Table of Contents

Ezweni lapho amandla egunya elonakele kalula futhi ephelele engasongela khona inkululeko, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela singenye yezinga elibaluleke kakhulu lokubusa kwentando yeningi. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu, elivikela amalungelo omphakathi futhi lilondoloze ukuqina okuncike kulelo qembu. Ukuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi uhlolwa kanjani futhi ulinganiswa kanjani, futhi kungani kubalulekile kuwena muntu ngamunye ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.

Yini Amaketanga Nokulinganisela?

Amasesha nama - alcer amelela isimiso sikahulumeni lapho amagatsha ahlukene enikezwa amandla okuvimbela izenzo namanye amagatsha futhi eshukumiseleka ukuba ahlanganyele amandla.

Amasesha nama-ace nama-ace yizindlela ezisakaza amandla kuyo yonke isimiso sezombangazwe, zivimbela noma iliphi ihlelo noma umuntu ukuba asebenzise ukulawula okuphelele. Amagama 'amasheke' nama-'aseasenzi' avame ukusetshenziswa ndawonye, kodwa angacatshangelwa njengabhekisela ezintweni ezihlukene ngokungezwani (zingazibekwa). Lokhu kuhlola izindlela ezivumela izinhlangano zezombangazwe ukuba zinqume amandla elinye nelinye, ukuze zivimbele, zibambe noma zicunule izinqumo. Izilinganiso, okwamanje, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zemibono nezithakazelo zimelelwe ngenqubo yedemokhrasi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezifana ne-gultism, noma izici ezibanzi zokusebenza kwentando yentando yeningi njengezenzo zokusebenza kweqembu lezombangazwe.

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso e-United States kuhlobene nesimiso samasheke nama-Limentes. Isimiso samasheke nama-Liments sinikeza igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni elinamagunya alo okuhlola amanye amagatsha futhi sivimbele noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sezinhlonhlo Nokulinganisela

Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela awuzange uvele ngobusuku obubodwa. Usunezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando ezihlehlela emuva amakhulu eminyaka namazwekazi, zithonya isisekelo sombuso wentando yeningi waseMelika.

Imvelaphi Yasendulo Nesisekelo Sobufilosofi

Isazi - mlando esingumGreki uPolybius sahlaziya umthetho - sisekelo wasendulo oxubene namaRoma ngaphansi kokwehlukana okuyinhloko: ukubusa kobukhosi (obumele); ukubusa okuphakeme (iSigele) nentando yeningi (abantu). Wathonya kakhulu kamuva ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Lokhu kuqonda kwasendulo okulinganiselayo kohulumeni kwakuyozwakala phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, kuzise izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe futhi ekugcineni abahleli bemithetho yanamuhla.

Igama elithi "Ukuhlukanisa kwe-Sowers" laqanjwa yisazi sezezimlando esingumGreki uMontesquieu. Ngekhulu leshumi elinesishiyagalombili kuya phambili kwezombangazwe zaseFrance uBaron de Montesquieu wabhala ngokubaluleka kwalokhu kuhlola nokulinganisela kwe-Spirit of Laws (1748), kwanda emibonweni yesazi - mlando esingumGreki uPolybius. UMontesquieu waphikisa ngokuthi ubushiqela babusongela zonke izinhlobo zikahulumeni futhi amagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni kufanele abe nezindawo zomthwalo wemfanelo namandla ezombangazwe ukuze abeke inselele amanye amagatsha.

Izifekethiso ZaseMelika Nomklamo Womthetho - sisekelo

Lapho bebhala uMthetho - sisekelo, abakwaFrames bacabangela indlela yokuyala isimiso sikahulumeni esasinikeza amandla anele okubusa kuyilapho sivikela inkululeko yababuswayo. Obaba abasunguli babezibonele mathupha izingozi zokubusa ngamandla ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani, futhi babezimisele ukudala okuthile okuhlukile.

Imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, eyasetshenziswa abaHluleli ekubhaleni uMthetho - sisekelo, yayisekelwe ezimisweni eziningana ngokuvamile ezikhona: ukwahlukaniswa kukahulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu: ukushaya umthetho, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela; umqondo wokuthi igatsha ngalinye lenza imisebenzi ehlukile nephawulekayo efanelana negatsha ngalinye; nombhalo ongokomthetho ngokumelene nanoma imuphi umuntu noma iqembu elikhonza egatsheni elilodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wawuzithonya kakhulu lezizimiso, ukwahlukana kwamandla kwabaseFramers kwakungelukhuni, kodwa kwakuhlanganisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho elinye igatsha lingahlola khona amandla abelwe elinye. Lokhu kuvumelana kwakwenziwa ngenhloso, kwakha isimiso esinamandla esingazivumelanisa nokunye ukulondoloza imisebenzi yalo eyisisekelo yokuvikela.

James Madison washo ngokudume: Ukuvelela kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwele ukulangazelela. Isithakazelo somuntu kumelwe sihlanganiswe namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo wendawo. Lokhu kuqonda kuthatha ukuhlakanipha kwesimiso saseMelika − akunciki ebuhleni babaholi kodwa kunalokho kuhlanganisa isifiso somuntu sokulwela ukuvikela inkululeko.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Nababusi Bawo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi izinhlolo - vo nokulinganisela kusebenza kanjani, kudingeka uqale uqonde amagatsha amathathu ahlukene kahulumeni nemithwalo yawo yemfanelo eyingqayizivele.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Kuhulumeni kahulumeni, iSiphakamiso 1 soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States simisa i-Legislative Branch, ehlanganisa i-Congress. UKhongolo, ngaphezu kweminye imithwalo yemfanelo ebaliwe, lunomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha imithetho. Umbuso uhlanganisa izindlu ezimbili: iSigeqe neNdlu yabameleli, futhi lungayinqoba i-veto e-Mongameli nge-2/3 yamavoti kuzo zombili izindlu.

Igatsha lemithetho liphethe lokho abaningi abakubheka njengombuso oyisisekelo kakhulu kuhulumeni: amandla okwenza imithetho ebusa isizwe.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe liholwa umphathi omkhulu njengombusi noma umongameli wase-U.Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho eshaywa igatsha lemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Attorney General, umshushisi omkhulu, unomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho ngokumelene nokuphatha izidakamizwa, ukuhlasela, ngisho nokungcoliswa komhlaba. Igatsha eliphethe liphinde libe nomthwalo wokumisa imithetho ezikoleni, isivikelo sabantwana, izinkonzo ezilondekile zezenhlalakahle, izimoto, njalonjalo.

Igatsha eliphethe liletha imithetho ekuphileni, lisebenzisa futhi liqikelele izimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza imithetho ebhalwe yigatsha lomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulungisa izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ababili abangavumelani nomthetho, kanye nokwengamela ukuqulwa kwecala. Nakuba kungahlanganiswanga ngokucacile embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kwe-$(amandla ezinkantolo okuhlola izenzo zomthetho nezikhali zikahulumeni eziphethe nokuqondisa uhulumeni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziwumthetho-mthetho-geomel //waba yingxenye ebalulekile kahulumeni e-United States.

Igatsha lokwahlulela likhonza njengomgcini wezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, liqinisekisa ukuthi amagatsha emithetho noma abaphathi aweqi igunya lawo noma awephuli amalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwe uMthetho - sisekelo.

Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Nokulinganisela

Igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi akhethekile okulinganisela futhi ewengamele amanye, kwakha ukulinganisela okunamandla okuvikela ebushiqelani.

Ukuhlola Umthetho Egatsheni Eliphethe

UKhongolo lusebenzisa amathuluzi amaningana anamandla okuhlola amandla okulawula. ISishaya-mthetho kuphela esingaba nemali efanelekile, futhi indlu ngayinye isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla noma isenzo esingahlakaniphile. Lo "umandla esikhwama semali" usho ukuthi ngisho noma uMongameli efuna ukuphishekela inkambiso ethile, uMkhandlu umelwe uvume ukuyixhasa.

ISishaya - mthetho singathatha futhi indawo yokuvota uMongameli ngokuphinde siwudlulise ngenani eli-2/3. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi uma uMkhandlu usekela ngokuqinile umthetho, ungaba umthetho ngisho noma umongameli engekho.

ISishaya - mthetho singammangalela futhi simenze isigwebo umongameli ngenxa yobugebengu obukhulu, njengobukhankasi noma ukufumbathisa. Indlu yabameleli inamandla okuletha izikhalo zokumangalela uMongameli; iSigele sinamandla okubopha futhi sikhiphe uMongameli esikhundleni. Lokhu kuhlola kokugcina kuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umongameli ongaphezu komthetho.

