Izimfuneko Ezinqala Zokuhlola Ingaphakathi Nezentengiselwano Ziyaphazanyiswa

Ukuhlola ukuhweba nokungaqiniseki kudinga ukulinganisela okuqondile phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho ophumelelayo nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Abanqobile basebenza njengenqubo egxekayo engokomthetho egunyaza abacwaningi ukuba bafune futhi bathathe ubufakazi kuyilapho beqapha abantu ngabanye i-’ amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sesine. Ukuqonda izimfuneko ezigunyaziwe kulomo kubalulekile kochwepheshe abasemthethweni, izikhulu ezilalelayo, kanye nezinhlangano zezimali ezilawula imingcele eyinkimbinkimbi yezezimali.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okunegunya kwezindinganiso zomthetho, izinyathelo zomthetho, nokucabangela okuwusizo okuhambisana nobufakazi bokuphenya ngokukhwabanisa. Sizohlola isisekelo sesizathu okungenzeka sibangelwe, izinselele eziyingqayizivele ezinikezwa ngobufakazi bemishini, indima yeSeciture and Exchange Commission (SEC) kanye noMnyango woMahluleli (DOJ), kanye nomthetho wamuva owenziwe wafaneleka ukuba usebenze namuhla.

Isisekelo Segunya Elinamandla Ezindaweni Zokucwaninga

ISichibiyelo Sesine Nemfuneko Efanelekile

ISichibiyelo Sesine eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-United States sivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni. Uma kubhekiselwa ekuhloleni kokungaqiniseki, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza, kumelwe zithole imvume phambi kokusesha izindawo, ukuthimba amabhukwana, noma ukufinyelela ezinye izinhlobo zemininingwane yezobuchwepheshe. Imfuneko ayisebenzi emakhaya nasehhovisi kuphela kodwa futhi naselwazini lwezibalo olugcinwe namalungu amathathu, njengoba kucaciswa iNkanto e . California v.[FLT][2014]

Isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi isiqinisekiso kumelwe sisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ibangele, ikakhulukazi ekuchazeni kwaso indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi kukhishwe, futhi kukhishwe imantshi ongathathi hlangothi.

Indinganiso Enengqondo Ebangela Inkinga

Imbangela eqinisekile umnyango ongokomthetho okumelwe uhlangatshezwane nawo ngaphambi kokuba isiqinisekiso sikhankaswe. Ikhona uma ingqikithi yezimo ezaziwayo isikhulu esihlolayo ingaholela umuntu onengqondo ukuba akholelwe ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bukhona endaweni okumelwe buphenywe. Ezimweni zokuvinjelwa, kungenzeka imbangela isungulwe ngokuxubana:

  • [[IMIFULT:0] I-data elungisayo i-anomalies[#x2013]; imiklamo esikisela ukuhwebelana ngezinto ezibonakalayo, ulwazi olungelulo omphakathi.
  • Izinkulumo zoFakazi noma amacebiso okwazisa [ – ukulandisa okuthembekile okuhlanganisa umuntu nokuziphatha okungekho emthethweni.
  • [[QULT:0] Ubufakazi bokukhuluma [ – ama-imeyili, amarekhodi ocingo, noma i-application ebonisa ukuxhumanisa noma ulwazi.
  • [ Amarekhodi emali [#x2013]; izitatimende zebhange, ama-akhawunti, noma izingcingo ezibonisa inzuzo engavamile noma isikhathi.
  • [ Ukuhlaziya kobungcweti – ubufakazi obuvela kubahlaziyi bezezimali noma ababali bemali abakhokhelwayo ngethuba lokuhweba ngaphakathi.

Indinganiso ayiqiniseki, kodwa ingenzeka. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphawula izintambo ezilula (), ngokunokwenzeka imbangela iwumqondo ovumelanayo, osebenzayo osekelwe ekucabangeleni ukuphila kwansuku zonke okunengqondo nokunengqondo okuthatha isinyathelo kukho.

Inqubo Yokusebenzisa Ephuthumayo

Ukubuka udlulisa ngenkani

Ukuthola imvume yokuphulwa kwemibandela eyimfihlo ngokuvamile kulandela inqubo ehleliwe ehilela ukubambisana phakathi kwezinkampani ezihlolayo noMnyango Wobulungisa waseU.S.

