Isingeniso: Isimiso Esiyisisekelo Sokubulala Okukabili

Ingozi ephindwe kabili imfundiso engokomthetho eqinile evikela abantu ekumangalelweni noma ukujeziswa kaningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Lesimiso sisebenza njengesehlo esibucayi emandleni kahulumeni, sivimbela umbuso ukuba ungasebenzisi imithombo yawo emikhulu ukuze uhlasele isakhamuzi ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuziphatha okufanayo. Isekelwe emthetho wasendulo ovamile futhi ihlanganiswe nemithetho engokomthetho yanamuhla, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziqinisekisa ukuba isiphelo, ukungalungi, nokuzinzile okungokomthetho. E-United States, kubekwe i-shrinsrin eSingeni sesihlanu, esithi akukho muntu ozobekwa "esingafanelweni somthetho ofanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yokuphila noma isitho esiqinile."Izivikelo ezifanayo zikhona kwezinye izimiso eziningi ezingokomthetho emhlabeni wonke, ezibonisa ukuvikela abantu emhlabeni wonke ekuvikelweni kwenani elingenasiphelo.

Ukuqonda izingozi ezimbili akudingekile kochwepheshe bezomthetho kuphela kodwa nakunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kanye nezithakazelo zomphakathi ekujeziseni ububi. Lesi sihloko sizohlola umsuka, isivikelo esiyisisekelo, ukuhlukanisa, imibono ephawulekayo, nezimpikiswano zanamuhla ezihlobene nezingozi eziphindwe kabili.

Imvelaphi Nentuthuko Yomlando

Imisuka yengozi ephindwe kabili ibuyela emuva eGrisi naseRoma yasendulo, lapho umqondo [u- unamabine kuyi-imem ("kungaphindi into efanayo") yaqala ukuklanywa. Nokho, imfundiso yanamuhla isuka ngokuqondile kumthetho wesiNgisi ovamile. Ngekhulu le-12, izinkantolo zamaNgilandi zaqaphela ukuthi umuntu akumelwe amangalelwe futhi ngemva kokulahlwa. Isimiso saqiniswa ngokwengeziwe ngekhulu le-17 leminyaka yizazi ezingokomthetho njengoSir Edward Coke, owabhala ngokungabi nabulungisa kokuqulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Isivikelo salethwa emakoloni aseMelika njengengxenye yefa lomthetho ovamile. Ngemva kweNguquko yaseMelika, iZisungulo zabaFata zafaka i-Breats eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu njengendlela yokuhlola ubushiqela obungase bube khona bukahulumeni omusha. INkantolo Ephakeme kamuva yahlanganisa i-Double Jeopardy Clause ephethe amazwe ngeSigqizo seMbengo seshumi nane esenzekalweni Benton v. Maryland [1969]. Namuhla, le mfundiso iyitshe lenqubo yobugebengu e-ophakalela i-mthetho eUnited States futhi iye yathonya eminye imithetho ejwayelekile, kuhlanganise ne-Canada, ne-United Kingdom.

Emazweni omthetho wesizwe, isimiso sivame ukuvezwa njengamabhuki afanayo phakathi kwemiyalo yawo, nakuba ama-conote angempela engahluka. I-European Convention on Human Rights ihlanganisa nenguquko eSiphakamisweni 4 se-Protocol No. 7, ukunqabela ukubulawa ngemva kokuxolelwa noma ukukholelwa kokugcina esifundazweni esifanayo.

Izivikelo Zokulimala Okukabili

Izingozi Ezigxotshwayo Entweni Efanele

Ngaphambi kokuba isivikelo sengozi ephindwe kabili sisebenze, ingozi kumelwe iqale ihlanganiswe. Ecaleni labahluleli, izingozi zikhona lapho ijaji lifungela. Ecaleni lebhentshi, linamathela lapho ufakazi wokuqala efukwa. Uma igalelo liboshiwe, ummangalelwa ufakwa engozini engokomthetho yokukhohliswa nesijeziso. Uma icala liphela ngokulahlwa ngaphambi kokuba ijaji lifinyelele isigwebo, noma uma icala litholakala, ukumangalelwa ngokulandelana kwecala elifanayo kuyavinjelwa.