Umongameli umisa amalungu eNkantolo Ephakeme kodwa kuphela ngemvume yeSigele, esivumela nezinye izibopho eziphethe. iSigele kumelwe futhi sivumele izivumelwano. Lokhu kwahlanganyela amandla phezu kokumiswa nezivumelwano zamazwe kuvimbela uMongameli ukuba angawulongi umthetho wezokwahlulela noma wakwamanye amazwe.

Isinqumo Secala Segatsha Lokwahlulela

UKhomishane kumelwe uvume ukumiswa kwamajaji e-Federal, okuwenza athonye labo abaphethe isikhundla egatsheni lokwahlulela. Ngenqubo yokuqinisekisa, iSigele singalahla okwahlulela abangahlangani nezindinganiso zabo noma abafilosofi yabo yokwahlulela ibathola benezinkinga.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa iSigele egatsheni lomthetho siqinisekisa ukugunyaza kukaMongameli izikhundla zokwahlulela, futhi uMkhandlu ungaphoqa noma yimuphi walabo bahluleli futhi uwakhiphe esikhundleni. Lombuso wokususa amajaji unikeza ishekethi lokuziphatha okubi kokwahlulela noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.

Ngokuqalisa ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho, kungathatha izinyathelo zokuguqula izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Nakuba lokhu kunzima futhi kungasetshenziswa kakhulu, kumelela ukuhlola kokugcina kwemithetho ngokuphathelene nokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli egatsheni eliphethe angayifaka leyomithetho kuMongameli we-Vito. Lo mbuso uphoqelela uMkhandlu wamandla ukuba wakhe ukusekela okukhulu umthetho, njengenani elivamile akwanele uma uMongameli emelana nesivumelwano.

Igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela iMiyalo Ephethe, enjengezimemezelo ezinamandla omthetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela lezozenzo ngokungekhona okungokomthetho. Isiyalo esiphethe sivumela uMongameli ukuba athathe isinyathelo esiwujuqu, kodwa lombuso ulinganiselwe ngokubukezwa kokwahlulela.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli umisa izijaji zeNkantolo ePhakeme, amajaji amacala, nabahluleli benkantolo yesifunda abahlola lobu bufakazi. Ngombuso wokumisa, amongameli bangahlela indlela yamajaji ahlelwe ngayo futhi bakwazi ukuqondisa izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingayimemezela leyomithetho engekho emthethweni. Igatsha lokwahlulela lingabuye limemezele imithetho edluliswa uMkhandlu ukuba ibe engekho emthethweni uwonke noma ngokwengxenye.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela izenzo zikaMongameli ezingavumelani nomthetho, eziwasusayo emthethweni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngumyalo wesikhulu, umthetho, noma isenzo sokuqinisekisa, izinkantolo zingazishaya izenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zamasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukuqonda lenkolelo - mbono kubalulekile, kodwa ukubona indlela ukuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo ezimweni zangempela kuletha lomqondo ekuphileni.

Icala Lestolen Vallor Act

Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kunamagatsha amathathu asebenzisa amandla. Igatsha ngalinye linegunya lalo, kodwa futhi kumelwe lithembele egunyeni lamanye amagatsha ukuze uhulumeni asebenze.

ILegislative Branch (I-Gergistative Branch) − IChorernor Act ka-2005, ijezisa labo abaqamba amanga ukuthi batholwe kakhulu empini. I-Branch / judge Court of United States `Inkantolo Ephakeme) yalawula ngo-2012 ukuthi i-Act ayizange ivunyelwe ngoba yaphula ilungelo lokukhuluma ngenkululeko evikelwe yiSigqi Sokuqala seNguquko. Igatsha Lesikhululo (i-Pentagon kanye noMongameli) lathatha isinyathelo phakathi nenyanga yesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yeNkantolo ephethe i-hulumeni yenkambiso yenkambi yenkalo ebhalwe phansi yezwe ngesikhathi esingaphezu kwesibili.) yenza ukuba kube nokudunyiswa kwezekwa kwezentengoso yempi.

Lesi sibonelo siyibonisa kahle indlela lamagatsha amathathu asebenza ngayo ndawonye, ngalinye lisebenzisa amandla alo ayingqayizivele kuyilapho lihlonipha igunya lamanye.

