Isivikelo esingokomthetho ekumangalelweni ngokuphindwaphindwayo nasekuphindeni kuphinde kubekwe i-ligita yanoma yisiphi isimiso sokwahlulela esilungile. Amabhande amabili anamandla kakhulu kodwa avame ukungaqondwa kahle yiwo izingozi eziphindwe kabili[ kanye namajuda jacata[. Nakuba zombili izimfundiso zisiza ekuvimbeleni ukuphindeka, zisebenza ezindizeni ezihlukene ezingokomthetho futhi zinikeza isivikelo esifanele sonke isakhamuzi siqonde ukuhamba ngendlela engokomthetho ngokuqiniseka.

Ukuqonda Ingozi Ephindwe Kabili

Ingozi ephindwe kabili isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esivimbela uhulumeni ukuba umangalele umuntu kaningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo lobugebengu. Isisekelo salesivikelo sitholakala esiGuqulweni sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esithi akakho umuntu ozobekwa "ngaphansi kwecala elifanayo ukuba abekwe engozini yokuphila noma isitho somthetho." Lesi simiso sisebenza kuzo zonke izigebengu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni futhi, ngeSiphendulo seGanda-14's Procession Claus, ezinkantolo zezwe ngokufanayo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nesisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Umqondo wengozi ephindwe kabili usuka endulo, usukela emuva kumthetho wamaRoma nakumthetho wakudala wesiNgisi. Umqondo wokuthi umuntu akufanele ahlolwe kabili ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo wawuyimpendulo eqondile ekusetshenzisweni kabi komthetho wasebukhosini eNgilandi. Abafaki bamafomu base-U.S. bayihlanganisa njengelungelo eliyisisekelo lokuvikela izakhamuzi emandleni anamandla anamandla ombuso. Isimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi uma nje umuntu enquma ukuthi u-‘ahexiwe noma u-‘ayiseyisekholwe''''''' wangena futhi waba ukuphela, indaba iyavalwa.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ngokungaguquguquki izingozi ezimbili njengesivikelo esibalulekile kuhulumeni ophathwe kabi. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-Benton v. Maryland (11969], iNkantolo yathi ingozi ephindwe kabili iyinkululeko eyisisekelo evikelekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane leMiphetho, eyenza ukuba isebenze ekumangalelweni kwezwe. Lesi sinqumo siqinisekisiwe ukuthi akukho mbuso ongamqinisa ummangalelwa ngemva kokulahlwa, ngisho noma kuvela ubufakazi obusha kamuva.

Lapho Imishini Ekabili Eyingozi (neyangaphandle)

Izingozi eziphindwe kabili zihlanganiswa eqophelweni elithile lenqubo yobugebengu. Ecaleni lejaji, izingozi zixhumene lapho ijaji lifungela. Ecaleni lebhentshi, linamathela lapho ufakazi wokuqala efukwa. Uma ikomiti imangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yommangalelwa futhi kungekho mfuneko esobala, ukuqulwa kabusha kungavinjelwa. Nokho, kunezinto ezihlukile:

  • Imfundiso yoBusi beSikhathi: Umuntu angamangalelwa yizwe nohulumeni wombuso ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo uma isenzo sephula imithetho ehlukene yezwe ngalinye. Ngokwesibonelo, icala likaRodney King lango 1992 lihilela ukukhulula okulandelwa izinkolelo zikahulumeni zamalungelo abantu.
  • Appal nguHulumeni: Umshushisi anganxusa ukuxoshwa noma ukudluliswa kwangemva kwecala okuqeda isiqinisekiso ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa okungadluli ukuvala icala.
  • Izakhi ezingathi zikhona: Uma isenzo esifanayo siphula imithetho eminingi enezici ezihlukene, ukuqulwa kwezikhangiso okuhlukene kungavunyelwa ngaphansi kwe "isivivinyo se-"Stanburgr"

Lezizici ezihlukile zincane futhi zinezici ezicitshwa kakhulu. Isivikelo esiyinhloko siyasala: Uma ummangalelwa esekhululiwe, uhulumeni ngeke akwazi ukuziphindiselela icala elifanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubufakazi obusha obunamandla kangakanani.

Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa Iyasetshenziswa

Imfundiso yokubusa okumbaxambili ingenye yezici eziphikisana kakhulu zezingozi eziphindwe kabili. Iphethe leyo mibuso ehlukene kanye nohulumeni wombuso − ngamunye unamandla okumangalela amacala ngaphansi kwemithetho yawo siqu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isenzo singaholela ekuqulweni okukodwa: enye enkantolo kahulumeni nenye enkantolo kahulumeni. Abagxeki baphikisa le mfundiso ngokuphikisisa umoya wokulahlekelwa kabili, kuyilapho abasekeli beyigcina i-soshalizimu futhi bavumela umbusi ngamunye ukuba abophe imithetho yakhe siqu. Inkantolo ephakeme engu-2019, ingena emthethweni wecala. United States[FLD:1], ifaka inselele lemfundiso, isho cishe iminyaka engu-170 yesibonelo.

"Imfundiso yobukhosi obubili isici sasendulo nesimisiwe sobulungisa baseMelika bobugebengu. Ibonisa isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi imibuso nohulumeni kahulumeni bazimele, ngamunye onegunya elizimele lokujezisa ukwephulwa kwemithetho yawo siqu." — Justice Samuel Alito, Gquargq v. United States [2029]

Kubantu abahlala khona, lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho noma icala likahulumeni lingaphela ngokulahlwa, amacala kahulumeni asengatholakala uma ukuziphatha kwawo kwephula umthetho kahulumeni.

Ukuqonda Kuwukuqagela

Resjucata, isiLatini se- "indaba eyahlulelwa," iyimfundiso yomthetho evimbela amaqembu ukuba athathe iziphakamiso noma izimpikiswano esezinqunywe inkantolo efanelekayo. Ngokungafani nengozi ephindwe kabili, esebenza kuphela emacaleni obugebengu, i-jucata ibusa amacala ezakhamuzi lapho amaqembu azimele (noma uhulumeni njengelungu lezembubhiso) efuna khona usizo. Isimiso sikhuthaza ukugcina, ukulondoloza imithombo yokwahlulela, nokuvikela amaqembu emacaleni aphindaphindwayo.

Izici Zokukhipha Icala

Ukuze ihlulelo liphinde libanjwe ngokumangalelwa kwesibili, kumelwe kusuthiswe izici ezintathu:

  1. Ukwahlulela okungathwini kuma-Merit: Icala langaphambili kumelwe ukuba laphumela ekwahluleleni kokugcina okuxazulula iziphakamiso ezithiwa phansi, hhayi ukuxoshwa kwemidalo.
  2. Ukuqhama kwe-Parities (noma i-Prine):[ Amaqembu asesandleni sesibili kumelwe afane (noma ekwamukeleni okungokomthetho) nalabo abagqoke isuti yokuqala. I-Pretay ihlanganisa abathathisi besithakazelo, abamelelwe izithakazelo zabo ngokufanele esenzweni sokuqala.
  3. [ Impikiswano ephakathi noma inkolelo-mthetho kumelwe ifane naleyo eseyikhangisiwe kakade. Izinkantolo zanamuhla zithatha indlela ebanzi yokuthengiselana, zivale noma yikuphi ukusho okuvela ekuthengisweni okufanayo noma uchungechunge lwentengiselwano oluye lwalethwa noma lwalethwa esuthwini lokuqala.

Uma lezi zici ezintathu zikhona, icala lesibili livinjelwe ngokuphelele, kungakhathaliseki ubufakazi obusha noma izimpikiswano ezazingaphakanyiswa — kodwa hhayi esimweni sokuqala.

Umbiko wempikiswano ye-Preccussion (CParatori Estopel)

Resjudicata ihlanganisa amadonsi amabili ahlobene kodwa ahlukile: [[FLT: 0] i-preclusion kanye ne-[FLT]issue preclusion[ (ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi i-estonical estopel).

