Isifungo sobumongameli siyimfuneko eyisisekelo sokuthatha isikhundla e-United States kanye namanye amarepublic amaningi omthetho-sisekelo. Kusukela kumthetho owenziwe ngokomthetho, isifungo simelela isibopho esiqinile sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho. Nokho, incazelo eqondile yesifungo, esingase sithathe, nemiphumela yokungasithathi, futhi imiphumela yokungasithathi kalula ibiyizinto zezinselele zezikhathi ezithile kodwa ezingokomthetho. Lezimpikiswano ziye zavivinya imingcele yokuchazwa komthetho, imibandela yokungafezeki, nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Ukuqonda izindaba nezenzakalo eziye zaguqula indawo engokomthetho ezungeze umongameli kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofunda umthetho womthetho, ukubusa, noma ukudluliswa kombuso ngokuthula.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izinselele eziphawuleka kakhulu ezingokomthetho nezenzakalo zokwahlulela ezihlobene nesifungo sobumongameli, kusukela ekuqaleni komlando waseU.S. kuya ezimpikiswaneni zangaleso sikhathi. Sihlola futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwemfuneko yezifungo namanye amalungiselelo omthetho ngokomthetho, kuhlanganise nezinombolo ezicacile, isimo sokungagunyazi, nemfundiso yemibuzo yezombangazwe.

IZisekelo Zomlando Nomthetho - sisekelo ZeSikhungo Sikamongameli

Isifungo sobumongameli sigunyazwe eSigabeni II, iSiqendu 1, u-Claus 8 soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.: "Ngaphambi kokuba angene ekuqedweni kwe-Oath noma ukuqinisekiswa:"Impela ngifunga ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka ihhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizolisebenzisa kahle kakhulu iHhovisi lami, alondoloze, avikele futhi avikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States. Lolulimi aluyona imfuneko yokuthatha amandla nemisebenzi ka-prezilla. Ngaphandle kokuthatha isifungo, umuntu akanakusebenzisa ngokomthetho igunya lesikhundla, isimiso esiqiniswa njalo ngokusebenza komlando nangendlela yokwahlulela.

AmaFramers ayehlanganisa imfuneko yesifungo sokubopha umongameli ngokomuntu siqu ekubuseni koMthetho-sisekelo. Isifungo sigcizelela ukuthi umongameli akayena umbusi kodwa uyinceku yohlelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo uqanjwa [ uphawula, isifungo sisebenza njengovuma obala umsebenzi kamongameli wokulondoloza uhlelo lwemithetho-sisekelo, ngisho nalapho uphikisana nesidingo esithandwayo noma ukuqiniseka komuntu siqu.

Izinselele ezingokomthetho ezihilela isifungo zingaphakama ngezigaba eziningi: phakathi nomkhankaso wobumongameli (njengezingxabano zokungavumelani), ngesikhathi sokunikezelwa (uma isifungo senqatshwa noma sishintshwa), noma kamuva ehhovisi (uma umongameli emangalelwa ngokwephula isifungo, okungase kubangele ukungagunyazi). Izinkantolo ngokuvamile beziqapha ngokungenela ezimpikiswaneni ezinjalo, ngokuvamile zicaphuna imfundiso yezombangazwe, kodwa futhi ziye zamisa izenzakalo eziyinhloko ezichaza ukubaluleka kwalesifungo.

Izenzakalo Zakuqala: Isifungo Njengosuku Lomthetho - sisekelo

ERe Neagle (1890)

Nakuba ku-Neagle, 135 U.S. 1.(1890), yayingahileli ngokuqondile isifungo sobumongameli, yamisa izimiso ezibalulekile ngokuphathelene negunya lomongameli ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo. Icala lavela lapho u-Reagle weNkantolo weNkantolo ePhakeme ebule lika-Onke yabulawa umhlaseli, futhi isifunda saseCalifornia sizama ukummangalela ngokuqondile. INkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi uMongameli unamandla oyisisekelo ongokomthetho obalulekile okuthatha izenzo ezidingekile zokulondoloza ukuthula nomthetho kahulumeni, ngokwengxenye esifunyaniswe esifuywe kuMongaso "gcina, futhi uvikele umthetho wezomthetho." Icala libeka isisekelo esifuna ukuba isithembiso esingokomthetho sisebenze njengesiqinisekiso esingokomthetho, hhayi nje inse inse inselele. [Fote] [Fote] [2]

McCormack (1 969)