Ukulandisa Ngomongameli Wawatergate

Ukuqasha kuyinqubo yomthetho - sisekelo esekela isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze kulondolozwe ukubusa komthetho futhi kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya kwezikhulu zikahulumeni. Ihlazo lamaWatergate ngawo - 1970 labonisa indlela ukuhlola nokulinganisela okungagcina ngayo ngisho nesikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu sinecala ngayo.

Njengomongameli, uRichard Nixon namalungu eziphathimandla zakhe ayehileleke ezenzweni zobugebengu eziningana futhi azama ukuzifihla ukuze agweme ukumangalelwa ngecala. Amagatsha omthetho nokwahlulela kahulumeni azama ukusebenzisa amandla awo ukuvimbela umongameli nokumjezisa ngenxa yokusebenzisa kabi amagunya esikhundla sakhe. Usongo lokungathonyelwa kwaholela ekulahleni uNixon's, okubonisa ukuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho.

Ukubukeza Okusha Nokwahlulela

Phakathi nenkathi yeNew Development, iNkantolo yamelana nemizamo kahulumeni ngezenzo zikaMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt neSishaya - mthetho sokulawula umnotho phakathi nokwehla Kwezomnotho Okukhulu. INkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi iNational Industrial Recovery Act yayingeyona inqubo emisha eSchechter v. U.S.1935) ngoba iSishaya - mthetho saqondisa ibhizinisi lezwe (iCommerce eyayinganqameli imigqa yombuso) futhi yanikeza amandla ayo okuqondisa igatsha eliphethe.

Lelicala libonisa indlela igatsha lokwahlulela elingayihlola ngayo yomibili iSishaya - mthetho noMongameli lapho bephula imingcele engokomthetho, ngisho nangezikhathi zenhlekelele yesizwe.

Isizathu Sokuba Uzihlole Futhi Uzilinganisele Kuwe

Ungase uzibuze ukuthi lezi zinqubo zikahulumeni zikuthinta kanjani ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Impendulo iwukuthi: Ngezindlela eziningi, eziningi zazo ongase ungaziqapheli nokuzibona.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Amasheke nezilinganiso phakathi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elilodwa elinamandla amakhulu kakhulu, kanjalo livikele inkululeko ethenjiswe kuMthetho-sisekelo. Amaphenya nezilinganiso ziqinisekisa inkululeko ethenjisiwe kuMthetho-sisekelo ngokulinganisela amandla kanoma iliphi igatsha likahulumeni ukuze lilinganisele amalungelo alo. Igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni linemibuso ethile futhi lingahlola futhi lilinganisele amandla amanye amagatsha.

Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekumeleni noma ekusebenziseni kabi lawomalungelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yinkululeko yakho yokukhuluma, ilungelo lakho lokuba wedwa, noma isivikelo sakho ekufuneni okungacabangeli, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kusiza ukuba lamalungelo ahlale elondekile.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma uMkhandlu udlulisela umthetho ophula ilungelo lokukhuluma, igatsha lokwahlulela linamandla okuqeda lowomthetho njengongavumelani nemithetho.

Ukuvimbela Ukusebenzisa Kabi Amandla

Amasesha nezilinganiso zixwaya ubushiqela nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla ngokuvimbela iqembu elithile noma elincane phakathi kukahulumeni ukuba lithathe amandla amaningi kakhulu. Umlando ugcwele izibonelo zalokho okwenzekayo lapho amandla egxiliswa ezandleni ezimbalwa kakhulu (ukucindezelwa, ukonakala, nokulahlekelwa inkululeko.

Imizamo yegatsha elilodwa yokuvimbela elinye igatsha ukuba lingabi phezulu icatshangwa ukuthi ivimbela njalo noma iliphi igatsha ekubekeni izinyathelo ezinzima ngokungafanele kwabalawulwayo. Lokhu kucindezeleka okungapheli phakathi kwamagatsha, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kukhungathekisa, kusebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile senkululeko.

Imfanelo Ethuthukisiwe Yokwenza Isinqumo

Amasethi nokulinganisela kuyizici eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi yomthetho-sisekelo ovimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungahleleki, kuthuthukise izinga lokwenza izinqumo futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinqubo zikhona ukuze kuvinjelwe noma kukhishwe ukuziphatha okungafanele. Uma amagatsha amaningi kumelwe avumelane ezinqumweni ezinkulu, kuphoqelela ukucabangisisa nokucabangela imibono ehlukene.