  • Ukuqamba umbango weqembu ukuba likhiphe ukuzisholo okukhona noma ukuthi belingabekwa phambili esinyatheloni sangaphambili phakathi kwamaqembu afanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma i-patxtiff igwetshwa ngokwephula isivumelwano futhi ilahlekelwe, kamuva ngeke imangalelwe ngokukhwabanisa okusekelwe esivumelwaneni esifanayo, ngisho noma behluleka ukuhlanganisa leyo nkolelo ekuqaleni.
  • Ukuzisholo kuvimbela ukubekwa kabusha kwendaba ethile eyabekwa futhi yadingeka ekwahluleleni kwangaphambili. Ngokungafani nokusho ukuthi ukwenziwa kwangaphambi komthetho, ukuqoshelwa kusengaphambili, kungagonyelwa abantu ababengebona abahlanganyeli endabeni yangaphambili, uma kunikezwa iqembu elimelene nobani obefunwayo ngempela nethuba eligcwele nelifanele lokuchaza indaba.

Ukuqagulisana kwezindaba ngokuvamile kuyasebenza ezimweni lapho kunqunywa khona iqiniso elilodwa eliwujuqu kwelinye icala futhi lisemqoka kwenye. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi umshayeli akanaki engozini, lowo mshayeli ngeke aphikisane nokungezwani enkantolo elandelayo nesisulu esihlukile (uma lendaba yaqulwa ngokuphelele futhi yanqunywa.)

Izinkulumo Ezihlukile Nezigxeko Zokugxeka UJudicata

Nakuba inkantolo ifeza imigomo ebalulekile, izinkantolo ziqaphela ukuthi kulinganiselwe ukukhetha ukuze kugwenywe ukungabi nabulungisa.

  • Inkantolo yokuqala yayingenalo igunya ezindabeni noma amaqembu.
  • Isahlulelo sasitholakala ngokukhwabanisa, ukuphambana, noma ukonakala.
  • Ubufakazi obusanda kutholakala abunakutholakala ngokuzikhandla okufanelekile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kokuqala.
  • Izinguquko emthethweni zenza ukwahlulela kwasekuqaleni kube okungalingani (okungenaphutha, kodwa kungenzeka ezimpikiswaneni ezithile noma ezimpikiswaneni zempahla).

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi ijudicata ingaba nemithetho engokomthetho esho into efanayo kodwa enemibono ehlukene engokomthetho, ikakhulukazi lapho isudi yokuqala ilethwa ngaphandle kokuqaphela konke okungase kushiwo. Lemfundiso ifaka imvume yokuncenga nokuphenya ngokushesha, okungaba umthwalo onzima kubalimi abazimele noma labo abanemithombo elinganiselwe.

Izinkinga Eziyinhloko Nokushiyeka

Ukuqonda ukungezwani kwazo kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezingase zibhekane nobugebengu nobugebengu obuvela esimweni esisodwa.

Izimo Zomphakathi

Umehluko oyisisekelo kakhulu umkhakha wabo wokusebenza:

  • Ingozi engakabili isebenza kuphela emacaleni obugebengu. Ivikela abantu ekumangalelweni uhulumeni futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi uma isinqumo sesifinyelelwe, umbuso ngeke ulethe esinye isenzo sobugebengu ngecala elifanayo.
  • I-Res judita isebenza ezicaleni zomphakathi. Ivimbela amaqembu ekufuneni izivumelwano zomphakathi noma izimpikiswano ngemva kokwahlulela kokugcina. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi ijaji lingasebenza ezimpikiswaneni ezilandela amacala obugebengu (ngokwesibonelo), icala lomphakathi lokujezisa ngenxa yomonakalo ngemva kokuba isigebengu sixoliwe alivinjelwa ngoba amasuti amabili ahlanganisa imithwalo ehlukene yobufakazi nezindinganiso.

