Ukuqonda indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo ngeSigele sase-United States kubalulekile kunoma ubani onesithakazelo kuhulumeni waseMelika, ukuthembisana komphakathi, noma umthetho womphakathi. Uhambo lweSigele sokushaya umthetho luyinkimbinkimbi, lubanzi oluguqula imibono ibe imithetho. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola zonke izinyathelo ezithathayo lapho ingena eSigqeni, kusukela esingenisweni sokuqala kuya esigcineni, sikunikeza ulwazi lokulandela umthetho futhi uqonde ukuthi uhulumeni wakho usebenza kanjani.

Indima eyingqayizivele yeSigele Enqubweni Yomthetho

ISigele nendlu yabameleli ngokuyisisekelo iyalingana ezindima nasemisebenzini yabo yokushaya umthetho, nakuba iNdlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wenzuzo, futhi iSigele kuphela esiqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ezivumayo. Lomthetho sisekelo umisa iSigele njengesisebenzi esilinganayo ekumiseni umthetho kuyilapho sisinikeza amandla akhethekile ezindaweni ezithile.

Imithetho yeSigele nezimiso zivumela ukuhlobana ngokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, zinikeze amaSenator anamandla aphawulekayo. Lomcimbi owehlulayo uhlukanisa iSigele nendlu yabameleli futhi uhlele indlela izindleko ezicatshangelwa ngayo, eziphikiswana ngayo, futhi ekugcineni zidluliswa noma zenqatshwe ngayo.

Umholi weqembu elikhulu ngokuvamile kulindeleke ukuba ahlongoze izinto ezizocatshangelwa, kodwa amathuluzi angokomthetho avumela inani elikhulu ukuba lithathe isinyathelo ambalwa, okusho ukuthi ukuhola kweqembu elikhulu kumelwe kuxoxisane nabaholi beqembu elincane futhi ngokuvamile bonke abaHluleli ukuze baqhube ngokuphumelelayo isenzo esisesiteji seSigele. Lemfuneko yokwakha imvume yenza iSigele sibe umzimba okhethekile wemithetho lapho amalungu ngamanye esebenzisa ithonya elikhulu.

Indlela Ibhuloho Eliqala Ngayo KuleSigele

Ngaphambi kokuba isikhwama siqale uhambo lwaso ngeSigele, kumelwe sihlongozwe kuqala futhi sifakwe. Isivumelwano siyisiphakamiso somthetho omusha noma ukushintshela kumthetho okhona, futhi umqondo ungavela kwilungu elihlezi leSigele noma iNdlu yabameleli base-U.S., isiphakamiso phakathi nomkhankaso wokhetho lwenhlangano, noma isicelo sabantu noma amaqembu ezakhamuzi atusa umthetho omusha noma osushintshiwe ilungu le-Congressporset eliwamelelayo.

I-senentar noma ummeleli nezisebenzi zakhe babhala incwadi yephepha, ebizwa ngokuthi i-alphagist of the Legislative Council. Le nqubo yokudweba ihilela ukucwaninga okukhulu, ukuxhumana nochwepheshe bezomthetho, ukuzwana okuvela emaqenjini enzalo, nokubambisana nezinhlangano zezezithakazelo. Iziphathi zingasebenza neHhovisi le-Legislative Depart, ihhovisi elingayi-partis esiza ekuguquleleni imiqondo yemithetho esemthethweni.

Ukushintshwa Kwegazi Nokusetshenziswa Kwekho

Uma isikhwama sesibhaliwe, isheya kumelwe ixhase ukusethula ngokusemthethweni. Umxhasi ungumsekeli oyinhloko womthetho futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokwalusa ngenqubo yomthetho. Abanye abameli bangakhetha ukuba abasizi abahlangene, baphawule ukusekela kwabo lomthetho futhi bandise amathuba awo okuphumelela. Umshini we-co-sporan kungabaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni ukusekela i-bipartisan nokubonisa ukusekela okubanzi kwe-accoption.

U-Bills owenziwe eSigeqeni ubizwa nge- "S" isimaphambili esilandelwa yinombolo (ngokwesibonelo, S. 1234), ehlukanisayo nemali yendlu esebenzisa i-"H.R" isimaphambili. Lolu hlelo lokubala luqala kabusha nge-Groupts, eqala njalo eminyakeni emibili.

Isingeniso Nokufunda Kokuqala

Ukufakwa kwephepha kuphawula ukungena kwalo okungokomthetho enqubweni yomthetho. Uma i-senet ingenisa isikweleti, yabelwe inani eliyingqayizivele futhi ifundwe ngokomthetho okokuqala ngqá esiteshini seSigele. Lokhu kufundwa kokuqala ngokuvamile kuwumkhuba lapho kumenyezelwa khona isihloko somthetho nenombolo, kunokuba kufundwe umbhalo wonke.