Imithetho esindayo kulokhu kuhlola nokulinganisela iye yahlolwa ngokwezilinganiso eziningi, idingidwa kakhulu, futhi yacwengisiswa ngokuyekethisa. Le nqubo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ihamba kancane, ngokuvamile iveza imiphumela engcono kunokwenza izinqumo ezingekho.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Uma igatsha ngalinye lingahlola ezinye, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuba inkohlakalo noma ukuziphatha okubi kuhlale kufihliwe. Lokhu kuqondisa kukhuthaza ukuba kubonakale futhi kuphatheke kahle kuwo wonke uhulumeni.

Isimiso se-checks and Balances sifeza indima ebalulekile kuhulumeni wase-United States. Lesi simiso sakhiwa ukuze elinye lamagatsha kahulumeni lingalokothi libe namandla anzima kakhulu; ngakho elinye igatsha likahulumeni lilawulwa amanye amagatsha amabili. Igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni lihlola amandla amanye amagatsha ukuze liqiniseke ukuthi wonke amagatsha anamandla alinganayo.

Indlela Iziphetho Nokulinganisela Okuwuthinta Ngayo Umphakathi Wakini

Nakuba ngokuvamile sicabanga ngokuhlola nokulinganisela ezingeni likahulumeni, lezizimiso zisebenza nasemazingeni ombuso nawendawo, ziwuthinta ngokuqondile umphakathi wakini.

Uhulumeni Nohulumeni Wendawo

Uhulumeni kahulumeni we-United States nezifunda-mazwe ezingamashumi amane zihlukanisa ohulumeni bazo baba yilamagatsha amathathu. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asibonakali nje kuphela esilinganisweni sikahulumeni kodwa futhi sibonakala esilinganisweni sombuso, lapho ohulumeni bombuso besebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezifanayo ukuze bavikele abaphambani beziphathimandla zesizwe noma zikahulumeni.

Isishaya-mthetho sezwe sakho sidlulisa imithetho ethinta imfundo, ezokuthutha, nokuphepha komphakathi emphakathini wakho. Umbusi wakho angasho leyo mithetho noma ahlongoze izinhlelo ezintsha. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni wakho zingashaya imithetho ephula umthetho wezwe lakho. Lokhu kusebenza kokuhlola kanye nokulinganisela okukhona eWashington, D.C., kudlala enhlokodolobha lakho futhi ngokuvamile nasedolobheni lakho noma kuhulumeni wesifunda.

Ukuvikelwa Kwezithakazelo Zomphakathi

Uma amagatsha kahulumeni ephathana ngokuqondisana, asiza ekuvikeleni izithakazelo zomphakathi ngezindlela ezibonakalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isishaya-mthetho sombuso wakho sidlulisa uhlelo lokuhlela ukuthi ezimalini zemali zesikole sendawo, umbusi angase avume, aphoqe ukuba izishayamthetho ziphinde zithathe indiva. Uma umkhandlu wedolobha lakho udlulisa umthetho ophula amalungelo ezakhamuzi, izinkantolo zendawo zingasibulala.

Le mishini ivimbela izinqumo ezithatheka kalula noma ezingacatshangelwanga kahle ezingalimaza umphakathi wakini. Iqinisekisa ukuthi kucatshangelwa imibono eminingi ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe izinqubo ezithinta indawo ohlala kuyo, izikole, nezinkonzo zendawo.

Izakhamuzi Zihlanganyela Ukuze Zihlole

Abantu base-United States banemibuso abayinikwe nguMthetho-sisekelo obanika imvume yokuba babe nesimiso sabo sokuhlola nokulinganisela emagatsheni kahulumeni we-Federal. Abantu base-United States bangavala ukuguqulwa koMthetho-sisekelo ngeKhomishane uma u-3/4 wamazwe enqaba ukuvuna ukubuyiselwa. Abantu futhi banawo amandla okuvota abameleli babo njalo eminyakeni emibili naku-6 njalo.

Wena, njengesakhamuzi, uyingxenye yesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. i-voti yakho, izwi lakho emahholo edolobha, izincwadi zakho eziya kubameleli, nokuhlanganyela kwakho ekuphileni komphakathi konke kunikela ekubekeni uhulumeni icala. Lokhu kuqondisa mhlawumbe kumelela ukuhlola okubaluleke kakhulu kwesizwe sokukhetha abaholi baso futhi sifune ukuba nesibopho sokulandisa.