Ukuqhathanisa Izivikelo

Izivikelo nazo ziyahlukahluka ezingeni nasendleleni ezisebenza ngayo:

  • Impoqo eziphindwe kabili zixhume eqophelweni elithile phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (igama elisho inhlamba noma ufakazi wokuqala), kuyilapho i-jaji isebenza kuphela ngemva kokwahlulela kokugcina ngezimfanelo ezisendabeni yomphakathi.
  • Icala:[ Ingozi ephindwe kabili iyilungelo lomuntu omangalelwe; ummangalelwa kuphela ongayibiza. I-Resjucata ingaphakanyiswa yinoma yiliphi iqembu elithatha isinyathelo somphakathi sangaphambili, futhi kwezinye izimo, ngisho nangamaqembu esithathu empikiswaneni.
  • I-wat: Ummangalelwa angasusa izingozi eziphindwe kabili (umzk., ngokucela ikomiti engafanele), kodwa i-paredita ivame ukubhekwa njengesivikelo esingalahleka uma singaphakanyiswa ngokushesha.
  • Appals:[ Ngemva kokulahlwa, uhulumeni akanakudlulisa isikhalo ngenxa yezingozi eziphindwe kabili. Ezimweni zomphakathi, noma isiphi isigamu singadlulisa isahlulelo sokugcina esibi, futhi i-justate ayisebenzi kuze kube yilapho ukunxusa kuphele.

Ukukhohlakala kakhulu kungavela uma isigwebo secala noma ukulahlwa kunezinkomba ezikhombayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhohliswa ngecala lokukhwabanisa kungasetshenziswa njengobufakazi enkantolo yomphakathi elandelayo, futhi indaba yecala ingagwenywa ekubekweni kabusha ngaphansi kwempikiswano yokubekwa icala − kodwa kuphela uma icala lobugebengu linikeza "ithuba eligcwele nelifanele" lokuqamba. Lendaba iyinkimbinkimbi futhi incike kakhulu emaqinisweni nasendleleni yokuma kwezeluleko.

Okwenza Lezizimiso Zibaluleke Esimisweni Sobulungisa

Ngaphandle kwazo, isimiso somthetho singahlushwa ukuphikisa okungapheli, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuhlukunyezwa uhulumeni, nezinqumo eziguquguqukayo. Banikeza abashushisi nezikhangiso ezingcono kakhulu ukuze balethe icala labo okokuqala.

Kusuka ku [[QLT:0] indlela yokubheka ngayo izinto [, lezimfundiso:

  • [ gcina imithombo yokwahlulela[ ngokuvimbela izinkantolo ukuba zingazimisi izimpikiswano ezifanayo.
  • Isho ukuthi uvalo olungokwengqondo [ luyovalwa kubantu abasesekubekezeleleni ukuqulwa kwecala. Umuntu okhululiwe icala angaqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphinde athweswe icala elifanayo.
  • gcina ubuqotho besinqumo [ ngokuphatha izahlulelo zasenkantolo njengezibophayo. Lokhu kugcina kukhuthaza ababambene ukuba bamukele imiphumela kunokuba bayibeke inselele.
  • [ Ukuthatha isitolo sokuthenga nokuhlela ukumangalelwa okukagesi okukaningi ngezindlela ezihlukene ukuze uthole umphumela omuhle.

Ngokutuseka, zombili izivikelo zisebenza njengemishini yokuhlola ukubusa kukahulumeni. Ilungelo elimelene nomonakalo ophindwe kabili lilinganisela ngokuqondile ikhono likahulumeni lokuhlasela umuntu ngokuphindaphindiwe. I-Rescata, nakuba ngokuyinhloko iyimfundiso kahulumeni, ivimbela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ekumangaleleni izakhamuzi ngokuphindaphindiwe ngempikiswano efanayo, njengasezindabeni zentela noma zokuziqondisa.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo Ezakhamuzini Zansuku Zonke

Ukuze ubone lemiqondo ngendlela engokoqobo, cabangela lezi zimo ezilandelayo:

Isimo 1: Ingozi Yezimoto Ezimangalelwa Isigebengu

Ake sithi u-Alice uhileleke engozini yemoto ebangela ukufa komunye umshayeli. Izwe limmangalela ngokubulala abantu ngecala, kodwa ijaji limthole engenacala. Ngaphansi kwengozi ephindwe kabili, umbuso awunakumphikisa ngalelocala, ngisho noma kamuva uthola ukuthi u-clascam fime ebonakala sengathi ubhala imiyalezo. Nokho, umkhaya wabafileyo ungasammangalela ngokungeyikho ngokubulala u-Alice, ngoba imicimbi yombango inomthwalo ophansi wobufakazi (ubufakazi) futhi uyizenzo ezihlukene ezingokomthetho. Uma isuti ye-jaji ye-jaji ayisho ukuthi ingeyo ngoba lokho kungenxa yokuthi (ukulimaza isigwebo) kuhlukile.