Indaba ebucayi ngokuphathelene nokuvunywa kwesikhundla sikahulumeni nezifungo yi- Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969). Nakuba lelicala lalikhuluma ngamandla eNdlu yabameleli okukhipha ilungu elikhethwe ngokusemthethweni (Adamu Colaton Powell Jr.), ukucabanga kwalo kusebenza ngokwezinga elivamile esisekelweni sokuthi imfuneko yemithetho-ofisi (i-35] iphelele futhi ayinakwenezelwa yiSifungo. INkanto Ephakeme yayiphethwe yiSiphakamiso I, iSiphakamiso 5 sokunikeza igunya lokwahlulela "ivolutionss' lamalungu aso siqu") lilinganiselwe ekuvezweni okushiwo eMthethweni. Ngokuqhathanisa, umongameli umfuziselo umninikho umnini weSiphakathi seSiphakathi seSiphakathi seSiphakathi (njengokuthi iSiphakathi Sesibili) futhi isilinganiso esingaphezulu sokufuka sobuphika sokugcina esimisiwe.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokuwa Kubantu Abasengozini

Ingxabano Yezakhamuzi Zemvelo Nendima Yesitho Nezimo Ezingaqondile

Izinselele eziningi ezivelele ezingokomthetho ngenxa yokuzimela umongameli ziye zasebenzisa imfuneko yesifungo ngokungaqondile. Ngenxa yokuthi isifungo sihlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo zombhalisa, izimpikiswano ngokuthi lowo ozobhapathizwa "uSizwe esingokwemvelo" ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II, Ingxenye 1, u-Clause 5 uhlanganisa izimpikiswano ezivelele mayelana nesifungo. I-Celauaste 5 ihlanganisa izifungo ezingokomthetho. Ngokungathi phakathi no-200 na 2012 ukhetho lomongameli, izifungo zabekwa icala ngokuthi u-Barack Obama wayengafanele ukuba abe umongameli. Nakuba lezo zinselele zihlulekile kakhulu ngenxa yokungamelwa noma ukufaneleka, ezinye izifungo ziphikisa ukuthi uma umbangi ngowo owenziwe ngokuzibondayo, noma isiphi isifungo esithathelwayo esikhundleni esine. Izinkantolo zilahla njalo ezingeni eliphezulu.

Indaba ye [[QUT:0] Holister v. Soetoro [2009] nezinqumo ezingefani ezisezansi kwenkantolo zibonisa isimiso sokuthi isifungo asikona ukuzibopha ngokwaso ngokuqulwa kwamacala; ukugcinwa kusemqoka ngokuyinhloko ngemithetho ye-Congress, inqubo yokukhetha, nenqubo yokungagunyazi. Noma kunjalo, lempikiswano igcizelela ukuthi isifungo asisona ikhampathi lenjo yenjoloba [1] kuyikhombandlela yomthetho-sisekelo efuna ukulunga.

Izinselele Zomnqumo Kahulumeni Nemiphumela Yalokho Okukhethwayo Ka - 2020

Ngemva kokhetho lukamongameli luka-2020, ukumangalela okuningana kwazama ukubekela inselele ukufaneleka kweziqinisekiso zokhetho ezisekelwe ngokwengxenye ezimangalweni zokuthi uMongameli- qhinga (nakaMongameli kamuva) akayanelisanga imfuneko yesithembiso ngomqondo othile (umz., ngokuhluleka "umthetho" owenqabela izinqubo ezithile zokukhetha). Lamacala, njenganjengo- TExas v., axoshwa yiNka iNkantolo ePhakathi ngenxa yokungamela iSiphakamiso III. INkathi yaphinda yathiwe ukuthi "Umthetho wokhetho" ukuzinikela komuntu siqu, kodwa ayidali inhloso yanga izimo zezenzo zokuncintisana noma ukuguqula izimo ze-mkhandlu ze-mthetho we-zombangazwe. Umbuzo we-ElCal Act yazignorencel yayisiwe yisinqumo esifanelekile.