Ngemva kwesethulo, izimali zibhekiselwa ekomitini elungile noma kumakomiti asekelwe endabeni yayo. IKhomishane yePhalamende, isikhulu esingaphathi-mthetho esikhonza njengomphathi wemithetho yeSigele nezimiso, ngokuvamile yenza lokhu kunqunywe ngokusekelwe ekuquketheni kwemali nakubuswa kwamakomiti ahlukahlukene. Kwezinye izimo, isimemezelo somthetho singabhekiselwa kumakomiti amaningi uma sithinta izindawo eziningana zemithetho, nakuba ikomiti eyodwa ivame ukumiswa njengekomiti eyinhloko yegunya.

Isabelo Sekomiti Nembuyiselo

Lomthetho uzosungulwa eNdlu yeSigele noma eNdlu yabameleli kanye nekhophi kuyodluliselwa kuSenator ngamunye noma ummeleli futhi yabe ikomiti efanelekile ukuba ihlole lesisikhwama. Isimiso sekomiti siwumsuka womsebenzi wenhlangano, uvumela amalungu ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zesimiso nokwenza ukuhlola okuningiliziwe komthetho ohlongozwayo.

Iningi lala makomiti ahlelile, ayizinhlanganisela zamalungu asemakomitini amile, ngokuvamile aqala ukuhola ekwakheni nasekuhloleni umthetho, njengoba amalungu avame ukusebenza emakomitini amancane, ngokuvamile iminyaka eminingi, awavumela ukuba abe nolwazi olujulile ezicini ezithile zesimiso.

Wonke amakomiti abekwa isihlalo yilungu leqembu elikhulu, nakuba izihlalo zivame ukusebenza eduze nelungu eliphezulu lekomiti, ilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke leqembu elincane ekomitini. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu angenele umsebenzi wekomiti, nakuba iningi lilawula uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo.

Inqubo Yokubukeza Yekomiti

Uma isikweleti sesibhekiswe ekomitini, singena kulokho ngokuvamile okuyingxenye ebucayi kakhulu yenqubo yomthetho. Ikomiti ngayinye ithola izikhombo eziningi ezikhombayo ngenkambo yeSishaya-mthetho, ngaphezu kakhulu kokuba iqembu lingakwazi ukuphishekela nganoma imuphi umniningwane, futhi isihlalo sekomiti sinegunya eliyinhloko lokuhlela ikomiti, ngokuyinhloko elihlukanisa izikweletu noma izimpikiswano ikomiti eyozama ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho ngokuzwa nangemithelela.

Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango usho ukuthi izikweleti eziningi azilokothi zithathe isinyathelo ekomitini futhi zife ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokucabangela okwengeziwe. Isinqumo sesihlalo sekomiti mayelana nezikweleti zokuhlela izindleko sithonywa yizici eziningi, kuhlanganise nezinto zezombangazwe eziza kuqala zeqembu elikhulu, izinto ezikhathazayo, izenzakalo zamanje, kanye nethuba lokwakha ukusekela okwanele ukuze lihambe.

Izindaba Zekomiti

Isinyathelo sokuqala esingokomthetho sekomiti esingokomthetho esikwesikweletu noma umagazini kungase kube ukuqulwa kwecala, okunikeza amalungu ekomiti nomphakathi ukuqulwa kwamaphuzu anamandla nobuthakathaka besicelo esivela eqenjini elikhethiwe njengezinhlangano zegatsha eziyinhloko, izimboni ezifanelekayo, namaqembu amelela izakhamuzi ezithakazelayo, futhi ukuzwa nakho kuyindlela yokuqokomisa umthetho kozakwabo, emphakathini, nabezindaba, kanye nofakazi abamenywayo abanikeza amazwi amafushane ekomiti ehlangene kuyilapho benikeza nenguqulo ebhalwe kade yesinqumo sabo esingokomthetho.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kuwumhlangano noma isimiso seSigele, iNdlu, ilungu, noma ikomiti ekhethekile yoMkhandlu, ngokuvamile evulekele umphakathi, ukuze uthole ukwaziswa nemibono ngomthetho ohlongozwayo, uhlole, noma uhlole/ubheke imisebenzi yomnyango kahulumeni noma ukumiswa komthetho kaFederal, futhi ukuzwa kungase futhi kube ukuphenya okuphelele endalweni, kunikeze ubufakazi nokwaziswa ngezindaba zesithakazelo samanje.

AmaKomiti acabangela amakhulu ezikweletu phakathi nemihlangano yawo yasobala engaphezu kuka - 2 000 yezindaba neyomsebenzi uMkhandlu ngamunye, futhi amakomiti eNkantolo avame ukubiza ukuqulwa kofakazi bawo, kuhlanganise namalungu eSishaya - mthetho, izikhulu zamakhabethe nezinye izikhulu zezisebenzi, abameleli bezinhlangano zezebhizinisi nezezisebenzi, nabanye ofakazi abangochwepheshe.