Isimo 2: Impikiswano Ehambisana Nezingxabano

Bob umangalela umakhi okhubazekile emsebenzini wakhe, efuna ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano. Inkantolo itholela umakhi umsebenzi, iphethe ukuthi umsebenzi wenziwe ngokufanele. Kamuva, uBob uthola ukuthi umakhi wasebenzisa izinto ezingasebenzi kahle, abengazithola ekuqaleni ngokuzikhandla okunengqondo. Ufaka icala elisha lokukhwabanisa ngenxa yomsebenzi ofanayo onephutha. cishe uResjudicata uzokumangalela ukukhohlisa ngoba kuvela ekuthengisweni okufanayo futhi kungakhuliswa ngesuti yokuqala. UBob uboh uboshwe ngomphumela wendaba yakhe yokuqala.

Isimo 3: Icala Lobudlova Lasekhaya

UCarlos umangalelwa ngokuhlaselwa ekhaya. Ekuqulweni kwecala lakhe lobugebengu, abahluleli bejaji abakwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo, okuphumela ekubeni kubekwe icala elilengiswe. Umshushisi umemezela icala elingafanele. Ubugebengu obuphindwe kabili abuyibo icala lokwahlulelwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuqulwa kokuqala akuphumelanga ekukhululweni kokugcina noma ekulahlweni. Umshushisi angamqinisa uCarlos. Nokho, uma uCarlos ayekhululiwe, ukuqulwa kabusha ngeke kwenzeke. Okwamanje, isisulu singafuna iziqondiso zomphakathi noma ukulingwa, njengoba nje lezo ziyindlela yomphakathi.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi nakuba izingozi eziphindwe kabili nezingakhokhwa zinikeza isivikelo esinamandla, azikho ngokomthetho ophelele. Zisebenza phakathi kwesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi semithetho ehleliwe, futhi ngokuvamile ukusebenza kwazo kudinga ukuhlaziywa okucophelelayo okungokomthetho ummeli. Izakhamuzi ezihilelekile ekuhlawulweni kufanele ziqonde ukuthi ukuphela kuyisimiso esiqondisayo, kodwa okuhlukile, ikakhulukazi uma izindaba zomphakathi nezigebengu zihlangene.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngemibono yengozi ephindwe kabili, i-Cornell Information ye-header ye-Cornell inikeza ukubukeza okuhle kakhulu. Ukuhlola i-jucata ngokujule, bheka [[[FLT:]] RITY jita kwiphepha kanye. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT:] inikeza i-Gquast v. United States[[FT][FLT:] [5]] [unyaka] u-20] ukhona ngo-[FLT:] [unik] [uhlu lomthetho] [uhlu] [uhlu lwezi:], noma imininingwane yemfundiso ehlangeneyo.[Foct7], ngokwesimo se-Anmome]

Ngamafuphi, izingozi eziphindwe kabili nezingahluzo eziphindwe kabili ziyizinsika ezimbili zokugcina kwesimiso somthetho waseMelika. Enye ivikela abamangalelwa ngobugebengu ekumangalelweni ngokuphindaphindiwe; enye ivikela wonke amaqembu ekumangalelweni ngokungapheli. Bobabili, baqinisekisa ukuthi izahlulelo ziyahlonishwa, imithombo igcinwe, futhi abantu ababhekene nenhlekelele yempi ehlala njalo engokomthetho. Izakhamuzi zonke kufanele zibe nolwazi olusebenzayo ngalezizimiso ukuze zisebenzise amalungelo azo futhi ziqonde imingcele yomthetho.