ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States simise isisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, simisa uhlelo olungokomthetho olulawula indlela ukugcinwa komthetho okungaphazamisa ngayo inkululeko yomuntu nasese. Enhliziyweni yaleli lungiselelo kunezinsimbi ezimbili ezihlukene zomthetho: imvume yokuboshwa nesiqinisekiso sokufuna. Nakuba kokubili kudinga ukuvunyelwa komthetho futhi kusekelwe esimisweni sesizathu esilindelekile, kufeza izinjongo ezihlukene esimisweni somthetho somthetho. Ukuqonda kahle lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kungabi kuphela ezikhulwini zomthetho nakochwepheshe abasemthethweni kodwa futhi nakunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okunemininingwane, okugunyaziwe kwezizathu zokuboshwa nokuhlola izimfuneko, ukuhlola izisekelo zabo zomthetho, izisekelo ezisemthethweni, izimfuneko ezisemthethweni, neziwusizo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sabahumushi

Ngaphambi kokuba kuhlolwe izimfuneko eziqondile zokuboshwa nokuphenyiswa kwemithetho, kubalulekile ukuqonda umbhalo womthetho - sisekelo olawula kokubili.ISichibiyelo Sesine sinikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sawo wonke umsebenzi ohlobene nomthetho eUnited States.

Isichibiyelo Sesine Nesivikelo Saso

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sifundeka kanje: "Ilungelo labantu lokuvinjelwa kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuquleka, ngeke kusoniwe, futhi akukho mithombo yeSikhawu, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekile, esisekelwa yi-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe, futhi abantu noma izinto okumelwe zibanjwe. Lomusho owodwa uveza isivikelo esihlukene: isivikelo ekuphenyeni nokuquleka okungacabangeli, futhi imfuneko ekhethekile okumelwe isekelwe ngesizathu esilindelekile futhi kumelwe ichazwe ngokuyikhomba okukhethekile kokufuna noma ukuphanga. Izibalo eziqondiswe ngokuqondile kusetshenziswa yilezi zimpoqongo ze- - gesi ezisetshenziswayo ezinhlanganweni zezindawo ezingcono. I- - mvume yokukhomba i-gesi etholakalayo ukuze kuvikelwe inzuzo ezindaweni ezibanzi. I-Univerdurase.

Umlando Nokuhlangenwe Nakho Kwamakoloni

Umlando ubalulekile wokwamukelwa kweSichibiyelo sesine ubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi kungani izimfuneko zokugunyazwa ziqinile kangaka. Ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani, izikhulu zamakoloni zazivame ukusebenzisa iziyalezo ezivamile − i-odages ezingachazanga umuntu othile, indawo, noma into − ukuphenya nokuthatha impahla ngokuthanda. Lezi zimo zosizo zivumela izikhulu zamasiko ukuba zihlole noma iyiphi indawo ezisolwayo ezikhohliswayo ukuba zifake izimpahla ezingekho emthethweni, ngaphandle kwemfuneko zokubonisa ukuthi zibangela inqaba yokuba imentshisi. Lokhu kubangela ukuvuselelwa nokunikezwa kwemithetho yeSichithi sesine seSimende. AmaFramendry ayefuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma iziphi izimvume zikahulumeni zokungena eseseni noma inkululeko ziyo zihlolwe kuqala isikhulu sokwahlulela esizimele, ngokusekelwe emaqinisweni esifunweni. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani ukuvunywa nokufunwa nokuvunyelwa okuyisisekelo komthetho okungokomthetho, ngisho nakuvumelana nokuvumelana nokuvunyelwa kwazo okungokomthetho okungokomthetho.

Izimpi Zokuboshwa: Ukuhlola Okunemininingwane

Imvume yokuboshwa yincwadi ekhishwa yijaji noma imantshi egunyaza abaphathi-mthetho ukuba bafake umuntu othile ejele. Imvume isekelwe ekutholeni ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lowo ogama lakhe wenze icala lobugebengu. Inqubo yokubopha iklanyelwe ukulinganisela isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekubopheni imithetho yobugebengu nelungelo lomuntu ukuba akhululeke ekuqulekeni okungenangqondo komuntu.