Izinselele Zokubhekana Nezifo Nokulinganisela

Nakuba isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sesiqinile ngokuphawulekayo, sibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo okufanele zonke isakhamuzi siziqonde.

Ingozi Yokuvaleka Kwemoto

Noma kunjalo kungaba khona izithiyo ezihlobene nokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho zinamandla kakhulu. Ngoba benza isenzo sobunye ubunzima kakhulu futhi bavumela abadlali abaningi ukuba bahlanganyele ekubuseni, amasheke nezilinganiso eziqinile zingandisa ingozi yokungena kwe-grid lock. Bangenza futhi kube lula ukuvikela abanye ngezindleko, ngokuveza amathuba amaningi okuzivivinya ngenguquko ezihlongozwayo.

Lapho amagatsha kahulumeni ehlukene kakhulu, ukuhlola nokulinganisela ngezinye izikhathi kungavimbela isinyathelo esidingekile.

Ukuwohloka Kwamandla

Abantu ababhala uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. bazama ukuhlukanisa imibuso futhi banikeze izinhlolo nezilinganiso ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi alikho igatsha elikwazi ukuthatha wonke uhulumeni. Nokho, uma elinye igatsha lihluleka ukwenza umsebenzi walo, noma uma elinye igatsha lingawunaki omunye, singase singene enkathazweni yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngamanye amazwi, uhulumeni wethu ngeke usebenzise indlela umthetho-sisekelo ohlosile ngayo, nokulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu okungawela kuhulumeni wobushiqela.

NgeSigunyazo sokusebenzisa Impoqo Yempi neSigqizo seMpi esingenamandla kakhulu, uKhongolo-mkhandlu ngokuyisisekelo lunikeze omongameli bamuva isheke elingenalutho lokuthatha isinyathelo sezempi sobusosha obungahlangene. Abagxeki basikisela ukuthi lezizenzo ziye zaphazamisa ukwehlukana kwemibuso nokuhlola nokulinganisela ngoba lezizimiso zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kuphela lapho igatsha ngalinye livikela amandla alo omthetho ngokomthetho ngamandla. Abaningi besaba ukuthi uma lamandla engasebenzi, umphumela kungaba umongameli osebenza ngaphandle kokuvumelana kwabantu nabameleli babo.

Ukuvinjelwa Ngentando Yeningi

Ngokuphambene, emazweni abhekene nokuphambuka kwentando yeningi, abaholi benza imishini yokuhlola amandla abo − ngokusekelwe ekuvezeni isidingo sikahulumeni onqumayo. Lokhu kungenzeka kancane kancane, futhi kuthathe izindlela ezicashile kunokuqedwa okuqondile kwezinhlangano.

Kudingeka ukuqapha ukuze kugcinwe izingozi ezinempilo nezingalingani.

Ukuqinisa Amasheke Nokulinganisela Komphakathi Wakini

Njengosakhamuzi, unamandla nomthwalo wemfanelo wokusiza ekulondolozeni nasekuqiniseni lesi simiso.

Hlala Unolwazi

Ulwazi lungamandla entando yeningi. Landela okwenzekayo kuhulumeni wendawo, ezweni, nakuhulumeni. Qonda ukuthi abameleli bakho bavota kanjani nokuthi bayawusekela yini umthwalo wabo womthetho-sisekelo. Funda ngalé kwezihloko zezindaba ukuze uqonde ukuguquguquka kokusebenza kwamagatsha ahlukene.

Hlanganyela Enqubweni Yentando Yeningi

Qonda kuzo zonke izinqumo, hhayi imijaho yomongameli kuphela. Ukhetho lwendawo nombuso luvame ukuba nethonya eliqondile ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke. Yiba khona emahholo asedolobheni nasemihlanganweni yasobala. Xhumana nabameleli bakho lapho unezinkinga. Ukuhlanganyela kwakho kuqinisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi okusekela ukuhlola nokulinganisela.

Izikhungo Zokusekela

Inkonzo yamaphephandaba ekhululekile, ezimele, neyobujaji ingenza ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela kwemithetho yezwe kuphumelele. Ukusekela umbiko onegunya. Yilwele ukuzimela kokwahlulela ngisho nalapho ungavumelani nezinqumo ezithile. Qaphela ukubaluleka kobuchwepheshe ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni.

