Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu siwuhlelo lomphakathi ophoqelela ngalo imithetho yawo, ubeke izigebengu, futhi uvikele amalungelo ommangalelwa. Sisebenza njengenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, eneziteshi eziningi eqala lapho ubugebengu bubikwa noma butholakaliswa futhi ingaqhubeka ngokunxusa okungase kudlule iminyaka. Kubafundi, othisha, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi ubulungisa buqondiswa kanjani, ukubamba isigaba ngasinye (hwn) ekuboshweni ekuqulweni nasekuqulweni. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukuwohloka kwecala, isigaba sesiteji esinengxenye cishe secala lendlela kulandela, kuqokomisa izindinganiso ezingokomthetho, isivikelo somthetho, abadlali abayinhloko abahilelekile ezinyathelweni zonke.

Ukubukeza Iziteshi Ezinkulu Enqubweni Yokwahlulela Kwesigebengu

Nakuba imibuso ingase ihluke kancane, ukulandelana kwezenzakalo esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu baseMelika ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa izigaba ezilandelayo. isigaba ngasinye sifeza injongo ehlukile ekulinganiseni isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekulondekeni komphakathi namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo wommangalelwa.

  • UKUFUNDWA
  • Ukuboshwa
  • Ukuphakamisa
  • Ukuzwa Kokuqala (Ukubonakala Kokuqala)
  • Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili
  • Ukumangalelwa (Ugogo Omkhulu Obukeza)
  • Icala
  • Ukuqulwa kwecala (kuhlanganise nezenzo zangaphambi kwenkantolo nokukhethwa kwamajaji)
  • Ukugwetshwa
  • Ukukhanga

Ngasinye salezi zinyathelo sihlolwa ngokujule ngezansi, sinakekela izimfuneko ezingokomthetho, imikhuba evamile, namalungelo avikela abantu kuyo yonke le nqubo.

Uphenyo

Le nqubo iqala lapho izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ziqala lapho izinhlangano zezemfundo yomthetho ziqala. Njengeminyango yendawo, noma iminyango ye-presitiff enjenge-FBI / ukwamukela umbiko wobugebengu noma ukuqaphela ukuziphatha okusolekayo. Phakathi nokuphenya, izikhulu ziqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo, ofakazi bokuxoxa, ukuhlola ukuqashelwa, nokuhlaziya imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe. Lengxenye kumelwe ihambisane nokwenqatshelwa kweSichithi seSine sokuphemende sokuhlola nokuquleka okungacabangeli. Ubufakazi obuthola ukuphucwa kwamalungelo okuso bungakhishwa ngaphansi komthetho

Abahloli bavame ukusebenzisa imvume yokufuna imvume yokufuna ngenxa yesizathu, okumelwe ivunyelwe imantshi engathathi hlangothi. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, ngaphandle kwesithi “izimo eziphuthumayo” noma“ukuvumela” kungavumela ukuphenywa okungenasizathu. Ukujula nobude bophenyo kuyahluka kakhulu kuyehluka kuye ngobukhulu bobugebengu, imithombo ekhona, kanye nobukhulu obusunguliwe.

Ukuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kwenzeka lapho umthetho uthatha umuntu egqunywa ejele ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka ukuthi wenza ubugebengu. Imbangela efanelekile idinga inkolelo enengqondo, esekelwa amaqiniso aqondile, ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa noma sebuyenziwa. Ukuboshwa kungakhishwa ngesiqinisekiso sokuboshwa umahluleli, noma ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso uma isikhulu sibona ubugebengu noma sinesisusa esivele ngokushesha.

Uma eboshiwe, umuntu kumelwe atshelwe ngamalungelo abo [njengoba emisiwe imanda v. Arizona): ilungelo lokuthula, isixwayiso sokuthi noma yini abayishoyo ingasetshenziswa enkantolo, ilungelo kummeli, nelungelo lokuba nommeli omisiwe uma bengakwazi ukunikeza omunye. Ukuhluleka ukunikeza izixwayiso ezifanelekile kungaholela ekucini noma iziphi izinkulumo ezenziwa phakathi nokuphenywa kwecala.

Ngemva kokubhala incwadi − lapho kuqoshwa khona iminwe, izithombe, nokwaziswa komuntu siqu, i-croumpee ivame ukugcinwa ilindele ukubonakala kwenkantolo yokuqala. Inkathi phakathi kokuboshwa nokubukeka kokuqala akumelwe ibe yende kakhulu; ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine, ukuboshwa okungenamibandela ngokuvamile kudinga isinqumo sokwahlulela esisheshayo sembangela okungenzeka (ngezikhathi zamahora angu-48, njengoba kugcinwa i-livey of River . McLaughlin).