Incazelo Nenjongo Yekhora

Injongo eyinhloko yokubopha iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi nongaboleki ubukeze ubufakazi obumelene nomuntu ngaphambi kokuba aphucwe inkululeko yakhe, ngisho nangokwesikhashana. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yaphikelela ngokuthi ukuboshwa okungenamibandela kuvunyelwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, njengalapho isikhulu sikhona isizathu esilindelekile sokukholelwa ukuthi i-felony iyenziwa futhi usolwa endaweni yasobala. Nokho, imfuneko inikeza ulwelwelwesi olwengeziwe lwesivikelo ngokufuna ukuba ibukezo lokwahlulela ngaphambi kokuba kungene ukuboshwa. I-Revoton. .], i-New York , 445], U.U.5380), iNkanto ephakeme ebekwe yiNkadelele ukuthi izikhulu zomthetho zidinga ukuboshwa ukuze zikhohliswe, kugwenywe nokugwenywa kwecala.

Imbangela Enengqondo Yabathunjwa

Isizathu esifanelekile sokuboshwa sikhona lapho kunezimo ezikhona lapho isikhulu sinolwazi oluqinile, futhi sinokwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, kungadinga umuntu oqaphile ukuba akholelwe ukuthi umuntu othile uyenze ubugebengu. Lendinganiso iphansi kune "ukungaqiniseki okunengqondo" okudingekayo ekuvivinyweni kobugebengu kodwa kudinga okungaphezu kokusola nje noma ukukholisa. Isizathu sokunquma kumelwe sisekelwe emaqinisweni aqotho, hhayi ezinkolelweni ezizelelwe. Le nkantolo ihlola ngokufanele ukusebenzisa "uvivinyo lwezimo", njengoba kucaciswe [[FLT:] indiums. [fLT:] v , U.U.U. 213 (198)

Inqubo Yokwahlulela Nokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukuze ithole imvume yokubopha, isikhulu somthetho kumelwe sinikeze imvume efunwe ngesithembiso sokufaka umahluleli noma imantshi. I-affidavitt kumele ibe namazwi aningiliziwe amaqiniso aveza isizathu esingalindelekile. Lencwadi ibucayi ngoba inikeza isisekelo esisobala semvume futhi yakha umbhalo ongabukezwa ngeseluleko sokuzivikela nezinkantolo ngemva kokuboshwa. Uma i-ffidavit iqukethe amazwi angewona aweqiniso awenziwa ngokwazi noma ngokunganaki ngeqiniso, imvume ingazenziwa phansi kwemfundiso emiswe [[FLT:] Fictusss [f] freave v [FLD]. [FLT1], 438], U.U.U-U.UP.U.U.Num.U-Ehluleli kumelwe athathe isinqumo ngokunganaki futhi angenza isiqinisekiso sokuzingela isikhulu sokwahlulela.

Ukuchaza Ngokuqondile Izidingo Zalabo Ababoshiwe

ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba imvume yokubopha ichazwe ngokukhethekile "abantu noma izinto ezimelwe ukuba zithathwe"" Ukuze kuthathwe imvume yokuboshwa, lokhu kusho ukuthi imvume kumelwe iphawule umuntu oboshwe ngokuyiphutha ukuze avimbele ukuboshwa okungaqondile. Ngokuvamile, lesi sivumelwano sihlanganisa igama eliphelele elisolwayo, incazelo engokoqobo, usuku lokuzalwa, necala lobugebengu elikhethekile eligunyaziwe lokuboshwa. Incazelo eqinile noma ebanzi inganikeza incazelo ecacile engekho ngokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, isiqinisekiso esimane sithi "Johne" ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezihlukanisayo noma icala elithile ngokunokwenzeka lingashaywa phansi njengelinganele. Imfuneko eqondile isebenza ekunciphiseni ingozi yokuboshwa komuntu ongafanele futhi inikeze isaziso esicacile sokugcinwa.