Akudingeki ukuqulwa kwecala ngokombono ocacile ukuze kuthole isikweleti esithathelwe isinyathelo esengeziwe ekomitini. Ezinye izikweleti zihamba ngokuqondile ziyokwehlela ngaphandle kokuthethwa kwecala, ikakhulukazi uma indaba iye yahlolwa kakhulu ezingxoxweni zangaphambili noma uma umthetho ungekho ngokwesilinganiso.

Izinhlobo Zezindaba Zamakomiti

Amakomiti eNkathi aphatha izinhlobo eziningana zamacala ngaphandle kwecala lomthetho ezikweletini ezithile. Zonke izimemezelo zinenjongo efanayo engokomthetho: ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okuzosetshenziswa yikomiti emisebenzini yayo, futhi lokhu kwaziswa ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa ukumisa umthetho, ngisho nalapho ukuqulwa kwecala kungesona isigebengu esiqondile.

Ukuzwa ngokuqondisisa kuhlola indlela izinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe ezisebenzisa ngayo imithetho ekhona nokusebenzisa imali efanelekile. Ukuqulwa kwamacala kuhlola izikhalo zokungalungi kokuziphatha noma izinkinga ezifuna ukuqashelwa kwenhlangano. Ikomiti ngayinye yeSigele inegunya lokuqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwemithetho kamongameli ezikhundleni zobuphathi nezokwahlulela ezingaphansi kwayo. I-Gevention Foreign Relations Committee inikeza izimemezelo zezivumelwano ukuze ihlole izivumelwano zezizwe zonke ezifuna ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-mthetho.

Inqubo Yokuphawula

Ikomiti ebhalisayo iyisinyathelo esiyinhloko esiyinhloko ekugcineni ikomiti ethatha ukuze ikhiphe isikweleti sokuqhubekela phansi, isihlalo sekomiti ngokuvamile sikhetha isiphakamiso esizobekwa phambi kwekomiti sokuqongelela (uhlamvu olushiwoyo noma umbhalo omusha wokudweba), futhi kulomhlangano, ngokuvamile ovulekele umphakathi, amalungu ekomiti acabangela izinguquko ezingenzeka ekusikiseleni lesi sicelo ngokufaka nokuvota, kuhlanganise ngokunokwenzeka nommeleli ophelele wombhalo wayo, nophawu oluphetha lapho ikomiti ivuma, ngovoti abaningi, ukuze babike isimende.

AmaKomiti awavamile ukuba athole umvuzo ngaphandle kokuba isiphakamiso esikhona silindeleke ukuba sisekelwe kakhulu kuleyo voti. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izihlalo zekomiti nezisebenzi zihlanganyela ekuxoxiseni okukhulu nokubhala amavoti ngaphambi kokwenza uhlelo lokubhalisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imali isekelwa ngokwanele ukuba ibikwe kahle.

Ikomiti ingavota ukuba ibike isikhwama esibhekiswe kuso, nesinezinguquko ezituswayo ezibonisa noma yiziphi izinguquko ezamukelwa phakathi nokubhalisa, noma njengenye yezimali ezibhekiswe kuso, kunalokho ingabika incwadi yesandla yokuqala noma ehlanzekile eyabhalwa enqubweni yokugcwalisa ngokwayo ngenhloso yokuhlongoza. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela amakomiti ukuba alungise imibandela futhi akhe ukuvumelana.

Phakathi nayo yonke lenqubo kuyenezelwa futhi kwenziwa izinguquko ezimalini ezisekomitini nasezitezini zeSigele neNdlu, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngevoti yokugcina lesivumelwano kungenzeka ukuthi siye sabukezwa kaningana futhi sibukeka sihlukile esikwesikhwama esixhaswayo.

Izivumelwano Ezingaphansi

Amakomiti amaningi endlu neSishaya - mthetho amisa futhi izibopho ezingaphansi, ezingaphansi kwekomiti egcwele lapho amalungu engagxila khona ngokwengeziwe ezicini ezithile zendawo yesimiso, futhi izinga izinhlangano ezincane ezifeza ngalo indima engokomthetho ekwenzeni imithetho (ngokwesibonelo, ngokubeka amacala noma ukuphawula umthetho omisiwe ngaphambi kokucabangela okugcwele) kuyahlukahluka ngokwezingosi nangokwesiko nangokwesiko lekomiti, nakuba noma iyiphi indima ikomiti egcwele ivumela izibopho zayo ezincane ukuba zisebenze, izibopho ezincane azinakubika umthetho oya egumbini njengekomiti egcwele kuphela engenza kanjalo.

Izinhlangano ezizimele zivumela ukuba kuhlolwe imithetho ekhethekile futhi zikwazi ukwenza amalungu engeziwe ahlanganyele ngokukhuthele enqubeni yokushaya umthetho. Nokho, ikomiti egcwele inegunya eliphelele lokuthi ingaqhubeki kanjani nomthetho.