Ukulahlwa Njengesitokisi Esiphelele

Isivikelo esinamandla kakhulu sengozi ephindwe kabili siwukuthi ukulahlwa, kungaba ngesinqumo esiqondiswe, isinqumo esiqondisiwe, noma ukuthola ubufakazi obunganele, kungokokugcina. Umshushisi akanakudlulisa icala lokuthethelelwa, futhi ummangalelwa akanakubuyiselwa futhi uma ubufakazi obusha becala buvela kamuva. Lomthetho ubonisa izinga eliphakeme lesimiso somthetho ekugcineni kwesinqumo somsizi noma ijaji lokuthola ummangalelwa ongena necala. INkantolo Ephakeme i-Luty v. United States[FLT:] (1957) yagcizelela ukuthi "Umbuso unezindawo eziphezulu zokugcina icala noma amandla awo wonke akumelwe uvunyelwe ukuba uzame ukubopha iziboshwa.""

Ukuqiniseka Kuvimbela Isijeziso Esiqhubekayo Salabo Abaye Bahlulwa

Icala futhi libopha noma iliphi icala elilandelayo ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esetholakele enecala futhi egwetshwe, ngeke aphinde abekwe icala elinjalo, noma ngabe kamuva icala liphendulwa ngokudluliswa. Nokho, uma isiqinisekiso sishintshwa ngenxa yamaphutha abekwe (njengemiyalo engafanele yejaji noma ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi), ummangalelwa angaphinde agwetshwe ngoba ingozi yokuqala ayiphumelanga esinqumweni sokugcina. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi "ukuqhubeka kwengozi" isimiso.

ICollateral Estoppel Ezimweni Zesigebengu

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ihlanganisa nemfundiso yokumelanisa i-estopel, noma ukuveza ubugebengu. Lokhu kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba aphinde akhiphe indaba eyiqiniso eyayinqunywe ngokukhetha ummangalelwa ngaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummangalelwa ekhululwa ekuphangeni emhlabathini ukuthi wayengeyena umphangi, uhulumeni ngeke kamuva abeke icala lobugebengu obuxhomeke ekufakazeleni ukuthi umbango ofanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela lesi simiso ku-Aspect. Aspeanson (1970).

Okuhlukile Nokulinganiselwa Kulo Mbuso

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, izingozi eziphindwe kabili azinakuphelela. Izinqumo eziningana ezimiswe kahle zivumela uhulumeni ukuba abeke umuntu icala izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo, noma ukukhipha isijeziso esiningi.

Imfundiso Yababusi Abahlukene

Enye yezihluke kakhulu yimfundiso ye-"FLT". Ngaphansi kwalomthetho, umuntu angamangalelwa yikho kokubili uhulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni wezwe ngesenzo esifanayo esingaphansi. Umbusi ngamunye unemithetho yakhe kanye nesithakazelo sakhe ekujeziseni ububi. Ngokwesibonelo, icala elibi kakhulu TELTY[[FLD]][1][FLT]][1] [ingamele] ihileleke kokubili ukubulala nokuqhumisa amabhomu abekwe umthetho ngecala ngendima yakhe e-Oklahoma City. INkantolo Ephakeme yaphinde yaqinisekisa le mfundiso v. (20) [20]), iphethe ukuthi ayiphulanga inguquko ye-Fibrence. Ngokufanayo, umuntu angazanywa ngemithetho emibili ehlukene.