Ukubulawa Kwababanjwe

Lapho ikhishwa, imvume yokubopha izikhulu zomthetho inikeza amandla okuqondisa umthetho ukuba zifake umuntu obizwa ngokuthi ijele nomaphi lapho zingatholakala khona. Ngokuvamile, izivumelwano zokuboshwa azilinganiselwe ngokwendawo ngendlela efanayo nezigunyazo zokufuna. Imvume yokuboshwa ekhishwa kwesinye isifundazwe ingaphoqelelwa kwesinye isifundazwe ngokuqashelwa, nakuba inqubo ishintshashintsha ngegunya. Abaphathi ngokuvamile bavunyelwa ukusebenzisa amandla afanele ukuze babophe ukubopha, nakuba isilinganiso samandla kumelwe silinganiswe nezimo. Okubalulekile, I-Revoton umthetho owengeziwe] udinga ukuba isikhulu siboshwe noma sivume ukungena emakhaya asolekiswe ekuboshweni, ngaphandle kokuba izimo ezikhona. I-Exkigg ingase ihlanganise ukuxobophiswe okusheshayo.

Abahlukanisiwe Ezidingweni Zokuboshwa Ezingasihluphi

Nakuba imvume yokuboshwa iyisivikelo esibalulekile, umthetho uqaphela ukuthi kungcono kakhulu lapho ukuboshwa okungavumelekile kuvunyelwa khona. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi isikhulu sikholelwa ukuthi inkantolo iboshwe ngokungenasizathu futhi kusobala ukuthi isendaweni yomphakathi. eUnited States v. Watson, 423 U.S.41176], iNkantolo ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi ukuboshwa okungenasizathu ezindaweni zomphakathi kungokomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhulu zingabopha imvume yokuboshwa ngokungafaneleki kwezenzo ezingafanele zomthetho, umthetho osekelwe ezimweni ezivamile. Okunye okungadingekile kuhlanganisa ukuboshwa okusekelwe ezimweni ezisezimweni ezingaphambili, njengokuvimbela ukulimala okuseduze noma ukubhujiswa kobufakazi obungcono. Lokhu kudinga ukugcinwa komthetho ongokomthetho ongokomthetho, kodwa okungadingi ukugcinwa ngenxa yokugcinwa kwezimfuneko ezidingekayo ngenxa yokubaluleka komthetho.

Izimpi: Ukuhlaziya Okunenselele

Isiqinisekiso sokufuna siyincwadi engokomthetho egunyaza izikhulu zomthetho ukuba zihlole indawo ethile ehlobene nobugebengu. Njengemvume yokubopha, imvume yokufuna kumelwe isekelwe empahleni okungenzeka futhi ivunyelwe imantshi engathathi hlangothi. Nokho, isiqinisekiso sokufuna sibhekiswe ezindaweni nasezintweni kunokuba kubhekiswe kubantu, futhi imfuneko ethile isebenza endaweni ezoseshwa futhi kuthathwe izinto.

Incazelo Nenjongo Yekhora

Injongo eyinhloko yokufuna imvume iwukuvikela ukulindela kwabantu okunengqondo kweSichibiyelo sesine, esisemizini yabo, impahla, kanye nemiphumela. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ukuphenya okwenziwa ngaphandle kwenqubo yokwahlulela, ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa umahluleli noma imajiji, kungu-seper [[FLT:]] ongenangqondo ngaphansi kweSiphendulo sesine, esibekwe kuphela esimisiwe nesibekwe ngaphandle kwesisekelo. Inqubo yokufuna iqinisekisa ukuthi umahluleli ozimele ufaka isiqiniseko sokuthi kungenzeka yini kutholakale ubufakazi bobugebengu endaweni ezohlolwa kuyo. Lokhu kubukezwa kuqala kubucayi ngoba kuvimbela ukugcinwa komthetho ekuhlolweni kokuhlola okungatholi bufakazi obuqondile.

Imbangela Enengqondo Yabafuni Bempi

Kunesizathu esifanelekile sokufuna imvume yokufuna. Uma kunethuba lokuhlola eliqinisekile lokuthola ubufakazi obungafunwa endaweni ethile okuzoseshwa. Lendinganiso ihlukile kunendinganiso engenzeka ebangela ukuboshwa kwemithetho, egxila ekutheni umuntu othile uye wayenze ubugebengu yini. Imvume yokuhlola, kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela kumelwe ixhume ubufakazi obufunwayo endaweni ukuze buphenyiswe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izikhulu zinokwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa okuthi umcabangelwayo uthengisa izidakamizwa ekhaya, akumelwe nje kuphela zithole ukuthi umcabalekele ubophekile ekushushumbiseni izidakamizwa kodwa futhi nobufakazi bokuthi ukuhweba ngemfashini cishe kutholakala ngaphakathi ekhaya ngesikhathi imvume ikhona. I-nexus phakathi komsebenzi wobugebengu nendawo yokuhlola iyinto ebucayi okumelwe ithathwe kuyo isakhiwo esimisiwe enkantolo. Inkantolo ingaqashelwe noma ingenzeka yini ukuthi ikhona?

