova.
  • Ukwelashwa nokuqondisa kuvame ukushibhisa kunokuboshwa. Izindleko zombambiswa wenkantolo yezidakamizwa zilinganiselwa njengengxenye yezindleko zokuhlala othile ejele. Ukugcinwa kunwetshwa kuncishiswe izindleko zamaphoyisa nenkantolo ze-recifivism.
  • Imiphumela e-Moyeni e-Imfect: abathathi-nxaxheba bathola ukwelashwa, imfundo, nokuqeqeshwa emsebenzini. Abaningi bafinyelela ukuphucuka, izindlu eziqinile, nokuhlanganiswa nemikhaya. Lokhu kudala imiphumela emihle ebangelwa amaza emiphakathini.
  • Isivumelwano se-Community Adminity:[ Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zihilela imithombo yomphakathi, ukukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwesimiso somthetho nezinhlangano zendawo. Lokhu kwakha ukwethembana futhi kwenza isimiso sobulungisa sisabelele ngokwengeziwe ezidingweni zendawo.
  • [ Imisebenzi yeDrata-Driven:[ Izinkantolo eziningi ezikhethekile ziqoqa ukwaziswa ngemiphumela ehilelekile, okwenza intuthuko eqhubekayo nokwenza izimiso ezisekelwe kubufakazi.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zazo, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zibhekana nezinselele eziningana ezibalulekile:

  • Ukuhlanganisa nokuzinza: Izinkantolo eziningi ezikhethekile zincike ekunikezeni imali elinganiselwe isikhathi. Uma izimali ziphela, izinkantolo zingalwa ukuze ziqhubeke nokusebenza. Lokhu kungantengantengi kuthinta ukuhlelwa kwesikhathi eside nezisebenzi. Izimo ezigcina ulwazi lokusetshenziswa kwemali ngezinye izikhathi zinciphisa noma ziqede izinhlelo ezikhethekile zenkantolo.
  • Ikhono eliqinisekisiwe nokungalawuleki: Akubona bonke abantu abafanelekayo abangahlanganyela ngenxa yokungalawuleki kwekhono. Izinkantolo zingaba nezindinganiso eziqinile − ukuhlanganisa labo abanemilando enobudlova noma izimo zempilo yengqondo ezingathi sína. //Izimo ezivimbela imiphakathi ukuba igcinwe phansi. Abalindi bavamile.
  • Ukungavumelani nokuthatha nomthetho: Amanye amalungu omphakathi nabenzi bezimiso abheka izinkantolo ezikhethekile ngokuthi "kungagwetshwa" noma izaphula-mthetho ezibophanayo. Lokhu kungabaza kungaphazamisa ukuxhaswa kwemali nokusekelwa. Imikhankaso yemfundo idingeka ukuze kuqokonyiswe ubufakazi bokuphumelela.
  • Ukuhlangana ne-Broater Justice System: Ukuhlanganisa okungenamsoco nokugcinwa komthetho, ukugcinwa kwecala, nezinkantolo ezingokwesiko kungaba yinselele. Izikhala zokuxhumana, izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingavumelani, namafilosofi ahlukene adala ukungezwani. Ngaphandle kobuholi obuqinile, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zingaba iziqhingi ezihlukene zokusungula izinto.
  • Isikhova senet Exfusion: Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo ezikhethekile zingandisa ukufinyelelwa kwesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu, zidweba abantu abebengaphambukiswa noma bangamangalelwa. Kubalulekile ukuklama izinkantolo ngezimiso ezicacile zobungane ukuze kugwenywe ukuphamba.
  • Inqaba yokuhlola okuqinile: Nakuba ezinye izinkantolo ezikhethekile zinezisekelo eziqinile zobufakazi, ezinye azinazo izifundo eziqinile. Ukucwaninga okuningi kuyadingeka emiphumeleni emide, izindleko, kanye naziphi izinto ezishukumisa impumelelo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: Impumelelo Yezinkantolo Zokwelapha Izidakamizwa

Enye yezimboni ezihlolwa kakhulu inkantolo ekhethekile yinkantolo yezidakamizwa. Yaqala eMiami ngo 1989, izinkantolo zezidakamizwa manje zingaphezu kuka-3 000 e-United States. Ukuhlola kwe-sensinal kwe- National Institute of Justice kwathola ukuthi abathathi benkantolo yezidakamizwa babenenani eliphansi kakhulu kunabephula umthetho abahlelwe ezinkantolo ezingokwesiko. Ukuhlaziywa kwezinkantolo zezidakamizwa ezingu-154 kwabonisa ukwehla kwemidayisa kwesilinganiso se 8 kuya kumaphuzu angu-26. Ngaphezu kwenzuzo yomphakathi, yonke imali echithwa ezinkantolo zezidakamizwa igcinwa phakathi kwezingalayiseko zobudola isamba nokwezempilo. Izitebhili zeze zezidakamizwa ezisezinkantolo zezemisha, izinkantolo zemidalingo zomkhaya ezizimele zesizwe, ne-DU.