  1. [ Ukuqala kokuhlanganisa [ [#x2013]; i-SEC noma enye indikimba yokuqondisa iveza umsebenzi osolekayo ngokuqapha, izihloko, noma ama-aretrary.
  2. Ukuqoqa ukulandelelana [[#x2013]; abangenisi baqoqa ubufakazi bokusekela obuza kuqala ukuze basekele imbangela okungenzeka, besebenzisa ama-tappoena, izingxoxo zokufakaza, kanye namarekhodi omphakathi.
  3. Ukulungiselela – Inxusa lokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho, ngokuvamile nge-FBI noma SEC& X2019; i-Ivision of Enictivement, i-applicat eningiliziwe echaza kokubili ubugebengu nobufakazi obufunwayo.
  4. Ukubukeza kwe-Judicial[ – I-affidavit futhi ehlongozwayo inikezwa imvume kumahluleli kahulumeni noma umahluleli wesifunda ukuze athole imvume.
  5. i-active [ [#x2013]; Uma umahluleli ethola imbangela engakhona, basayina isiqinisekiso, bagunyaza ukuseshwa nokuthatheka kwezinto ezicacisiwe.
  6. Isenzo sokuhlola [#x2013]; ukuphoqelela koMthetho kwenza uphetho, ngokuvamile ngenqubo yokungqongqoza-futha-kanye-ukungena ngaphandle uma imvume yokungagunyazi-knock ilungile.

Izimfuneko Eziyinhloko Emkhakheni Wezokungcebeleka

I-affidavit iyisikhungo sokusebenza kwesicelo. Kumelwe iqukethe imininingwane eyiqiniso eyanele ukuvumela imantshi ukuba enze icebo elizimele elingenza ukuzimisela. Izikhombi ekuhlolweni kokuvinjelwa kwezincwadi zihlanganisa:

  • Incazelo yokwephulwa okusolwayo (isib., ngaphakathi kwentengiselwano ngaphansi kwe-15 U.S.C. § § 78j(b) noMthetho 10b-5.
  • Izenzakalo ezihambisanayo eziholela kulokho okuthiwa yicala.
  • Ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi isisulu sisesongeni, njengamarekhodi ocingo abeka lezi zinombolo eduze nemihlangano eyinhloko.
  • Ulwazi ngendawo okumelwe ihlolwe, kuhlanganise nanoma iziphi izinkomba ezidingekayo ukuze kutholakale i - with.
  • Uhlu lwezinto okumelwe zithathwe, okumelwe luhlolwe ngokukhethekile ukuze kugwenywe imvume evamile.

I-affidavits ethembele ekwazisweni okuvela kubaqondisi abayimfihlo kumelwe futhi isungule i-anderstant ithembekile nesisekelo solwazi lwazo, ngokuvumelana ne ingqikithi yengqikithi ye-'i-actrames'.

Ukucatshangelwa Ngokukhethekile Kobufakazi Bezinombolo

Izindlela Zokuxhumana Nemishini Yobuchwepheshe

Ukuphulwa kwemithetho kuhlanganisa kakhulu ubufakazi bezenombolo: ama-imeyili, imiyalezo esheshayo, izikhungo zomphakathi, ukuqinisekiswa kwezentengiselwano, nokugcinwa kwezentengiselwano. Icala lezentengiselwano lidinga isiqinisekiso, ngokufanayo, inzuzo enkulu emninindweni wezobuchwepheshe. [[FLT: 1]] i-Ralemy v. California[FLT]][FLT]][3] [i] [i-FLT]]] [i] [i] sekela ukuthi ukuhlola ucingo olubangela ukubopha okungamele ukuboshwa ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso, ukuqaphela izithakazelo zemfihlo ezinkulu emniningwaneni yezenzipho phakathi nendawo yokuhweba.[FLT:][FLT][FLD] , iNkamele inkantolo ime ukuthi uhulumeni udinga imvume yokungena entweni engoko engoko, okunelwayo eqophekayo, okune kakhulu phakathi kwezente.