Imfuneko Eyisisekelo

Imfuneko ekhethekile yokufuna imvume yokuhlola inezakhi ezimbili ezihlukene. Okokuqala, imvume kumelwe ichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ikheli kumelwe libe neqiniso futhi incazelo kufanele icace ngokwanele ukuthi izikhulu zingabona indawo efanele ngokuqiniseka. Izakhiwo noma izindlu eziningi, imvume kumelwe ichaze ukuthi isiphi iyunithi okumelwe sihlolwe, ngaphandle kokuba kunesizathu esingaba sikhona sokuhlola sonke isakhiwo. Okwesibili, isiqinisekiso kumelwe sichaze ikakhulukazi izinto ezizothathwa. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuphenywa okuvamile kwanoma ibuphi ubufakazi bobubi futhi kubeke imingcele yezinto ezithile ezihlobene nobugebengu obuthile. INkantolo Ephakeme ibilokhu ilindele ukuthi ukubuswa kwemibhalo "bonke" noma "bonke ubufakazi obubonke bezenzo zobugebengu" bugcwele futhi bungqubuzana nemithetho ehlukene. Imibandela ngokukhethekile yemithetho enquma ukuthi imiphi edinga ukugcinwa futhi ilindele ukuthi isiphi iziqondiso.

Ukubukeza Komculi Nokuhlola

Ngokufana nokuboshwa, ukuthola imvume yokufuna imvume yokuhlola eqinisekisiwe idinga i-affidavit enikeza amaqiniso angenzeka. I-affidavit kumelwe ihlanganise ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngesisekelo sesikhulu sokukholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi buzotholakala endaweni. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukwaziswa okuvela ku-izaziso eziyimfihlo, ukuhlola okungokoqobo, ubufakazi obuyimfihlo, noma ezinye izindlela zokucwaninga ezisekelwe entweni ekhona. I-affidavit kumelwe ihlanganise nokuhlolwa ngokuzimele ukuthi i-affidavit iyayisungula yini imbangela. [[FLT:] [3], 43] ku-E. [i-Estergne] i-Aillgallery v.[[FLT: 1] iqinisekisa i-fut: 1000], i-esstontontonton.[1964], futhi ikhanyiswe kulokhu kuvindwa ulwazi oluqinile.[194]

Ukubulawa Kwababangeli Bokufuna

Ukuhlola kulinganiselwe endaweni eshiwo edilini. Abaphathi abakwazi ukusebenzisa imvume yokufuna endaweni engachazwanga edilini, ngisho noma baba nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi bukhona kwenye indawo phakathi nokufuna. Ukukhishwa kwezivumelwano zokufuna kulawulwa yi-"knock-nantion", okudinga abaphathi ukumemezela ukuba khona kwabo nenjongo yabo ngaphambi kokuba bangene endaweni ethile, ngaphandle kokuba izimo ezikhona zibangele ukungangeni komthetho owe-knocket. v. Michigan, 547. 586.U.Umthetho ophakeme uvimbekele ukuthi ukuphaza komthetho wokungqongqoza nokungaza nokungatholi izikhali ezingadingi ukuvimbela.

Abahlukanisiwe Ukuze Bafune Izimfuneko Ezingathandeki

Umthetho uqaphela ukuthi kunezimfuneko eziningi ezimiswe kahle eziyimfuneko zokufuna, ngayinye inezimfuneko zayo eziqondile. Lezi zihlanganisa ukusesha ukuvuma, ukusesha isenzakalo sokubopha, imfundiso esobala, izimo ezicacile, imoto iphenya ngaphansi kwemoto, ukuphenya emngceleni, ukuphenya, nokufuna okukhethekile njengalezo eziqhutshwa ezikoleni zomphakathi noma emsebenzini kahulumeni. Zonke lezi zinqumo zincane futhi ziyiqiniso. Ngokwesibonelo, imoto engaphandle, eqashelwa i-Coll v. United States, 267], U.U.U.[1925], izikhulu zivumela ukuba zihlole imoto ngaphandle kophawu uma ihlelwe ukuthi ibangele ukuba isiqinisekiso sobugebengu, esisekelwe ekulindeleni kwezimoto ezisekwenziwayo.