Iziphambeko Ezihlukile Ngaphansi KoMbusi Ofanayo

Umehluko wesibili uvela lapho umbango wesibili uhilela icala elihlukile, ngisho noma livela ngesenzo sobugebengu esifanayo. Ukuhlolwa kwasungulwa i-hitburger v. i-United States [1932]): Uma icala ngalinye lidinga ubufakazi bento engabangelwa yisinye, zithathwa njengeziphambeko ezihlukene, futhi ukuquliswa okulandelanayo kuyavunyelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu osebenzisa isikhali phakathi nokuphanga nobugebengu obuhlukene bokusebenzisa izibhamu phakathi nobugebengu obunobudlova, ngisho noma zombili zivela esimweni esifanayo.

Amakhambi Namakhambi

Icala elingalungile lasho ukuthi "kunesidingo esikhulu" — njengejaji elilengiwe, ijaji eliboshwe ngecala, noma iphutha elingathi sína elibekwe ngecala — aliyivaleli ikhambi lomthetho futhi. Imvume yommangalelwa yokuqungatha isuke ilula ukumelana nezingozi ezimbili. Nokho, uma [[FLT: 0] umbulali ubangela ukuqubuka okungalungile [[[FLT:] ngenhloso ukuveza inzuzo, i-Jeopardy Clausleaste barre requal. INkantolo Ephakeme yayikhuluma ngalokhu [[FLD:] v. Kennedy[FLD] [FLD:] [198], ifuna ubufakazi bomshushicileli-mthetho womthetho wokuzingela ukuvusa icebo elingafanele.

Isigebengu siyaqhubeka

Ingozi ephindwe kabili isebenza kuphela ekwahluleleni. Umuntu angamangalelwa ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yokulimaza okuvela esimweni esifanayo, ngisho nangemva kwecala elilahliwe. Amacala adumile O.J. Simpson[ (ukungamelwe kubulawe kodwa kutholakale kunecala enkantolo ngenxa yokufa okungalungile) afanekise lokhu. Ngokufanayo, umuntu angabhekana nesijeziso sokulawula, njengemvume yokuvala noma isijeziso sochwepheshe, ngaphezu kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Lokhu kucatshangelwa njengomphakathi emvelweni futhi akuvuseli isivikelo sokufa ngokuphindiwe kabili.

Ubufakazi Ngemva Kokukhanga Okuphumelelayo Komlweli

Uma ummangalelwa edlulisa isiqinisekiso ngokuphumelelayo futhi ethola ukubuyiselwa, uhide oluphindiwe luvumela ukuqulwa kabusha. Isizathu siwukuthi ingozi yokuqala ayipheliswanga ngesahlulelo sokugcina ("iyaqhubeka kuze kutholakale ukuvunyelelwa okusemthethweni noma ukulahlwa.] Nokho, uma ukuguqulwa kusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele, uhulumeni ngeke akwazi ukulivivinya icala ngoba lokho kungalingana nokugwenywa. Lomthetho wamiswa ku- Burs v. United States[FLT][FLT]] [17]] [17]]

Umonakalo Okabili Ezimisweni Ezingokomthetho Ezihlukene

United States

Isimiso sase-U.S. singenye yesivikelo esikhulu samalungelo aphindwe kabili engozi, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokulahlwa. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ukulahlwa kungokokugcina futhi akunakudluliswa. Nokho, ababusi abahlukene nemfundiso yesikhala [ ibangela izikhala eziphawulekayo. Abanye abacusumbuli baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kululaza injongo yesimiso, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zonya lwamaphoyisa noma ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu lapho kokubili isifundazwe nomthetho kanye nokuqulwa kwecala.

United Kingdom

Umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi wawunomthetho oqinile wengozi ephindwe kabili, kodwa waphucuzwa ngo-2005 ngokudluliswa kwe-Criminal Justice Act. Ezocaba ezingathi sína (umzk., ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga okuhlomile), umshushisi angasebenza eNkantolo yokufaka i-Apply orth exoxiweyo uma "ubufakazi obusha nobuqandhliweyo" buvela. Lolu shintsho lwaqhutshwa ngecala eliphezulu le-profile lapho ubufakazi be-DNA kamuva bufakazelwa khona icala eliyicala. I-Scotland inecala elifanayo, nakuba ingekho.