Ezimweni zokuhwebelana ngaphakathi, ngokuvamile izimvume ezigunyaza ukuthunjwa:

  • Amacomputer kanye nezisebenzisi ezisetshenziselwa ukuhwebelana noma ukuxhumana ngokwaziswa okungesikho komphakathi.
  • Imishini ehambayo, kuhlanganise nomakhalekhukhwini namaphilisi.
  • Ama-akhawunti wokugcina wefu kanye nezisebenzisi ze-imeyili.
  • Izinhlelo zokuthumela ezibhalwe ngokufihlayo (isib., Signal, WhasSApp) uma amanxusa engabonisa ukuthi umninisisetshenziswa uyisici sokuphenya futhi kungenzeka kunesizathu sokuthi ubufakazi bukhona.

Ukuphatha Imininingwane Eyikhowudi

Ukubhala kuyinselele enkulu. Uma imvume igunyaza ukuseshwa kwethuluzi elifihliwe, abaphenyi kungadingeka baphoqelele abasolwayo ukuba banikeze iphasiwedi noma i-biometric data. Uhlelo olungokomthetho lwalokhu lusalokhu lungaphenduliwe. United States v. Apple MacP[FLY][20] [2020]), i-Freat Counters Act ibambelele ekutheni i-All Writs Act ayikwazi ukuphoqelela ukudala i-software ukuze ikhiphe ukuvulwa, kodwa abantu ngabanye bangatshelwa ukuba bafunde imishini ngaphansi kweNguqulo yesihlanu i-&x20; isenzeka-ikhodiom, uma uhulumeni efuna ukubonisa ukuthi i-password noma ukudluliswa kwe-densi (i.) ayigunyaziwenga, kodwa i-Fiversenyukim.

Ukuxhumana Okugciniwe Ne - ECPA

Imithetho e-Federal enjenge-Ved Communications Act (SCA) kanye ne-ECPA ilawula ukufinyelela kukahulumeni ekuxhumaneni ngemishini. Lemithetho ihlukanisa phakathi kokuqukethwe nokwaziswa okungahlangani. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthola okuqukethwe yi-imeyili egciniwe (ezingangeniswanga nezinsuku ezingu-180 ubudala) ngokuvamile kudinga imvume, nakuba imeta-mimeta engahlanganisiwe njengezihloko ze-imeyili ingatholakala nge-pane. Abangenisi kumelwe bahambisane nazo zombili iziNguqulo Yesine kanye nalezi ziciko zemithetho ye-alcustory ukuze baqinisekise ubufakazi bukhona.

Izinhlobo Zabafuduki Ezisetshenziswa Emacalani Angemthetho

Izisebenzi Ezivamile Zokufuna

Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu yimvume yokufuna engokwesiko, egunyaza ukuseshwa kwendawo ethile engokoqobo noma ngemishini. Isetshenziselwa ukuthatha izincwadi, amacomputer, amarekhodi emali, kanye nobunye ubufakazi obuphathekayo.

Ibhizinisi Lokuthungatha

Imvume yokuthuthwa igunyaza ukuphambaniswa kwezinto ezithile ngaphandle kokuseshwa ngokuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, abaphenyi bangathola imvume yokuthatha izabelo, impahla, noma ama-akhawunti okukholelwa ukuthi abangelwa ukuhwebelana okungekho emthethweni. Ngaphansi kwe-18 U.S.C. i-#xa7; 981 no-28 U.S.C. § 2461(c), uhulumeni angafuna izivumelwano zokuvala izikhala ezikhona uma kuqulwa icala.

Izisebenzi Zokuthumba

Kwezinye izimo, imvume yokuboshwa ingakhishwa ephepheni eligunyazwe ukuphehlwa kwemvume yokuthunjwa isekelwe cishe ngenxa yokuthi umuntu unecala. Ukuboshwa kommangalelwa enkantolo yokuhweba ngaphakathi ngokuvamile kubangela ukunakwa komphakathi futhi kungaholela ekuthatheni ijubane ukuze kuvinjelwe ubufakazi uma isiqinisekiso esiyisisekelo sinephutha.

Imbangela Enengqondo Nokuqondisa Kokwahlulela Ngemininingwane

Indima Yezazi

Ukuphathwa komthetho akusona isitembu senjoloba. Amagstarate ahlola ngokucophelela izicelo ezigunyaza ukuqinisekiswa komsuka ongase ufinyelelwe futhi ahlolwe. Angase acele ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, adinge ukuvuselelwa ukuze athole imininingwane esheshayo, noma alahle ngokuphelele izicelo. Ngokwesiko, i-SEC ne-DOJ ngokuvamile banikeza izicelo zemvume kumajistaji phambi kokuhlasela okuhlangene, njengokuhlasela okusemthethweni okuye kwaqhutshwa yi-FBI ngokulandela inkinga yezezimali ka-2008.