Ukuhlola Okuqhathanisayo: Abathumbi Ababoshi.

Ukuhlaziywa okuqhathanisa izimpawu zokuboshwa nokufuna izimpawu zembula kokubili ukufana nokugxekana. Zombili lezi zindawo zisekelwe eSichibiyelweni sesine, kokubili kudinga imbangela esekelwa ngesifungo noma isiqinisekiso, futhi kokubili kudinga ukuvunyelwa kokwahlulela. Nokho, ukungafani kwenjongo, izinga, kanye nokubulawa kunemiphumela ephawulekayo engokomthetho nesebenzayo.

Injongo Nemisebenzi

Imvume yokubopha igunya eligunyaza ukuphamba umuntu ngenjongo yokuletha lowo muntu phambi kwenkantolo ukuze aphendule icala lobugebengu. Ilungelo eliyinhloko elisesigxotsheni yisithakazelo somuntu senkululeko ekuzibambeni. Imvume yokuhlola, ngokungafani, igunyaza ukungena entweni yomuntu noma endaweni yangasese ngenjongo yokuthola nokuthatha ubufakazi. Ilungelo eliyinhloko esigxotsheni yisithakazelo somuntu esiyimfihlo. Lokhu kuveza zonke izici zemvume, kusukela kwe-ffidavit yendlela yokubulala. Amalungelo ahlukene achaza ukuthi kungani izinkantolo zisebenza ezicini ezithile zokubulala, njengokuyimfuneko yokubopha ngaphambi kokuba kungene ekhaya ukuze kususwe, uma kuqhathaniswa nemithetho yokufuna ukukhokhwa kwecala.

Izindinganiso Eziphumelelayo Ezibangela Inkinga Ziyaqhathaniswa

Nakuba lezi zinhlobo zophawu zidinga isizathu esilindelekile, isimo esiqondile sokubangela ukuzimisela siyahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, isiqinisekiso sokubopha kumelwe siqinisekise ukuthi umuntu othile wenze ubugebengu. Ukuze kufunyaniswe, kungenzeka kutholakale ubufakazi obuqondile bobugebengu endaweni ethile. Lokhu kuyizizathu ezicacile, nakuba ngokuvamile kubangela ukuphumelela. Ngokwesibonelo, ubufakazi bokuthi umuntu uthengisa izidakamizwa ekhaya lakhe angase asekele kokubili isiqinisekiso sokubopha umuntu nesiqinisekiso sokufuna ikhaya. Nokho, i-ffidavit yemvume yokufuna idinga ingadinga ukunikeza ubufakazi obengeziwe obuxhumanisa indawo, njengokuphawula kwezidakamizwa okwenzeka endaweni yokuhlala noma ezilandisweni ezikhona ngaphakathi ekhaya. I-fushane futhi imvume yokuboshwa kungahluka: kodwa, i-offidavit yemvume yokufuna imvume yokufuna imvume ekhona, nakuba kungenziwa ubufakazi obunye obunye obucatshangelwayo, nakuba kusobala ukuthi kuvela ubufakazi obunye obuvela ekulandiseni kwezidakamizwa noma ezindabeni ezigcinwe ngaphakathi ekhaya.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kokucaciswa Nokuhluka

Izimfuneko eziqondile zokubopha zigxile ekutholeni umuntu ongafanele aboshweni, kuyilapho izimfuneko eziqondile zokufuna imvume zigxile ekuchazeni ngokunembile indawo okuzoseshwa futhi izinto ezizothathwa. Isiqinisekiso sokubopha umuntu osolwayo noma ohluleka ukuchaza icala kungase kube yize. Isiqinisekiso sokufuna esichaza ikheli elingalungile noma ukugunyaza ukufunwa kwecala kuvamile "buphi ubufakazi bobugebengu" asisebenzi ngokufanayo. Imiphumela yokunganele ingaba lukhuni: ubufakazi obutholakala ngaphansi komthetho wokufuna ongagunyazi lutho, futhi ukuboshwa okwenziwa ngaphansi kwemvume yokuboshwa okungagunyaziwe kungabhekwa njengokungavumelekile, okungakholeki, okungaholela ekumangaleni komphakathi ngenxa yezikhulu ezihilelekile.