I - oath Ne - Apply: Umshini Oyinhloko Osetshenziswa Ngokuphoqelela

Inselele engokomthetho eqondile ekunamatheleni kukamongameli ekubophekeni kwesifungo ukuvumelana. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukuba umongameli asuswe esikhundleni ngokugunyazwa, nokuqiniseka, "Ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ubugebengu obuphakeme." Empeleni, isifungo siye saba esisemqoka ezihlokoni eziningi zokungagunyazi. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuhlonishweni kuka-Andrew Johnson (1868), omunye umthelela ngokuphula isifungo ngokuhluleka ngamabomu ukubulala i-Ten of Office Act. Izihloko ezimelene noBill Clinstan (20) ezimelene nokuvinjelwa kwe-CM. Izihloko ezimelene nomthetho wangaphandle azizange zisho ngokucacile, kodwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwemithetho ephikiwe ukuba aphule imithetho. Ngokucacile, u-Ronalton u-209 u-Donarine) emelene namandla akhe ngokuvikelwa ngumthetho wokhetho futhi uhulumeni owenye uqobo, njengoba uvike uvike useke umongameli owe wangaphandle kwengu - wesibili futhi usekelwe ngokuvikelwa ngokukhohlomelwa kwenye ingu-2061, njengoba umongameli

Nakuba iSigele singenacala kulokhu kuqulwa, inqubo yokungagunyazi ibonisa ukuthi lesi sifungo asisona nje isithembiso sokufuna ukufezeka, kodwa sibeka indinganiso yokuziphatha okungasetshenziswa ukuba umongameli alandise. Ukungagunyazi ukuqulwa kwecala [ kusebenza njenge-asperstitum forsuum forsuum. [1993] (isho ukuthi izenzo zikamongameli ziyasiphula isifungo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, iNkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi inselelene yezinkinga ezihlobene nayo ngokuvamile yimibuzo yezombangazwe, njengaku [[FLT:]NT]] NT. United States[FLT] v] [93]) (ibhekisele emandleni eSifungo seNkakhulu).

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zezomthetho Nezimfundiso Ezilawula Izinselele Zomquba

Imfundiso Yezolingo Zezombangazwe

Izinselele eziningi ezingokomthetho esifungweni sobumongameli ziye zalahlwa ngaphansi kwemfundiso yezombangazwe, ethi izindaba ezithile zomthetho-sisekelo zibhekiswe emagatsheni ezombangazwe (Ikholiji noma iBusi) futhi ngenxa yalokho azibukeli izinkantolo. Ngokomo wesifungo, izimpikiswano ngokuthi umongameli-kaputeni usenze isifungo, noma ukuthi ukuzimisela kukamongameli ozayo kuyasebenza, ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengezindaba zezombangazwe okumelwe zixazululwe yikholiji elikhethiwe, iKholiji, noma ngenqubo yokungavumelani. Icala lesifunda sezwe [[FLT: 0] lithathe isifungo sokukhotha, noma ukuthi umongameli ozayo uyavuma uyasebenza, futhi uye wasungula isimiso sokunquma uma kuhlangene nezombangazwe, futhi inkantolo isebenza njalo ekuphikiseni.

Yima

Ngisho noma inselele engokomthetho ilungile, abakhohlisi kumelwe babonise ukuma: ukulimala kukakhonkolo, ukuvuselelwa, nokubuyiselwa. Izivumelwano eziningi zokufunga ziye zalethwa izakhamuzi zangasese, abavolonti, noma izikhulu zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zivame ukuthola ukuthi isithakazelo esivamile sokubona uMthetho-sisekelo usekelwa asisanele. Ngokwesibonelo, Lujan v. Abavikeli beNkantolo yeNkantolo [ [1992], izimfuneko eziqinile zeNkantolo. Ngokomphumela, zonke izinselele cishe "oathtigigigition" ziye zahluleka ngenxa yokuthi amachashazi aye angena isigxobo somuntu siqu esiphakathini esivamile.

Ukungathembekile Nobukhulu Bamandla Alawulayo

Esinye isimiso esibalulekile ukuthi isifungo ngokwaso sinikeza amandla amancane. Nakuba ku-Neagle kusikisele isifungo ukuthi amandla kaMongameli kumelwe aphume eMthethweni noma esivumelwaneni sombuso, kamuva izenzakalo ezifana i-Protown Comment Comment=Set & Tube Co. v. Sayer[FLT:] [[FLT] [5] [1952] ['2] wasungula ukuthi amandla kaMongameli kumelwe aphume eMthethweni noma esenzweni weSivumelwaneni, hhayi eSivumelweni sodwa. [[FLTLT] Kuyi-Gregle:], iNkanto yensimbi phakathi neMpilo yase-Korea, enqaba ukuvikela i-Gijikelelwa kwe-'inqulue" kuvini lokuvikela igunya lomthetho wesimo somthetho wesimo somthetho.