Fundisa Abanye

Xhumana nomngane, umkhaya, namalungu omphakathi. Abantu abaningi abaqondi ngokugcwele ukuthi isimiso sisebenza kanjani noma kungani sibalulekile. Ngokufundisa abanye, usiza ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa ezikwazi ukuvikela izinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Yiba Nesibopho Sokulandisa Kubaholi

Khuluma. Abasekeli ababonisa inhlonipho ngezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zokuhlukanisa.

Ikusasa Lamasheya Nokulinganisela

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kumelwe sivumelane nesimiso kuyilapho silondoloza injongo yaso eyisisekelo yokuvimbela ubushiqela nokuvikela inkululeko.

Ubuchwepheshe Namandla Kahulumeni

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye badala imibuzo emisha mayelana namandla kahulumeni nokwengamela. Ukuhlola nokulinganisela kufanele kusebenze kanjani ekuqapheni kukahulumeni? Iyiphi indima izinkantolo okufanele ziyifeze ekubukezeni izinqumo zezinhlangano zikahulumeni? Izishaya - mthetho zingawengamela kanjani ngokuphumelelayo ukusetshenziswa kwegatsha eliphethe ubuchwepheshe obusanda kuqala?

Lemibuzo ayinazo izimpendulo ezilula, kodwa ibonisa ukuthi kungani ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuhlala kusebenza namuhla njengalapho uMthetho-sisekelo ubhaliwe. Izinhlelo ezithile zingashintsha, kodwa isidingo esiyisisekelo sokuvimbela amandla agxileyo sihlala sikhona.

Izinselele Zomhlaba Wonke Nohulumeni Wasekhaya

Izindaba ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, imiqedazwe, nobuphekula emhlabeni wonke zidinga ukuhlanganiswa kukahulumeni, ngezinye izikhathi ngezikhathi ezimfushane. Ukulinganisela isidingo sokusabela okuphumelelayo ngokulondolozwa kwamasheke nezilinganiso kuletha izinselele eziqhubekayo. Uhulumeni angathatha kanjani isinyathelo esiwujuqu lapho kudingekile lapho kuvikelwa izivikelo ezivikela inkululeko?

Ngakho - ke, lapho kuklanywa amasheke nezilinganiso kungase kudingeke ukuze uthole indawo ephakathi. imibuso enempilo ebusa ngentando yeningi ihlaziya lokhu kucabangela okuncintisanayo ngokucophelela, ilondoloza amasheke nezilinganiso eziphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuvimbela isinyathelo esibalulekile.

Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nesiko Elibusa Ngentando Yeningi

Mhlawumbe inselele enkulu ebhekene nokuhlola nokulinganisela iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyasiqonda futhi ziyasazisa lesi simiso. imfundo yeSigqi seLucture iye yancipha ezikoleni eziningi, ishiya intsha eningi ingaqondi kahle ukuthi uhulumeni wayo usebenza kanjani noma ukuthi kungani ivikela izinto ngomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuqinisa imfundo yomphakathi nokuthuthukisa impucuko eyazisa inqubo yentando yeningi nezinhlangano kubalulekile empilweni ende yezokuhlola nokulinganisa. Lokhu akuwona nje umthwalo wesikole (imikhaya), imiphakathi, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi zonke zifeza indima ekudluliseleni izindinganiso zentando yeningi nolwazi.

Isiphetho: Indima Yakho Elondolozweni Nokulinganisela

Kule Federalist Paper, uJames Madison uchaza futhi uvikela isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuMthetho-sisekelo. Igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni lihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi amandla alo ahlole amandla amanye amagatsha amabili; ngokwengeziwe, igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni lincike kubantu, abawumthombo wegunya elingokomthetho.

Amasesha nezilinganiso akuzona izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezingekho ngokobuhlakani, `ziyizivikelo ezisebenzayo ezivikela amalungelo akho, umphakathi wakho, nenkululeko yakho nsuku zonke. Ukusukela ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho ihlolwa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwemithetho ukuze kuvinjelwe noma yimuphi umholi oyedwa ukuba athole amandla amaningi kakhulu, lesi simiso siveza izinga lokubusa onakho.