Imibiko YamaKomiti

Uma ikomiti ivota ukuba ibike isikhwama semali ngokufanelekile, ilungisa ngokuvame umbiko obhaliwe ohambisana nomthetho. Lombiko uchaza injongo yemali, uchaza amalungiselelo ayo, unikeza i-komiti isisekelo sokutusa indlela, futhi uhlanganisa nanoma yimiphi imibono ehlukene evela kumalungu amakomiti amelene nalemali. Imibiko yamakomiti iyimithombo ewusizo yokuqonda injongo yomthetho futhi ikhonjwa njalo yizinkantolo nezinhlangano lapho kuchazwa imithetho yokuhumusha.

Ukubekwa EKhalenda LeSigele

Uma ikomiti ithumela futhi ngaphandle koshintsho, khona - ke ikhalenda liqhubeka ukuba livotelwe iSigele noma iNdlu. Uma isikweleti sibikiwe ekomitini, sibekwa eLegislative Calendar yeSigele, ebala zonke izikweleti ezifanele ukucatshangelwa phansi.

Nokho, ukubekwa kwekhalenda akuqinisekisi ukuthi isikweleti sizophikisana noma sizovotelwa. UMholi weSigele, lapho exoxa noMholi woButho nolunye ulwembusazwe, unquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezizolethwa phansi ukuze kucatshangelwe. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwamandla kwenza iqembu elikhulu lilawule kakhulu phezu kwesimiso seSigele, nakuba isidingo sokubambisana nemithetho yeSigele efuna ukuvumelana okukhulu kusho ukuthi izinqumo zokuhlela ngokuvamile zihilela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwezigele

Lapho kubizwa isikweleti sokucatshangelwa esitezi seSigele, singena esigabeni somphakathi nesibonakalayo kakhulu senqubo yomthetho.

Izivumelwano Zokuvuma Ngomusa

Ibhizinisi elikhulu leSigele lenziwa ngezivumelwano ezivumelanayo, ezidingidwayo ezimisa izinqumo zokucabangela isigwebo. Lezi zivumelwano zingachaza ukuthi impikiswano izothatha isikhathi esingakanani, okuzolungiswa nini, futhi nini amavoti ayokwenzeka. Ngenxa yokuthi zidinga imvume yabo bonke abasizi, lezi zivumelwano zibonisa ukugcizelela kweSigele ekuvikeleni amalungelo amancane namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Lapho imvume yokuvumelana ingenakutholakala, iSigele kumelwe sisebenze ngaphansi kwemithetho yaso emile, okungenza ukuba inqubo yokushaya umthetho igcine isikhathi futhi ingabikezeleki.

Impikiswano Yesigele

Inkulumo - mpikiswano yesigele ngokuvamile ayihlelwanga njengenkulumo-mpikiswano yendlu, ibonisa isiko legumbi lokucabanga okubanzi. Abahlaziyi bavame ukuba nenkululeko enkulu yokukhuluma phansi, futhi ngokungafani nendlu, kunemingcele embalwa yokuthi isigele singakhuluma isikhathi eside kangakanani noma izihloko ezingase zikhulume ngazo phakathi nengxoxo yendaba.

Lelisiko lempikiswano engenamkhawulo liyisisekelo se-filibuster, icebo lezesayensi lapho abameli beqala khona impikiswano ngokungenasiphelo ukuze bavimbele ukuvota engokomthetho abamelene nakho. Nakuba i-filbuster ingashiwonga ngokuqondile emithethweni yeSigele, ivela ekungabini kwemithetho evimbela impikiswano.

Ukucwenga Nendawo Engama-60 Evote

Ukuze kuqedwe i-finbuster futhi kuqulwe impikiswano, iSigele singacela amahlule, inqubo edinga ukusekelwa yizifemu ezintathu (ngokuyisisekelo ezingu-60). Ukuhamba kwe-athomu kumelwe kugcinwe futhi kuvele kufike usuku olugcwele ngaphambi kokuba amavoti eNkantolo ifakelwe, impikiswano ilinganiselwe kumahora angu-30 engeziwe ngaphambi kokuba ivoti yokugcina ivele.

Lomnyango onezici ezingu-60 wokunqoba i-filbuster usho ukuthi umthetho obaluleke kakhulu udinga ukusekela kwe-bipartina ukuze uqhubekisele phambili eSigele, ngisho noma elinye iqembu liphethe iningi. Lesidingo sokusekela okukhulu singenye yezici ezihluke kakhulu zeSigele futhi unethonya elikhulu lapho izindleko zingadlula khona.

Izinhlobo ezithile zomthetho azikho ngaphansi kwezimiso ezikhethekile. Sebenzisa izikweletu zokubuyisana, ezithintana nemali, inzuzo, kanye nemali ekweletwayo, zingadlula neziningi futhi zingakhohliswa, nakuba kumelwe zivumelane nemithetho ethile ephathelene nezinto ezikuzo. Umongameli ohlolwayo kanye nomphathi wegatsha angaqinisekiswa futhi ngoshintsho oluvamile lwemithetho eminingi elandelayo eminyakeni yamuva.