Ukugxekwa Nezimpikiswano

Akuyona yonke incazelo eqondile. Abanye abagxeki baphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngekhono lokuphoqelelwa ezinkantolo ezikhethekile − lapho abahlanganyeli bebhekene nosongo lwezijeziso eziqinile uma behluleka ukwelashwa. Imfuneko yokususa amalungelo athile adingekile enqubo ethile, njengokuncenga icala, iye yahlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga nokwezinhlanga kuyaqhubeka ekuhlanganyeleni kwenkantolo ekhethekile; ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ngokuvamile amadlanzana abhekene nezinkinga ezihlobene nokubaluleka kwawo enkantolo. Ukukhuluma ngalezindaba zecala kuyinselele eqhubekayo.

Enye impikiswano ihlanganisa incazelo "impumelelo" nakuba izinkantolo eziningi zithatha i-divisions, zingase zingalinganisi eminye imiphumela ebalulekile njengokuzinza kwempilo yengqondo noma ukuhlanganiswa komkhaya. Ngaphandle kwe-millistic, kunengozi yokuthola umgomo ongcono kakhulu ngokulahlekelwa ezinye.

Ikusasa Lezinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ikusasa lezinkantolo ezikhethekile lixhomeke ekwandeni, ekuhlanganiseni, nasekusunguleni izinto.

  • Izekhono ne-Data:[[FT:1] Izikhalo zenkantolo eziqondene neqiniso, ukuhlola kwe-electronic, kanye namabhodi okwaziswa kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokulandisa. I-cell apps yokuhlola imilaliso kanye nemishini yokuhlola imishini iyaqhutshwa.
  • I-Trauma-Information Approates:[ izinkantolo zihlanganisa izimiso zokunakekela okubuhlungu, ziqaphela ukuthi abaningi abahlanganyelayo banezenzakalo zokuxhashazwa noma ubudlova. Ukuqeqesha abahluleli nezisebenzi ezizwela ukukhubazeka kuba yindinganiso.
  • Imizamo yokunciphisa umehluko iholela ekushintsheni kwezimiso zokuthola nokuthola. Amanye ama-autrip adala izinkantolo zomphakathi ezindaweni ezimbalwa ukuze kwakhiwe ukwethembana nokuthola.
  • Ukuhlanganisa i-'Act' e-Aquares': Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zihlanganisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile zokushushumbisa abantu, izinkantolo zokuqondisa abantu ngaphambili ababeboshiwe, nezinkantolo zendawo ezungezile zecala lokungcola. Zonke zivumelanisa isimo senkinga esicazululiwe nomongo omusha.
  • Isimo neSisekelo seFederal: Imali evela e-Bureau of Justice Affect nomthetho wezwe iyaqhubeka isekela ukusungulwa kwezinkantolo ezintsha ezikhethekile. Nokho, abameleli bafuna imifudlana esekelayo esekelayo, njengemigqa enikezelwe yemali kahulumeni noma izimpawu zemali ezigciniwe.

Isiphetho

Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zifeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni sobulungisa ngokusingatha izindaba ezithile zomthetho ngokulungisa, ngokulungisa izinkinga. Zithuthukisa impumelelo, zithuthukise imiphumela yalabo abahlanganyelayo, futhi zithuthukise ukuhileleka komphakathi. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokuxhasa ngemali, amandla, nokulingana, ubufakazi obuningi busekela ukuphumelela kwazo ekunciphiseni ukuhlukanisa nokuthuthukisa ukuphila. Njengoba isimiso sobulungisa siqhubeka siguqula, izinkantolo ezikhethekile ziyohlala zisemfamfa yemizamo yokwakha isakhiwo esiphumelelayo, esingumphakathi, nesinomthetho osemthethweni. Ukwanda nokuthuthukisa kwazo okuqhubekayo kudingekile ekuhlanganeni nezidingo zomphakathi ezihlukahlukene nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa abusebenzi nje kuphela kodwa futhi buguqula.