Isicathulo Esiwuphawu Olufanele Ngokuqhathaniswa Nesimo Esibucayi

Izazi ezingokomthetho ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi isifungo siyimfanelo emisiwe yomthetho-sisekelo (njengenkathi noma isandulela) noma isimo (njengethatha isinyathelo esidingekayo ngaphambi kokuthatha isikhundla). Amagama eSiphakamiso II, Ingxenye 1, Claus 8(85"""" Ngaphambi kokuba angene ekuphathweni kwehhovisi lakhe, uzothatha lesi sifungo esilandelayo. Ngokuvumelana nomthetho wesivumelwano. Lokhu kuhlukanisa ngoba uma isifungo simane siyisimo, khona - ke umongameli owathatha isikhundla ngaphandle kokuthatha isifungo (umk.g., ngenxa yesimo esiphuthumayo) angase angaze angakwazi ukususwa ngokuzenzakalela, kodwa kamuva athathe lesifungo. Umongameli akazamangathathanga ukuthatha isikhundla ngaphandle kokufunga; uMongameli uCalvin Coodge wafunga ngoAugust 3, 1923, ngemva kokufa kukaMongaladeli wakhe, angasithathi ngephutha futhi kamuva avusenzisizwanga. Umongameli we-Washington uyavuma, kodwa uyavuma ngokusemthethweni.

Imibono Eqhathanisayo: Izinselele Kweminye Imibono

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxile emthetho wase-United States, kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ukuthi amanye amazwe amaningi aye abhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene nezifungo zobumongameli noma zobungqongqo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2017, iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseNdiya yacabangela ukuthi umuntu okhethwe ukuba athathe isikhundla angakufanelekeli yini ukumiswa ngenxa yokwehluleka ukufunga okuhlanganisa nokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bezwe. Emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, izinkantolo ziye zazenza izenziwa izenzo zobumongameli ezisekelwe ezisekelwe esikhundleni ukuthi isikhulu asithathangasifungo sesikhundla.

Izindaba Ezivusa Ingqondo: Izinselele Zezibili Enkathini Yamanani

Kuvele izinselele zomthetho zanamuhla ngokuphathelene nohlobo lwesifungo. Ingabe umongameli angasithatha isifungo ngapha nangapha noma ngengqungquthela yevidiyo? Ngo-2021, izinqubo ezivamile zokumisa eziphakanyiswe ngemibuzo ehlobene nobhadane, kodwa inselele engokomthetho yavela. Nokho, njengoba ukuhlanganyela kude kuhulumeni kuba okuvamile, umbuzo wokuthi ingabe isifungo singaba yimpikiswano eqotho yini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzo ezingokomthetho ziyaqhubeka: amanye amaqembu aye azama ukuveza ukuthi amazwi angaphambili omfundi (njengoba akhuthaza ubudlova noma ephula umthetho) akha ukwephulwa kwemfuneko yesifungo "enqabela umthetho," kanjalo," inkantolo iye yawalahla njengangaphambi noma ngokungafaneleki.

Isiphetho

Izinselele ezingokomthetho ezihlobene nesifungo sobumongameli zisendaweni encane kodwa ebalulekile emthethweni-sisekelo. Isifungo ngokwaso siyimfuneko ye-lick lomthetho-siseko . kokubili imfanelo kanye nesibonelo sokuthatha umongameli. Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa kwayo kusondelene namagatsha ezombangazwe: iziKhomishane ezimisa amavoti asemthethweni, iSigele ekulingweni okungagunyazi, nenkokhelo ekuvoteni. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zenqaba ukungenela ezimpikiswaneni ezihlobene nempikiswano, ukucaphula imfundiso yezombangazwe, ukuma kwezimfuneko, nokuhlonipha ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Nokho, izenzakalo ezisungulwe emacaleni anjengo [FLT:] [FLT] [0] ezindaweni eziwuqondayo, futhi eziwusekelayomthetho ongokomthetho. [FLT], [FLT], [5], ukukhomba ukukhomba okunga okungagunyazayo, nokuqondisa okusemthethweni okungokomthetho, ukukhomba okuwuthola umthetho.[Fog.[Fog.]

Ukuqonda lamacala nezimiso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda umthetho womthetho-mthetho, ukubusa, noma ukuguqulwa okunokuthula kwamandla. Isifungo sikamongameli sihlala singaphezu kwesiko; kuyisibopho esingokomthetho esihlanganisa ukuziphatha kwesikhulu esiyinhloko noMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola [ LII ukufushaniswa kweSiphakamiso II [ nesisekelo seNkanto yeNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT:]].