Izinqumo Ezisesitejini SeSigele

Phakathi nokucatshangelwa kwephansi, izinyunyana zingasikisela ukulungisa ukuze kulungiswe izivumelwano. ESigeqeni, ngokungafani neNdlu yabameleli, ngokuvamile izinguquko akudingeki ukuba zivumelane nendaba yokulungisa isikweleti. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abasizi banganikeza izinguquko cishe kunoma isiphi isihloko, nakuba kuyiqiniso, izivumelwano ezivumelanayo ngokuvamile ezilinganiselwa ngokuvumelanayo ezingase zinikezwe.

Izinqumo zingasukela ekulungiseni izinto ezincane zobuchwepheshe kuya ekubhaleni kabusha okukhulu zonke izingxenye zemali. Ababheki bangase banikeze izinguquko ukuze bathuthukise izindleko, ukuxoxa ngezikhalo ezivela kumaqembu anezithakazelo, noma ngezinye izikhathi ukwenza ukuba imali ingadluli ngokunezela amalungiselelo aphikisanayo. Ukulungisa ngakunye kufanelwe ukuphikiswana futhi kudinga ukuvota, okunganweba isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kucatshangelwe ngokugcwele izindleko.

Ezinye izinguquko ziklanyelwe ukuqopha izijeziso ngokuphathelene nezindaba ezibucayi zezombangazwe, ngisho noma izinguquko zingabanga namathuba okumukelwa. Lezi "zinguquko" zifeza izinjongo zezombangazwe ngaphandle kwemininingwane yazo yemithetho.

Imisebenzi Yokusakaza

ISigele sisebenzisa izindlela eziningana zokuvota. Amavoti ezwi, lapho amajenali ememeza khona "ye" noma "no" futhi isikhulu esiphethe sinquma ukuthi yiliphi icala elikhona, elisetshenziselwa izindaba ezingahlangani. Amavoti okuvota okuhlukanisa, lapho abameli bema khona ukuba babalwe, anikeza izibalo eziqonde ngokwengeziwe ngaphandle kokuqopha izikhundla ngazinye.

Kumavoti abalulekile, iSigele siqhuba amavoti okuvota, lapho kuqoshwa khona isikhundla se-senete ngayinye. La mavoti acelwa umuntu oyedwa-feya--mshane okhona futhi anikeze umbhalo ohlala njalo wendlela ilungu ngalinye elivota ngayo. Ucingo lubiza amavoti ngokwesiko imizuzu engu-15 edlule, nakuba lunganwetshwa uma abasekeni besafika ukuvota.

Ukudlula Esigeleni

Lapho lolo suku lufika, ityala liyavotwa futhi uma ivoti engaphezu kwengxenye yeyebo idlula khona liqhubekela esinyathelweni esilandelayo. Kudingeka umthetho omningi, uma kuqhathaniswa, kufunwa iningi labavoti abavotiyo ukuze kudlule. Kunezifemu eziyikhulu, lokhu kuvame ukusho ukuthi kudingeka amavoti angu-51, nakuba uMongameli angavota uma iSigele sihlukene ngokulingana.

Nokho, njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho ekuqaleni, ukuvota kokugcina ngokuvamile kudinga ukuba kuqala uzitholele amavoti angu - 60 ukuze kufakwe i - rablebuster futhi kunqotshwe i - filbuster.

Lapho iSigele sidlulisa isikweleti, sigxiliswa ngokomthetho (esilungiselelwe isimo saso sokugcina njengoba sidlula) futhi sidluliselwe eNdlini Yabameleli ukuze sicatshangelwe.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwendlu Yabameleli

Uma inkantolo idlula kwenye indikimba yoMkhandlu, idlule kwenye indikimba ukuze idlule enqubweni efanayo yokucwaninga, ingxoxo, izinguquko, nokuvota, futhi lapho yomibili le mikhandlu isivotile ukwamukela isikweletu, kumelwe ilungise noma yikuphi ukungafani okukhona phakathi kwalezi zinguqulo ezimbili.

Uma igatsha elilodwa leSishaya-mthetho lidlulisa leli cala, libe selidlulela kwelinye igatsha loMkhandlu, futhi icala lidlulela futhi enqubweni engaphezulu egatsheni lesibili leSishayamthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isibambiso seSigele kumelwe sibhekiswe ekomitini yendlu, okungase kuthathwe ukuqulwa nokuqashelwa, kubekwe ekhalendeni lendlu, futhi kuxoxwe futhi kuvotelwe phansi eMzini.

Indlu inezinqubo zayo ezihluke kakhulu kuleyo yeSigele. imithetho nemikhuba yendlu kuvumela inani elikhulu ukuba lilungise umthetho ngokushesha, futhi iNdlu isebenzisa inqubo yenkulumo - mpikiswano ehlelwe kahle enemingcele eqinile yesikhathi nezimfuneko zokukhubazeka.

Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani: AmaKomiti Omhlangano

Kuvamile ukuba iSigele nendlu kudlulise izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene zemali efanayo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ukungefani kumelwe kuxazululwe ngaphambi kokuba izindleko zithunyelwe kuMongameli. Kunezindlela eziningana zokufeza lokhu.