Ukubheja

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umshushisi uhlola ubufakazi obuqoqwe phakathi nophenyo ukuze anqume ukuthi kufanele yini afake amacala angokomthetho. Lesi sinqumo sihilela ukuhlaziya amandla obufakazi, ubukhulu becala okuthiwa liyicala, kanye nethuba lokuthola isiqinisekiso. Abashushisi bacabangela futhi izici ezinjengomlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, ithonya ezisulwini, kanye nemithombo ekhona.

Icala lifakwa ngokwendlela ye- complist (ngephutha lama-information) noma information (ngoba amafensi, ngokwezimo ezingasebenzisi izigijimi ezinkulu). Ibhukwana elikhombayo kumelwe lisho ubugebengu obuthiwe namaphuzu asekela imbangela elindelekile. Kwezinye izifunda, ikakhulukazi ezingathi zinkulu izigebengu, umshushisi angaletha icala ejajini elikhulu lecala ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe izikhalo ezingokomthetho (bheka i-Stge 6).

Uma umshushisi enqaba ukumangalelwa ngamafayela, umuntu kumelwe akhululwe. Lesi sinqumo singumthetho olawulayo, kodwa singaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho nengokokuziphatha − abashushisi abakwazi ukumangalela ngokohlanga, inkolo, noma ezinye izizathu zokulahla icala.

4. Ukuzwa Ekuqaleni (Ukubonakala Kokuqala)

Icala lokuqala ukuqulwa kwecala lokuqala lommangalelwa, ngokuvamile eliba phakathi kwamahora angu-24 kuya kwangu-48 okuboshwa. Kulokhu kuqulwa kwecala, umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngalokhu kumangalelwa, uchaza amalungelo awo omthetho-sisekelo, futhi unquma ibhail[ noma izimo zokukhululwa. Ummangalelwa ubuzwa futhi ukuthi bayamdinga yini ummeli omisiwe enkantolo uma bengakwazi ukuthenga.

UBail umiselwe ukuqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa kwecala esikhathini esizayo. ISichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, futhi izinkantolo zicabangela izici ezinjengongathi ukungathi sína kwecala, izibopho zommangalelwa emphakathini, kanye nengozi yokuhamba ngendiza. Ezinhlalweni eziningi, kunesilinganiso sokukhululwa kwezaphula-mthetho ezingenamthetho ezinobudlova, futhi izinguquko ziye zafuna ukunciphisa ukuthembela emalini yemali yabamangalelwa abaphansi. Uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukuthumela ibheyili, ahlale ekwindawo yokugcina isigwebo esibhekene nesohlwayo.

5. Ukuzwa Kwangaphambi Kokuqala

Icala lokuqala (elibizwa nangokuthi “imbangela yokuzwa engaqondi") libekwa emacaleni anecala kuphela futhi ngokuvamile lenzeka phakathi namasonto ambalwa okuvela kokuqala. Injongo yalo iwukuthola ukuthi kunobufakazi obanele yini bokukholelwa ummangalelwa obenzile ubugebengu futhi kufanele abekwe ekuqulweni. Ukuqulwa kwecala kunikeza ofakazi nobufakazi, futhi isivikelo sinethuba lokuwela ngaphandle kwecala likahulumeni futhi sibekela inselele. Indinganiso kulesigaba kungenzeka ibangela cishe cishe (igumbi eliphansi kakhulu kune- “ukungabaza okunengqondo."""

Uma umahluleli ethola imbangela okungenzeka, icala liyaqhubekeka; uma kungenjalo, amacala angase asuswe. Nokho, ukuxoshwa kuleliqophelo akuvele kuvimbele ukuqulwa kwamacala kamuva uma kuvela ubufakazi obusha. Ukuqulwa kwecala kokukhanya akunazo zonke izifunda; ezinye izizwe zisebenzisa amajaji amakhulu esikhundleni sokumangalelwa.