Canada

Umthetho waseCanada uqaphela ingozi ephindwe kabili ngaphansi kweSahluko 11 (h) seChater of Rights and Freedoms, esivikela ekuqulweni kwecala umuntu aye walahlwa ngalo ekugcineni noma walahlwa icala. Izinkantolo zaseCanada ngokuvamile ziye zathatha indlela eqinile, nakuba ngaphandle kwesimiso sase-U.S. sikhona, njengemfundiso ehlukile yezikhulu ngokuphathelene nesifunda nombuso wezwe.

Amazwe Omthetho Wangaphakathi

Kumagunya omthetho wezakhamuzi njengeFrance, iJalimane, neJapane, isivikelo esiphindwe kabili ngokuvamile siphelele, ngaphandle kwezimbalwa. Isimiso se bine kusisebenziswa kakhulu, sivimbela kokubili ukuboshwa nesijeziso sesenzo esifanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sibuphi ububusi. Nokho, ubugebengu bomhlaba wonke kanye nomthetho owenziwe ngecala elinqamule ungadala izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izimpikiswano Nezinsolo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Inkinga Yobufakazi Obusha

Enye yezinsolo eziphikelela kakhulu zezingozi ezimbili ibhande lazo lokuhlola lapho kuvela ubufakazi obusha ngemva kokulahlwa. E-United Kingdom, njengoba kuphawuliwe, umthetho washintshwa ukuze uvumele ukuqulwa kabusha kwamacala amakhulu lapho kuvela ubufakazi obusha. E-United States, izazi eziningi ezingokomthetho namaqembu amaningi ayizisulu zokungatholi mvume, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobugebengu obunobudlova obufana nokubulala nokudlwengula lapho ubufakazi be-DNA bungafakazela khona ukuthi necala. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi ukushintsha umthetho kungalulaza ukugcinwa kwesinqumo futhi kunikeze umbuso amandla amakhulu kakhulu okuvula kabusha izigwebo.

Ukukholelwa Okungalungile Nokulahlwa

Ingozi ephindwe kabili futhi idlala indima emacala okukholisa okungalungile. Nakuba ummangalelwa engagwetshwa ngemva kokudluliswa kwesicelo esiphumelelayo, uma icala lomshushisi libuthakathaka futhi ukugwetshwa kwecala lokungabutholi ubufakazi, ukuqulwa kwecala futhi kuvinjelwe. Lokhu kungavimbela uhulumeni ekulungiseni amaphutha aholela ekuthethelelweni okungalungile, kodwa futhi kuvikela ababekwe icala ngokungafanele emankantolo angapheli. Umbango phakathi kokugcina nokunemba uhlala uyimpikiswano enkulu.

Isijeziso esiningi: Isijeziso esihambisana ne-Cumical v. Isigwebo sokuzijezisa komuntu Oyedwa

Ukwenqabela ukujeziswa ngesijeziso esiningi somthetho ofanayo kuphakamisa imibuzo futhi mayelana nokugwetshwa. Uma ummangalelwa elahlwa icala lamacala amabili avela ekuziphatheni okufanayo, inkantolo kumelwe iqinisekise ukuthi isijeziso esiphindaphindiwe asiqisi. Ezinye izigodlo zifuna "ukwenyukela" izimfundiso ezidinga amaphutha amancane ahlanganisayo okuhlanganiswa, kuyilapho amanye evumela izigwebo ezilandelanayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. i-witburger iyahlolelwa ukuthola ukuthi isijeziso esiningi siyavunyelwa yini.