Izimpi Eziyinselele: Imizamo Yokucindezelwa

Abalweli bavame ukubekela isisekelo inselele ukuthi i-affidavit ayinasizathu esilindelekile, ihlanganisa izinkulumo ezingamanga (ngaphansi i-franks v. Delaware), noma babenemida engaphezulu encazeloni yayo yezinto okumelwe zibanjwe. Ukunqandeke kakhulu kungalimaza kakhulu ukuboshwa, njengoba ubufakazi obuthola ngokuphula iSichibiyelo sesine ngokuvamile abunakwenzeka. Isibonelo, United States v. Cast[FLT:] (20), inkantolo yabucinezela ubufakazi obutholayo ebufakazi obusekelwe ebufakazini obungakholekiyo ngokuphathelene nokwaziswa okungakholekiyo ngemisebenzi yokuhweba.

Ukuqhathaniswa Nezisebenzi Eziphethe

Izilwanyana Ezihamba Ngezinyawo Nemingcele Yazo

I-SEC isebenzisa njalo ama-tempona angaphansi kokuqondisa njengethuluzi lokuhlola elinciphileyo. Ngokungafani nemithetho, ama-toppoena awafuni ukuvunyelwa ukwahlulela kwangaphambi komthetho futhi angaphoqelela ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi noma ubufakazi. Nokho, ama-popona anezinga elibalulekile:

  • Abakwazi ukugunyaza ukuseshwa noma ukuthunjwa kwezindawo noma izinto; bamane nje bafuna ukwaziswa.
  • Iphoqelelwa kuphela ngemvume yenkantolo; uma umuntu enqaba, iSEC kumelwe iye enkantolo kahulumeni iyophoqelela ukuvuma.
  • Azivusi izinga elifanayo leSichibiyelo Sesine sokuvikela njengemvume yokufuna.

Amaza abalulekile lapho abacwaningi bedinga ukuqoqa ubufakazi ngaphandle kwesihloko i’ ulwazi noma ukubambisana, noma lapho kunengozi yokubhubhisa noma yokucasha. Ezindaweni zokuhwebelana eziphezulu, ukuhlasela okuhlangene okugunyaziwe ngokuvamile kuyisiphetho sokuphenya isikhathi eside ngokusebenzisa izimpofu ezingaphansi kanye nokuqapha.

Imithetho Yamuva Nemikhuba Yokuqulwa Kwecala

Izindawo Zokuthola Imininingwane Yesithathu

INkantolo Ephakeme ’ izinqumo ku Carpleenter v. United States (208) i-project directive memory memory. INkantolo yathi ukufinyelela amarekhodi ezindawo ze-cell kudinga imvume, ukwenqaba uhulumeni i- impikiswano yokuthi imfundiso yesithathu eyingxenye yemfundiso iyasebenza. Lesinqumo sihilela ukuphenya kokwaziswa okuxhomeke ekwazisweni kokubekwa kwemininingwane yendawo ukuze kubeke amadesiki noma amahhovisi enkampani ezindawo ezisebenzelayo ezisemqoka emikhawulweni yezindaba. Izinkantolo zesifunda ziye zandisa lesici seminye incazelo ethinta ingqondo, njengemidwebo yemali egcinwe ngamabhange.

Ama - akhawunti E - mail

Ku iUnited States v.Microsoft Corp. (206) (i-#x201C; IIreland e - email cap (”), isekesi Lesibili sesifunda sabambelela ukuthi isiqinisekiso esikhishwa ngaphansi kwe-Vreld Communies Act asisebenzisi i-meterritorical Sct egcinwe phesheya. I-congress kamuva yacacisa indaba nge-[#FLT:2] CLOUD Act (208), okuvumela ukuba kuthole isiqinisekiso sezinto ezigcinwe kwamanye amazwe kuvela kwamanye amazwe.S. iziteshi zezimiso ezithile ezinikezelweyo. Lokhu kuyalandelwa ngokuqondile phakathi kokuhlola lapho kuthengiselwa kwamanye amazwe.