Ukungalingani Okubhubhisayo

Ukubulawa kwemvume yokuboshwa nokuseshwa kwemvume ehlukene ezicini eziningi ezibalulekile. Imvume yokuthunjwa izikhulu ngokuvamile zigunyaza ukuba zifake izinsolo ejele nomaphi lapho zitholakala khona, ngaphansi kwe- i-Paiton umthetho odinga imvume yezingeniso zasekhaya. Ukufuna imvume, kwesinye isandla, imingcele yendawo elinganiselwe endaweni eqondiswe imvume futhi ayinakusetshenziswa ukusesha ezinye izindawo. Imvume yokufuna izakhiwo zekhaya likawonke ngaphandle kokuba imvume yokufuna noma ukudlulisa imvume imvume, kuyilapho ukuthungalelwa endaweni eshiwoyo, izikhulu ezingase ziboshelwa kuphela kodwa ngenxa yezikhathi zokufuna nokufuna kuphela. Imvume yokukhonzwa imvume yokukhonzwa imvume yokukhonzwa ingenziwa imvume yokukhokhwaswa.

Ukuvikelwa Komthetho - sisekelo Kuyabanjwa

Zombili izinhlobo zigunyaza ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo omthetho-sisekelo, kodwa amalungelo akhethekile ayahluka. Imvume yokuboshwa ivikela ilungelo lokuphuma ekuqubukeni okungacabangeli komuntu, okusekelwe ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sesine sokuthatheka okungacabangeli. Ukufuna imvume yokuvikela ilungelo lokungaphenyisi ngokungenangqondo, elisekelwe ekuvikelekeni kwezemfashini kwezemfashini yesine zezemfa ku "ansintersmement, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela." Lamalungelo ahlukile ahlukene anemvelaphi engokomlando ehlukile futhi aye achazwa ngokwezinkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkanto ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi isithakazelo somuntu siqu ekhaya lawo sise "e" esisekelwe ekuvikelweni kwezenzweni kwezesine, okudinga imvume yokufakwa ezingenisweni eziningi ekhaya nokuphenywa. Inkululeko evikeleni ngokuboshwa, kanti futhi isikhulu esichazwa ngokungafani, isikhulu esinikezwa ngokuvumelana nokubekwa ngokusemthethweni, ngokumiswa okungokomthetho okusekelwe ekuqondiswe ekuqondisweni komthetho.

Izizathu Ezingokoqobo Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Kubaphathi abaqapha umthetho, ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kokuboshwa nokufuna imvume akuyona nje indlela yemfundo kuphela, kodwa kumane kuveza incazelo eqondile yokuba ngokomthetho kwezenzo zabo, ukungagunyazi kobufakazi, kanye necala labo elingenzeka lomphakathi nobugebengu. Ukuqeqeshwa okufanele nokunamathela ezimfunekweni zomthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze amaphoyisa aphumelele futhi avunyelwe ngokomthetho.

Ukugwema Iziphakamiso Eziwukungaqiniseki

Izizathu ezivame kakhulu zokungagunyazi zihlanganisa ukunganelanga okungabangela ukuba kuchazwe i-affidavit, ukuntuleka kokwaziswa okukhethekile encazelweni, ulwazi olungenakho, nezinkulumo ezingekho mthethweni eziseceleni. Abaphathi banganciphisa ingozi yokungaqiniseki ngokubhala ngokucophelela izinto ezisekela isizathu esilindelekile, ukusebenzisa ulimi oluqondile ukuchaza umuntu, indawo, noma izinto ezihilelekile, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi lufike ngesikhathi. Uma zithembele kubafundisi abayimfihlo, izikhulu kufanele zihlanganise imininingwane eqinisekisa ukwethembeka nokwazi. Kudingeka futhi ukuba zibukeze ubufakazi obufaneleke ngezenzo zobushiqela, njengekheli elingalungile noma ulwazi oluphelelwe isikhathi. Imibuso eminingi isebenzisa izinqubo ezivamile zokusebenza nohlelo ukuze ivikele, kodwa izikhulu eziphethe izikhulu ezinikeza imvume nezimpawu ezingokomthetho.