Ngezinye izikhathi igumbi elilodwa limane lamukele inguquko yelinye igumbi, ikakhulukazi uma umehluko uncane noma uma kunesici esiphuthumayo sokuthatha isinyathelo esiphelele kwemali. Okanye, elinye igumbi lingadlula ngophawu lwelinye igumbi ngokulungisa, liphinde liyithumele ukuze kucatshangelwe ngokuqhubekayo.

Kunezikweleti ezingafani kakhulu, lamakamelo amabili ngokuvamile akha ikomiti yengqungquthela, eyikomiti yesikhashana ehlangene enamalungu avela kokubili eSigele naseNdlu. Abanikeli, ngokuvamile abangamalungu amakomiti ayinhloko ayecabangela umthetho ekuqaleni, baxoxa ukuze bakhiqize inguqulo evumelanayo engathola ukuvunyelwa kuwo womabili amakamu.

Ikomiti yengqungquthela iveza umbiko wengqungquthela oqukethe umbhalo wokugcina oyekethiswa. Lombiko kumelwe uvunyelwe yiyo yomibili iSigele nendlu, futhi awunakulungiswa − igumbi ngalinye kumelwe livote ukuba livume noma lilahle njengoba kulotshiwe. Imibiko yengqungquthela ivame ukucatshangelwa ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezilinganiselayo futhi ezivimbela ukunqandwa, eziqeda isenzo sokugcina somthetho.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Uma kudluliswa isikweletu kokubili eSigele naseNdlu, khona - ke siya kuMongameli, futhi uma uMongameli esayina isaziso, siba umthetho, nakuba futhi kungase kube umthetho uma uMongameli engasayini izinsuku eziyishumi.

UMongameli unethonya enqubweni yomthetho, etusa ukuhlelwa kwemali yaminyaka yonke yezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile esikisela umthetho, futhi mhlawumbe ngokubaluleke kakhulu, amandla okushaya umthetho ka - veto angathinta izindleko ezidluliswa yiSishaya - mthetho, futhi njengoba kungavamile ukuba umthetho umiswe phezu kwe - denational detary, uMkhandlu kumelwe uhambisane nesimo sikamongameli ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo.

Uma isikhwama semali sifika edeskini likaMongameli, imiphumela eminingana ingenzeka. Uma uMongameli angasayina isikweleti, asenze umthetho. UMongameli angasibuyisela isikwele, asibuyisele eKhongosweni ngokuphikisa. Uma umongameli ekhetha ukukhipha isikweleti, ezimweni eziningi uMkhandlu ungavota ukuba ususe lokho futhi isikwenzi sibe umthetho. Uma umongameli enqaba (amatowe) isibhakathi, singaba umthetho uma izingxenye ezimbili-ntathu zeSishaya-kamelo nezimbili zendlu khona - ke ivotela imvume yemvume, nakuba kuthukelane ukuba i-Phosadenti ibe nomthetho wokukhomba ukudlula umongameli.

Uma umongameli engasayini esikweletini futhi esaphathwa lapho uMkhandlu ungasekho esiqephini, isaziso sizokhishwa ngephutha esenzweni esibizwa ngokuthi iveto ephaketheni, futhi angeke ingabi nasici ngoKhongolo. Le ngxoxwa ingavela ekupheleni kwesimiso sombuthano lapho uMkhandlu uthuthelwe futhi ungasakwazi ukwamukela umyalezo obuyiselwe.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Nokungakhethwa

Nakuba le nqubo echazwe ngenhla imelela indlela evamile yokushaya umthetho, kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene nezinqubo ezikhethekile ezingasebenza ezimweni ezithile.

Izindlela Zokuhamba Ezisheshayo

Ezinye izinhlobo zomthetho zithathwa ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezingcono ezikhethekile ezilinganisela impikiswano nokulungisa. Igunya lokukhuthaza ukuhweba (elibizwa nangokuthi igunya lokulawula amazandle) livumela ukuba izivumelwano zokuhweba zithathwe ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinisekisa ukuvota phakathi kwe-frame yesikhathi esicacisiwe futhi inqabele ukubuyiselwa. I-Congregational Review Act inikeza inqubo engcono yokuhlenga-hlengisa imigaqo kahulumeni. Umthetho wokubuyisana we-bhange, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, uvumela umthetho othile we-vreversethi ukuba udlule neningi elilula.

Lezi zinqubo ezikhethekile zimiswa ngemithetho noma ngeSigele futhi zibonisa izinqumo zokuhlangana ukuze kuvunywe izenzo ezinhlobonhlobo zomthetho kuyilapho zivuma ukulinganiselwa enqubweni evamile yokuzinqumela.