Abashisekeli Nobuhlakani

Njengoba ukuqamba okungaqondakali kugxila kakhulu ekukhwabaniseni kokungaqiniseki, amafaktha afuna ukunikeza izimvume zokuthinta izinkinobho ezithintwe i-blockchain. Abangenisi bavame ukuthola imvume yokuthatha izihluthulelo zamuntu siqu, baphoqelele izikhwama ukuba zidlulisele amarekhodi athengiweyo, noma izikhwama zemishini eziqinile. ISimemezelo sesine seSimemezelo ’ indinganiso enengqondo iyasebenza ekuhloleni imishini yobuchwepheshe, futhi izinkantolo zisasungula imithetho ehlobene nemfuneko ekhethekile yamakheli evimbela ukuchain.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yochwepheshe Bezomthetho Nezinhlangano

Abanyathelisi Nezinhlangano Zezezimali

I-First inganciphisa ingozi yokuba izisulu zokuphenya ngokugunyazwa kwemithetho ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo eziqinile zokulalela. Imikhuba emihle kakhulu ihlanganisa:

  • Ukulondoloza amarekhodi anembile nafinyelelekayo emisebenzi yezohwebo nezokuxhumana.
  • Ukuqeqesha izisebenzi ngemithetho engaphakathi nokubalulekela ukungahlanganyeli izinto ezingezona ezomphakathi.
  • Ukuqhuba imitapo yangaphakathi ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kubonwe izindlela ezingavamile zokuhwebelana.
  • Ukubambisana nokuphenya kukahulumeni lapho kunikezwa incwadi egunyazwayo, kuyilapho kulondoloza ilungelo lokubekela izicelo zakwamanye amazwe inselele.

Iseluleko Sokuvikela

Lapho bemelela ikhasimende elibhekene nokuphenywa kwezezimali, abameli kufanele:

  • Bukeza ngokushesha incwadi egunyazwayo nencwadi yokuhlola uma kukhona amaphutha.
  • Cabangela ukunyakaza ukuze ucindezele uma incwadi eyayigunyaziwe yayinganesizathu okungenzeka yayinesizathu noma yayingaphezu kwamandla omzimba.
  • Abathengisi bamalungelo abo ngokuphathelene nokukhishwa nokukhiqizwa kobufakazi obungobuchwepheshe.
  • Gwema nabashushisi ngokubuya bethatha indawo lapho kufanele khona.

Indima Ye - SEC Ne - DOJ Emkhubeni Onganqamuki

I-SEC, njengenhlangano yokuqondisa yesizwe, ayisebenzisi imvume yokufuna ngokuqondile. Lapho kucatshangelwa izikhalo zobugebengu, i-SEC ibhekisela emacaleni eDOJ, abese esebenza nge-FBI kanye nezinye izinhlangano zomthetho ukuze kutholakale futhi kuqedwe izimvume. Indima ihlanganisa ukunikeza ubuchwepheshe, ubufakazi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukubambisana komsebenzi. ASEC#x20; i-FFP ye-Infoctivement ngokuvamile isiza ekulungiseni i-activement [[FLT]

Isiphetho

Imishini ingamathuluzi abalulekile ekuhloleni ukuphulwa kwemithetho engokomthetho evikela amalungelo abantu futhi iqinisekise ubufakazi angenakusetshenziswa. Ukusukela ekuboniseni ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kubangelwa ukuyinkimbinkimbi kobufakazi bemishini, lenqubo idinga ukulungiselela nokunamathela ngokucophelela ezindinganisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda lezimfuneko kubalulekile kubaphengululi, abashushisi, abameli, nochwepheshe abalalelayo ngokufanayo.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nemisebenzi yokuhwebelana iqala ukuvela, ngokufanayo nemithetho elawula imvume. Izinqumo zeNkantolo yamuva nezimiso zikahulumeni kakade seziye zandisa imfuneko yemvume ezindaweni ezintsha njengemininingwane yendawo namafu. Ukuhlala wazisiwe ngalezi zenzakalo kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekuqiniseni umthetho noma ukugcinwa kwemithetho.

Ngokulinganisela ukugcinwa okuphumelelayo kwemithetho engokomthetho nokuphathwa kwemithetho eqinile, isimiso esingokomthetho sokugunyaza izivumelwano sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukulwa nokuhweba ngaphakathi kuhlala kunamandla futhi kunengqondo.