Ukusola (Umkhulu Omkhulu Obukeza)

Kuhulumeni nakwezinye izifundazwe, amacala angathi sína kumelwe alethwe ijaji elinguqulugudu kunokuba kudluliswe ngokuqulwa komthetho kokuqala. Ijaji elikhulu liyiqembu lezakhamuzi (ngokusho 16-16-23 amalungu) ezizwa ubufakazi obunikezwa umshushisi enkantolo eyimfihlo. Isivikelo asikho futhi asinalo ilungelo lokuveza icala laso. Uma okungenani iningi labaphathi abakhulu bejaji bathola ukuthi ummangalelwa wenza ubugebengu, bakhipha isimangalo esingokomthetho esibizwa ngokuthi [FLT]].

Inqubo enkulu yabahluleli iye yagxekwa ngokusizakala, kodwa isebenza njengesehlo emandleni abashushisi ngokufuna ukuba isakhamuzi sivunyelwe phambi kommangalelwa siphoqelelwe ukuba simelane nobugebengu obungathi sína. Kwezinye izindawo, ummangalelwa angase ahlawuliswe amajaji amakhulu futhi avumele ukuqulwa kokuqala.

7. Ukubekwa icala

Icala liyisigaba lapho ummangalelwa efunda khona izikhalo ngokusemthethweni futhi acelwa ukuba angene ekuncengeni. Izicelo ezingenzeka ngokuvamile zihlanganisa guilty, , awanacala [, noma [[FLT]] i-anolo [[FLT]] (akukho mncintiswano]). “ukunxusa okungekhona ukuvuma icala kodwa ukwamukela isijeziso njengokungathi unecala; akunakusetshenziswa ngokumelene nommangalelwa enkantolo yomphakathi. Kweminye imikhakhakha. [FL:] [FT] [FT]

Uma ummangalelwa ekhala ngecala, inkantolo kumelwe iqinisekise ukuthi isicelo senziwa ngokuzithandela, ngokuhlakanipha, futhi ngokuqonda imiphumela (isikhalazo sokunxusa). Isikhalo esinecala siphumela ekugwetshweni ngokushesha noma ekugwetshweni kamuva. Uma ummangalelwa encengelwe icala, icala libekwa icala, futhi ukuqulwa kwecala nokutholwa kuqala. Icala lezemthetho liphelela ekumangalelweni okuthenjiswe kunoma isiphi icala; isilinganiso esincane kuphela siya enkantolo.

8. Inqubo Yangaphambi Kwesikhathi Nezinyathelo

Phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala, ukuzivikela nokushushisa kuhlanganyela emalungiselelweni amakhulu. Inqubo yokufihla inqubo lapho zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi. Ukushushiswa kumelwe kwambule ubufakazi bokudlulisa (ukusekela okuvumelana nommangalelwa) ngaphansi Brady v. Maryland. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekuxazululeni ukudluliselelwa kokunxusa noma izijeziso.

Izenzo zamacala ezidlule zingafakwa ukuze kuxazululwe izindaba zomthetho ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala eliphelele. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Motion ukuvimbela ubufakazi - - iphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi butholakele ngokungemthetho (umz., ukuhlola okungenasidingo ngaphandle kwesizathu).
  • Ukukhipha [ – usho ukuthi amacala awasho ubugebengu noma ukuthi umshushisi uphule amalungelo ommangalelwa.
  • Ukuguqula indawo - - kusho ukuthi ukusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezakhono noma ubandlululo lwendawo kuvimbela ukuqulwa kobulungisa kwezwe lokuqala.
  • [[[UMTL:0] i-limine – ufuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile noma ubufakazi ekunikezelweni enkantolo.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kuvumela ijaji ukuba libuse kulezindaba, lilolonge ubufakazi nezimpikiswano eziyofika phambi kwabasizi bejaji.

9. Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Icala liyisigaba esibonakala kakhulu senqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu. Liyinqubo eqhubekayo lapho ummangalelwa ethwele khona umthwalo wokuqinisekisa icala lommangalelwa ngalé kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ummangalelwa uthathwa engenacala kuyo yonke indawo, futhi icala alikwazi ukuqhubeka uma ummangalelwa engaqondi (ongakwazi ukuqonda icala noma ukusiza ekuvikeleni kwabo).

Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ilandela lokhu kulandelana:

  1. Ukukhetha i-jury (i-voir jamp): Abahluleli baphenywa amajaji nabameli ukuqinisekisa ukungakhethi. Zombili izinhlangothi zingabekela inselele abajaji izimbangela noma zisebenzise inani elilinganiselwe lezinselele ezizihlengayo.
  2. Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Ukushushisa iziboshwa bese ukuzivikela kuveza lokho abalindele ukuba ubufakazi bukubonise. Lamazwi awabona ubufakazi kodwa ayizinto ezibubone ngaphambili.
  3. Ukunikezwa kobufakazi (icala elisenkabeni): Ukushushiswa komshushisi kubiza ofakazi nokukhangisa. OFakazi bahlolwa ngokuqondile, bese bephenya nge-expane-metaine ngesivikelo, ngokuthumela nokudlulisa futhi ngokudingeka.
  4. Icala eliyi-Defense: Icala lokuzivikela linikeza ubufakazi balo siqu nofakazi. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokungafakazeli, futhi abahluleli abakwazi ukuveza isigqizo esiphambene kulesosinqumo.
  5. Izimpikiswano ezibonisayo: Izinhlangothi zonke zifingqa udaba lwazo, zigcizelela amandla obufakazi nobuthakathaka bombani.
  6. Imiyalo e-JURY:[ Umahluleli uchazela abasizi-jaji umthetho obalulekile, kuhlanganise nomthwalo wobufakazi nezici zobugebengu obumangalelwe.
  7. Ukucubungula nokunquma: Abasizi bamajaji ngasese kuze kufike isinqumo esihlanganeyo (kwizifunda eziningi). Uma abahluleli bengenakuvumelana, inkantolo `a “ijaji elingekho''." lingase likhishwe, futhi ukuqulwa kwecala kungaphinde kuvivinywe.

Uma icala liyicala eliyibhentshi (elingenayo ijaji), umahluleli usebenza njengomtholi weqiniso futhi ukhipha isinqumo. ngemva kwesinqumo, ummangalelwa angase abekwe icala noma akhululwe.

10. Ukugwetshwa

Uma ummangalelwa etholakala enecala, isigwebo esihlukile siqulwa (ngaphandle kwesicelo esinecala sihlanganisa isigwebo esivunyelweyo njengengxenye yesicelo esigunyaziwe). Izinqumo zokugweba ziqondiswa i-statory, iziqondiso zokugweba (ikakhulukazi enkantolo kahulumeni), kanye nokwahlulela okucatshangelwayo. Izici zihlanganisa:

  • Isimo nokwenziwa ngokungathi sína kwecala
  • Umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa
  • Amazwi okuhlukunyezwa
  • Izimo eziphazamisayo (isimo, izinkinga zempilo yengqondo, ukubambisana neziphathimandla)
  • Izimo ezithuthukisayo (isib., sebenzisa isikhali, indima njengomholi webhizinisi lobugebengu)

Imisho engenzeka ihlanganisa:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuhlanganisa: Igama lokuboshwa, elingase lithunyelwe ejele lendawo (izimo) noma ijele elisejele (izenzo zecala). Isigwebo singaqala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuya ekuphileni ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa.
  • Isivumelwano:[ Ummangalelwa ukhululwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwesikhulu esihlola isigwebo, ngaphansi kwezimo (umzk., amasheke avamile, ukuhlola imilaliso, umsebenzi).
  • [[[UMTL:0] Isijeziso sokujezisa: Izijeziso zemali ezikhokhwa enkantolo noma ezisulwini.
  • Inkonzo ye-community: umsebenzi ongakhokhelwanga owabelwe ukuzuzisa umphakathi.
  • [[QULT:0] Izibalo:[ Kumacala athile, izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa, izinkantolo zokwelapha ngezidakamizwa, noma izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo zingathatha indawo yesijeziso sezwe.

Ezimweni ezibulalayo, ukugwetshwa kungase kuhilele isigwebo esihlukile lapho abahluleli benquma khona phakathi kokufa nokuboshwa ukuphila konke.

Ukunxusa

Ngemva kokugweba, ummangalelwa oboshiwe unelungelo lokudlulisa icala noma isigwebo. Ukudlulisa icala akulona icala lesibili; kubukezwa ukuqulwa kwamacala angokomthetho enkantolo ephansi okungenzeka ukuthi athinta isinqumo noma isigwebo. Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuvuma noma ukulahla ubufakazi okungafanele
  • Iziqondiso ezingafanele
  • Usizo olungenamiphumela lweseluleko (ngaphansi kwendinganiso Srickland v. Washington))
  • Ukuziphatha okubi kokumangalela (isib., ngokungabufaki ubufakazi bokumangalela)
  • Ukuhluleka kobufakazi bokusekela isinqumo
  • Amaphutha okujezisa (isib., ukufakwa kweziqondiso okungafanele)

Inkantolo edlulisayo ingaqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuliguqula, noma ukubuyisela (kuqede) icala lecala elisha noma lokucasha. Umshushisi ngokuvamile akanakudlulisa imvume yokuthethelelwa, kodwa angakhanga izinqumo ezithile zangaphambi kwe hreastry noma imisho kwezinye izifunda.