Ikomiti Edlulayo

Ngezikhathi ezithile, amalungu afuna ukudlula amakomiti ngokulahla i-parelal yekomiti yesilinganiso, kanjalo agcine umthetho phansi ucatshangelwa iSigele esigcwele. Lokhu akuvamile futhi ngokuvamile kudinga ukuvumelana noma kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile.

Abakhandi bangagwema amakomiti ngokunikela zonke izikweletu njengezinto zokulungisa iphansi komunye umthetho, basebenzise ngokunenzuzo imithetho yeSigele yokuyekelela. Nokho, lelisu lingaba yimpikiswano futhi lingase libhekane nezithiyo zokuzihlela.

Izindawo Zokubamba Nokuzindela

Abasekeni ngabunye bangabeka "isimiso" ekwakheni umthetho, okuyizicelo kubaholi beqembu ukuba bangalethi isikweleti phansi. Nakuba izintambo zingaqashelwa ngokomthetho emithethweni yeSigele, zihlonishwa njengendaba yenhlonipho yezikhulu futhi zingabambezela noma zivimbele ukucatshangelwa komthetho. Izinqolobane ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuhlela ukukhipha imvume noma ukuveza ukuphikisa okungathi sína ngesilinganiso esithile.

Ngokufanayo, ishenetha elilodwa lingamelana nesicelo sokuvumelana, livimbele isenzo ebesingathatha-nwa ngaphandle kwempikiswano. Lamandla okuphikisa anika izikhulu ze-senethiwekhi ezibalulekile futhi aqinise isiko leSigele lokuvikela amalungelo amancane.

Iqiniso Lenqubo Yokushaya Imithetho

Inqubo yokuba umthetho kungabi nakutshelwa ukuthi ikweletu kunini futhi kungahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngezikweletu, futhi eqinisweni, ezikweletini eziningi, lenqubo ngeke ilandele ukulandelana kwezigaba zomthetho ngokuvamile eziqondwa njengenqubo yokushaya umthetho, okunezinkinga eziningi nokushintshashintsha okuqhubekayo.

Izinyathelo ezihleliwe eziboniswe kulesi siqondiso zinikeza uhlaka lokuqonda indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo eNdlu Yezigele, kodwa ngokuvamile izinto ezingokoqobo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Izindleko eziningi ezisungulwa eKhongolo zingaba umthetho. Zingafa zingekho komiti, zingakwazi ukudonsa ukusekelwa okwanele ukuze zihlonishwe, zinqotshwe ekuvoteni, noma zibe izisulu zezithiyo zezemizwa. Ngisho nezikweletu ezidlula enye igumbi ngokuvamile azikwazi ukuthathwa ngenye igumbi noma zingakwazi ukusinda enqubweni yekomiti yengqungquthela.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Inqubo Yomthetho Wesigele

Ukuqonda indlela izikweletu ezihamba ngayo ngeSigele kubaluleke ngezizathu eziningi. Kuzo izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuthonya isimiso, ukwazi inqubo yokushaya umthetho kusiza ekutholeni amaphuzu ayinhloko lapho ukuqasha i-advocation kungaba aphumelela kakhulu khona. Ukuxhumana namalungu ocingo phakathi nokuhlola kwekomiti, ngaphambi kokuvota kwaphansi, noma lapho amakomiti engqungquthela exoxayo kungawenza umehluko umphumela wokugcina.

Kubafundi besayensi kahulumeni nezombangazwe, inqubo yeSigebengu yomthetho ibonisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi yaseMelika, kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, uhulumeni, kanye nokungezwani phakathi kokubusa kweningi namalungelo amancane. Izinqubo ezihlukile zeSigele zibonisa inhloso yabakhiqizi besakhelo sokwakha indikimba edambisa inkanuko yendlu futhi inikeze ukuzinza nokuqhubekayo kuhulumeni.

Kulababalobi nabacwaningi, ukuqonda inqubo yokushaya umthetho kubalulekile ekubikeni nasekuhlaziyeni isenzo somthetho ngokunembile. Ukwazi umehluko phakathi komthetho osungulwe, obikwe ekomitini, nodluliswa yiSigele esigcwele kunikeza umongo futhi kuhlole amathuba okuba isiphakamiso sibe umthetho.

Kulabo abasebenza kuhulumeni, izinhlangano zezezimali, noma izimboni ezithonywe umthetho kahulumeni, ulwazi oluningiliziwe lwezinqubo zeSigele luyimfuneko engokobuchwepheshe. Ukuthonya okuphumelelayo, ukwakha ingxube, nokuhlela okuhlangene konke kuxhomeke ekuqondeni indlela inqubo yokushaya umthetho esebenza ngayo nalapho kunamathuba okuhlela imiphumela.

Imithombo Yokuthola Imithetho Yesigele

Kukhona imithombo eminingi yalabo abafuna ukulandela umthetho njengoba uhamba ngeSigele. .Gov, elondolozwe yi-Library of Congress, inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngazo zonke izikweletu ezaziwayo ekwakhekeni komthetho, kuhlanganise nesimo sawo samanje, umbhalo, ukulungisa, imibiko yekomiti, nemibhalo yokuvota. Isakhiwo sinikeza nemithombo yemfundo echaza inqubo yomthetho.

Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye- inikeza ukwaziswa ngezinqubo zeSigele, izimiso zamakomiti, imicimbi yasesitezi, namavoti. Amawebhusayithi ekomiti ngayinye anikeza imininingwane ngokuthethwa, ukuqoqwa, nezikweletu zemali ezingaphansi kwegunya lawo.

ICongressional Record, enyatheliswa nsuku zonke lapho kusesiteji somhlangano, iqukethe amazwi aphathelene nezindaba ezisesiteji, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano, amavoti nezinkulumo zamalungu.

Imibiko ye-Congregational Research Service, eminingi yayo etholakala obala, inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwezindaba nezinqubo zemithetho ngaphandle kwesigaba. Lemibiko iyimithombo eyigugu yokuqonda kokubili inqubo yomthetho kanye nenqubo ecatshangelwa ngayo.

Izinhlangano zezindaba, amaqhawe okuhlola, namaqembu alawulayo nawo alandela umthetho futhi anikeze ukuhlaziywa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Le mithombo ingasiza ekuhleleni intuthuko yomthetho futhi ichaze ithonya lawo.

Izindlela Ezishintshayo Zesigele

Nakuba ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kwenqubo yeSigele sokushaya umthetho kuye kwahlala kuqinile, izinqubo nemikhuba ethile kuyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukushintsha kwemithetho yeSigele, ukusungulwa kwezimiso ezintsha, ukushintsha kwezimiso zezombangazwe, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezinselele zanamuhla kuthonya konke indlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo.

Amashumi eminyaka amuva nje aye asetshenziswa kakhulu i-filbuster, okwenza umnyango wama-66 we-rate obaluleke kakhulu. ISigele futhi sishintshe nemithetho yaso ukuze sivumele iningi livume ukuqinisekiswa kwamalungu amaningi omongameli, kuyilapho sigcina i-parenbuster yomthetho. Ukubuyisana kwezimiso kuye kwaba yinto evelele kakhulu njengemoto yezinguquko ezinkulu ezingadlula ngokusekela okulula okukhulu.

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha nezici zenqubo yomthetho. Ukuvota komshini, ukusakaza amabhukwana ngemishini, ukulandelelana kwezindaba nemininingwane yasesitezi, kanye nokungena kolwazi lwezishayamthetho kuyi-inthanethi yenze ukuba umsebenzi weSigebengu ube sobala futhi ufinyeleleke emphakathini.

Ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo yokushaya umthetho ayimi ndawonye kodwa iyaqhubeka iguquka kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela noma ukuqonda umsebenzi weSigele.

Isiphetho

Uhambo lwemali ephuma eSigele sase - United States luyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela izigaba eziningi, abadlali abaningi, namathuba amaningi okulungisa, ukulibala, noma ukunqotshwa.

Izinqubo ezihlukanisayo zeSigele − kuhlanganise nesiko laso lengxoxo engenamkhawulo, imfuneko yokusekela okukhulu kobungane ukuze kunqotshwe i-monibulis, namandla aphawulekayo asetshenziswa yi-insenetor ngayinye . kuveza indima yomthetho-sisekelo wegumbi njengelungu elikhululekile elinikeza izizinzo nelungelo elilinganiselwe. Lezi zinqubo zingawenza inqubo yokushaya umthetho ihambe kancane futhi ikhungathekise, kodwa futhi zikhuthaza ukuhlehla, ukwakha izivumelwano, nokucabangela ngokucophelela iziphakamiso.

Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, akumelwe uqondise inqubo yeSigele kuphela kodwa futhi udlulise iNdlu yabameleli futhi uthole imvume kamongameli. Lesimiso samaphuzu amaningi siqinisekisa ukuthi iziphakamiso ezisekelwa kakhulu zingaba umthetho kuphela, nakuba futhi zingenza kube nzima ukubhekana nezinselele zobuzwe.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisakhamuzi esikhathalelayo, umfundi, umsebenzi ongochwepheshe wesimiso, noma umuntu nje onesithakazelo endleleni uhulumeni waseMelika osebenza ngayo, ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho weSigele kubalulekile ukuze ungene ngokuphumelelayo esimisweni sethu sentando yeningi. Ngokwazi indlela izikweleti ezihamba ngayo phakathi kweSigele, ungalandela kangcono izimpikiswano zamanje zemithetho, uqaphele amathuba okwenza izwi lakho lizwe, futhi uqaphele ukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwenqubo, ezombangazwe, nesimiso esilawula imithetho ebusa isizwe sethu.

Inqubo yokushaya umthetho ingase ibonakale ibalulekile futhi iyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ihlanganisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi futhi inikeza amathuba amaningi okuhlanganyela nethonya. Ngokuqonda indlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo, uhlonyiselwa kangcono ukuba uhlanganyele emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzilawula oyinhloko yentando yeningi yaseMelika.