Zonke iziphetho zoMthetho-sisekelo nezilinganiso, uMadison uphetha ngokuthi, zigcina inkululeko ngokuqinisekisa ubulungisa. Lokhu kuseyiqiniso namuhla njengoba kwakunjalo ngesikhathi uMadison ebhala lawo mazwi. Ubulungisa nenkululeko kuxhomeke ekuvimbeleni ukugxiliswa kwamandla, futhi izinhlolo nezilinganiso zinikeza indlela yokwenza kanjalo.

Kodwa ukuhlola nokulinganisela kusebenza kuphela uma izakhamuzi ziziqonda, zizibheka njengezibalulekile, futhi zizivikela ngenkuthalo. Isimiso asikona ukuzibulala sona."Kudinga izakhamuzi eziqaphile ezihlanganyela ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, ezigcina abaholi benobuthakazelela, futhi zimelane nemizamo yokululaza izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho.

Ukuhleka komphakathi wenu kuxhomeke kuhulumeni ophumelelayo, olandisayo. Uma ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela kusebenza kahle, bavimbela ukonakala, bavikela amalungelo, futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zisiza umphakathi kunokuba zifeze izithakazelo ezilinganiselwe. Uma ziwohloka, imiphakathi ihlushwa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, ukwenza izinqumo okungalungile, nokuwohloka kwamalungelo.

Njengoba uhamba nokuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke, khumbula ukuthi inkululeko oyijabulelayo − ukukhuluma ingqondo yakho, ukhulekele ngendlela okhetha ngayo, ukulondeka ekhaya lakho, ukuhlanganyela ekukhetheni abaholi bakho (_bonke baxhomeke ekuqhubekeni kusebenza kwesheke nezilinganiso. Lokhu akuqinisekisiwe ngamazwi esikhumba sodwa, kodwa ngokubopha ngentshiseko kwezakhamuzi njengawe eziqonda ukubaluleka kwazo futhi zisebenzele ukubalondoloza.

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela simelela enye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni kahulumeni. Siqaphela isimo somuntu sobuntu − ukuthambekela ekuzithakazeliseni kanye nethonya elibi lamandla (_nalapho sidala izakhiwo eziqondisa ukuthambekela ekufezeni izinjongo ezizuzisayo. Ngokulwa nokufuna ukuvelela, ivikela inkululeko ngaphandle kokufuna abaholi ukuba babe izingelosi.

Kulesi sikhathi soshintsho olusheshayo nezinselele ezintsha, ukuhlakanipha okuyisisekelo kokuhlola nokulinganisela kusekhona. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano umphakathi wakho obhekene nazo, usebenzela kangcono uhulumeni ophethe lapho kuphakanyiswa khona amandla, lapho izinqumo zithathwa ngamabomu, lapho ubuphathi buqinile khona futhi lapho kungekho muntu oyedwa noma inhlangano engenza khona ngaphandle kokulandisa.

Ukuqonda ukuhlola nokulinganisela kukunika amandla okuba ube isakhamuzi esiphumelela kakhulu. Kukusiza ukuba uqaphele uma isimiso sisebenza ngendlela ehloselwe ngayo nalapho singaphansi kosongo. Kukwenza ukwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ezimisweni zentando yeningi futhi ubeke abameleli bakho icala lokusekela imithwalo yabo yemfanelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukulondoloza amasheke namaza akuwona umthwalo womunye umuntu. Kumelwe uvote, njalo lapho uthintana nommeleli, njalo lapho ukhuluma ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, usiza ekulondolozeni isimiso esivikela inkululeko yakho nenhlalakahle yomphakathi wakho. Yingakho kuhlola futhi kulinganisele indaba kuwe, futhi kungenxa yalokho kudinga ukunakwa kwakho, ukuqonda kwakho, nokusekela kwakho okukhuthele.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo nendima yakho ekubuseni ngentando yeningi, vakashela i- i-website kahulumeni emagatsheni kahulumeni noma uhlole izimali ezifundisayo [ iSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [[. Ungafunda futhi ngamathuba engeziwe embusweni womphakathi ngezinhlangano ezifana ne-[[FLT:]] I-League of Women Voters[FLT], enikeza izincazelo zemisebenzi yezentando yeningi, ezinikeza ulwazi olungahambisani ulwazi ngokhetho nohulumeni. [ngezolwazi oluhle] Izezezentengolwazi oluhle, [[FLT]