Uma ummangalelwa elahlekelwa ngokwezinga eliphakathi, ukudluliswa okwengeziwe enkantolo ephakeme noma eNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. kuyenzeka kodwa kuqashelwe ngalezozinkantolo kodwa kunezinqumo ezinqumayo, lezozinkantolo zikhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe azwe. Ngaphezu kokunxusa ngokuqondile, abamangalelwa bangase bafake amafayela okuhlasela okufana nezicelo ze-habeas corpus, bephikisa ngokuthi ukuboshwa kwabo kuphula uMthetho-sisekelo.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwa Kuyo Yonke Lenqubo

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu sakhiwe ngesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zilungile futhi kuvinjelwe izinkolelo ezingalungile. Amalungelo abalulekile asebenza ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene ahlanganisa:

  • Isichibiyeli sesine:[ Isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka; ngokunokwenzeka kudinga isizathu sokuboshwa nezimpawu.
  • Isichibiyeli se-F5th:[ Isokudla ngokumelene nokuzilimaza; isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili; isokudla ngenqubo yomthetho.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xxte: kwesokudla sokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo nomphakathi yijaji elingakhethi; ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala; ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi; ilungelo lokuphoqelelwa ukuba uthole ofakazi abavikelayo; ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isichibiyeli sobubanzi: Isivikelo ekusebenziseni ibheyili enzima nesijeziso esingavamile.
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nane:[ Inikeza iSigqi somthetho weSigqi samalungelo esizwe ngenqubo efanele nangezinombolo ezilinganayo zokuvikela.

Ukuqonda la malungelo kuyadingeka kunoma ubani ohamba ngezinyawo noma ofunda lesi simiso.

Abadlali Abayinhloko Esimisweni Sokwahlulela Ngesigebengu

Isinyathelo ngasinye sihilela abahlanganyeli abahlukene abanendima ecacile:

  • ukugcinwa komthetho: Ubugebengu, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, ukubopha, nokunikeza ubufakazi.
  • Abacuphi: bamelela uhulumeni; nquma ukuthi ungafaka amachashaza yini; beka icala enkantolo; batusa imisho.
  • Abameli abaqinile:[ bamelela osolwayo; baqinisekisa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo avikelwe; ubufakazi obuyinselele; xoxani ngezicelo ezithengisekayo; phikisanani ngokugweba nokudlulisa.
  • Abahluleli:[ Bengamele ukuzwa nokulingwa; busa ngezenzo; nikeza iziyalezo zokwahlulela; beka imigwebo.
  • [ Imibono:[ Inquma ukuthi unecala noma umsulwa ekulingweni (amajaji aphezulu) noma inqume ukuthi ungakhipha yini icala (iqumo elikhulu).
  • Izisebenzi zomthetho: Clerks, i-beyif, izintatheli zenkantolo, izikhulu zokuhlenga-hlengwa, kanye nabasekeli bezisulu.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sokwahlulela komthetho, kusukela ekuboshweni ekuqulweni nasekudlulisweni kwecala, iyinqubo eklanyelwe ngokucophelela ukusekela umthetho kuyilapho ivikela amalungelo abantu. Isigaba ngasinye (‘uphenya, ukuboshwa, ukuchopha, ukumangalela, ukumangalela, ukuqulwa, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukugwetshwa, nokudluliswa kwecala,) iyinqubo eklanyelwe ukusekela ukujezisa ilungelo lombuso lokujezisa ngokulandelana kommangalelwa ngokobulungisa. Ngokuqonda lokhu kulandelana, abafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi bazuza ukuqonda kokubili amandla nezinselele eziqhubekayo zobulungisa baseMelika. Isimiso asiphelele: izimpikiswano ezinjengezeluleko zobuhlanga, ukuncishiswa kwezicelo, nokuthola imali ekufuneni inzuzo yokulungisa. Nokho, ukuvikela okuqhubekayo, ukuvikela okusekelwe ekulungiseni imizamo.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngenqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu nangezimiso ezihlobene nomthetho, hlola imithombo enegunya njenge U.S. uMnyango wobulunga , i-Cornell Legil Information Institute yezenqubo yobugebengu[, kanye ne-ACCLU ingcebo yenguquko yobulungisa bobugebengu.