Izinkinga Zokuhleleka Zamazwe Ngamazwe Nezokuhleleka Kwesiphambano

Kulelizwe eligcwele imbulunga yonke, izimiso eziyingozi eziphindwe kabili zivivinywa ubugebengu obunganqamukiyo. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu okhululwe umlomo kwelinye izwe angase abhekane nokumangalelwa kwesinye isenzo esifanayo. Izivumelwano nemibuthano yezizwe zonke, njengeRome Sigmentte of the International Criminal Court, ifuna ukuhlanganisa lezindaba, kodwa ukungavumelani kusekhona. I-European Union iye yasebenzisa amabhuleki eSiphakathini 54 se-Schengegen Convention, i-barring Reficial phakathi kwe-EURC ngenxa yecala elifanayo ngemva kwesinqumo sokugcina selungu.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zabadlali Abayinhloko

Abavikeli

Ingozi ephindwe kabili inikeza ukuthula kwengqondo okubalulekile okungabangelwa ukuthi isifundazwe asinakubahlupha ngokungenasiphelo ngemva kokulahlwa. Ikhuthaza futhi ukubambisana nesimiso, njengoba abamangalelwa bazi ukuthi isicelo siletha isiphetho. Nokho, abamangalelwa kumelwe baqaphele ukudluliswa kwecala likahulumeni elihlukile − njengokubhekene namacala kahulumeni ngemva kokukhulula kukahulumeni, futhi bahlela ukuzivikela kwabo ngokufanele. Ummeli we-savvy uyohlaziya ukuthi ukuziphatha okufanayo kungaveza yini ukumangalelwa okuphindaphindiwe noma ukumangalelwa okuka kaningi.

Kumacala

Abamangaleli kumelwe banqume ngokucophelela ukuthi yikuphi ukumangalelwa okumelwe kubekwe phambi kwenkantolo. Ukuqulwa kwecala kungaholela ekumangalelweni okuncane okuvimbela ukuqulwa kwecala elingathi sína kamuva. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqulwa komthetho kungaphumela ekuxoshelweni okuthi kuqhubeke kuthatha isinyathelo. Lemfundiso futhi iphoqelela abashushisi ukuba banikeze bonke ubufakazi obukhona ekuqulweni kwecala, ngoba abakwazi ukuphinde balivule icala ngemva kokulahlwa. Emacala amaningi abekwe icala, ukuhlangana phakathi kombuso nohulumeni kudingekile kubalulekile ukugwema ukukhipha izikhala eziyingozi eziphindwe kabili.

Izisulu

Izisulu zobugebengu, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zingazizwa zingalungile kakhulu uma ukulahlwa kuvimbela umenzi wobubi ukuba aphinde alahlwe futhi, ikakhulukazi uma ubufakazi obusha buvela kamuva. Amaqembu ayizisulu ngokuvamile alwela ushintsho ukuze avumele ukuqulwa kabusha kwecala "ubufakazi obucacile becala" kodwa, isimiso futhi sivikela izisulu ekubukeleni ubuhlungu bokufakazelwa ekuqulweni okuphindiwe. Ukulinganisela kubucayi.

Isiphetho

Izingozi ezimbili zihlala ziyisivikelo esibalulekile ekuphathweni uhulumeni, ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abachayeke ekukhathazekeni, izindleko, kanye nehlazo lokuqulwa kwecala okuhlukahlukene ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Izimpande zalo emthethweni ovamile nokuncishiswa kwalo eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu zibonisa ukuzinikela okujulile ekuqondeni okungakhethi nokugcina.

Njengoba izimiso zomthetho zishintsha futhi zinwebeka, isimiso sizoqhubeka sibhekana nezinselele. Impikiswano ngokuvumela ukuqulwa kwecala ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obusha, ukubekwa kwesijeziso esiphindaphindiwe, nokumiswa kwemithetho yomhlaba wonke kuzohlela ikusasa lengozi ephindwe kabili.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [[QULT: 0] i-Cornell Information ye-ligial memone yengozi ephindwe kabili[, U.S. umnyango weziqondiso zoMahluleli[, nombono weNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [[5]] qqq v. United States (2017]). Ukwelashwa okubanzi kwezemfundo kungatholakala ku lesi sihloko somthetho [[FLT]] [FLT:] [FLT]]