Ukuqeqesha Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho kufanele zinikeze ukuqeqeshwa okuvamile ngezimfuneko ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokungafani okukhethekile phakathi kokuboshwa nokuseshwa. Ukuqeqeshwa kufanele kuhlanganise izindinganiso zomthetho, amaphutha avamile, nezinqumo zamuva ezithinta ukufaneleka komthetho. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufanele baqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela izimo lapho imvume idingeka khona kanye nezimo lapho imfuneko ingekho khona. Kufanele futhi baqeqeshelwe ukwenza ama-adiffidavit acacile naphelele futhi afezeke ngokusemthethweni futhi bafeze izimvume ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezithi zifaneleke ngendlela ehloniphekile. Izikhulu kufanele futhi zibe nezimiso zokuhlola nokugunyaza izimfuneko eziyimfuneko zabaphathi noma abaqondisisebenzi bemithetho engokomthetho ngaphambi kokuba zinikezwe imvume enkantolo. Le mithetho ingasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zifanele futhi zibophelwe ngokusemthethweni izimfuneko zomthetho. Abafundi abasemthethweni futhi baqonde izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zemithetho engokomthetho, izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezidingekile zokumiswa ngemibandela, nezingagunyaziwe, ezingokomthetho zezezezezezezezezezezezezezezeze zenkantolo ezivinywe ngokungafanele, ezingokomthetho, ezigunyaza ezigunyaza ezingokomthetho, ezi

Isiphetho Nesihluthulelo Sokuhamba

Umehluko phakathi kokuboshwa nokuseshwa ubonakalisa ukulinganisela koMthetho-sisekelo ngokucophelela phakathi kwezidingo zomthetho namalungelo abantu. Zombili izinhlobo zogunyazo zisebenza njengezivikelayo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni esizimele, kodwa zivikela amalungelo ahlukene futhi zikhonza imisebenzi ehlukene phakathi kwesimiso somthetho womthetho.

Ukubukeza Ukungafani

Ngamafuphi, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemvume yokubopha nokuhlola unjalo: imvume yokubopha igunya lokuthumba umuntu ngokusekelwe entweni okungenzeka ukuthi wenze ubugebengu, kuyilapho kuphenywa imvume egunyaza ukuseshwa kwendawo esekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ebangela ukuba ubufakazi butholakale lapho. Ukuthumba izivumelwano zokuthola umuntu ukuba aboshwe, kuyilapho kuhlola imvume yokuchaza indawo ezophenywa nezinto ezizothathwa. Ukugunyaza izikhulu ezigunyaza ukugunyaza ukuthatha ubugebengu noma kuphi lapho kubekelwe khona, kuyilapho ukusesha kulinganiselwe endaweni ekhethekile. Zombili zidinga izivumelwano zokukhokhwama ukuveza umuntu ukuba aboshelwayo nokuvunyelwa komthetho, kodwa okuqukethwe yilokho okuhambisana nesinqumo esikhona esivumelana nesizathu ngasinye esihlukene.

Ukubaluleka Okukhulu Kwalabo Abafaka Imisebenzi

Izimfuneko eziqinisekisiwe eziqondiswe eSichibiyelweni sesine azizona nje izinqubo eziqanjiwe. Zibonisa isibopho esiyisisekelo sokulawula umthetho nesivikelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nasese. Ngokufuna ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze uthole ukuvunyelwa komthetho kwangaphambili okusekelwe emaqinisweni aqondile, inqubo yogunya iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ezwe awasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni. Abaphathi bomthetho, ochwepheshe bomthetho, kanye nabafundi bomthetho, ukuqonda okuphelele kokungavumelani phakathi kokuboshwa nokufuna imibandela engokomthetho kudingekile ekuqondiseni inqubo yobugebengu. Njengoba iNkanto ephakeme iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe, imfuneko ye-sibindi semgangathoba yeSikhundla seSikhundla se-Gajimende, futhi inamathela ezimweni zayo ezibalulekile ekulondolozeni izimiso zomthetho. [FF] [5]