Umthetho ovikela izikhali uyimfundiso yasendulo evikela ohulumeni nezinhlangano zabo ekumangalelweni ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Lesisimiso sisho okukhulu lapho umkhaya ufuna ubulungisa ngokufa okungalungile okubangelwa isenzo sikahulumeni noma ukunganaki. Ukuqonda indlela ukuzivikela kombuso okusebenza ngayo, lapho kukhona ukungalingani, futhi yiziphi izinyathelo ezidingekayo zingasho umehluko phakathi kokuzisho okuphumelelayo nokumangalelwa okuvinjelwayo. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okusobala okugunyaziwe kokuzivikela kobukhosi ezimweni ezingalungile, okumboza umsuka wako, izinhlelo zanamuhla, izimpawu eziyisisekelo, izimpawu eziyisisekelo, nokucabangela okuwusizo ezisebenzayo ezivamile.

Buyini Ubunye ObunguMbusi?

Umbusi ovikelayo ulandela umsuka wawo emthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile, lapho inkosi ingenakumangalelwa khona ezinkantolo zayo. Lemfundiso yayisekelwe embonweni wokuthi umbusi [1] umthombo womthetho ophethe (___awunakubekwa ngaphansi kwenqubo engokomthetho ngaphandle kwemvume."Lapho i-United States imiswa, ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bawuzuza njengefa lesisilwi sesimiso sokuzivikela, nakuba yayingakaze iphelele. Namuhla, ukuvikela kobukhosi kulawulwa yizigebengu zemithetho, izinhlelo zomthetho-mthetho, nencazelo yomthetho.

Isu lokuvikela ubukhosi bokuzivikela kuhlanganisa ukuvikela amagugu omphakathi, ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi kahulumeni, nokuvumela umbuso ukuba unike imithombo ngaphandle kokuphikisa okuqhubekayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ingashiya izisulu ngaphandle kokucela usizo, ikakhulukazi lapho uhulumeni ngokwakhe ebangela umonakalo. Ngenxa yalokho, izishaya-mthetho ziye zaqopha okuhlukile, kodwa lokhu kuyahluka kakhulu ngegunya.

Umbuso ophethe uhulumeni

Kuhulumeni, uhulumeni wase-U.S. ujabulela ukuvikeleka okukhulu ngaphandle kokuba uvume ukumangalelwa. Umkhohlisi oyinhloko yi-Federal Tort Ipiontiess Act (FTCA). Nokho, i-United States inemithetho yayo siqu elawulayo, engafakwa emithethweni kahulumeni, imithetho, noma umthetho ovamile. Amanye amazwe awenakele ngokuphelele ukuzivikela komzimba ngenxa yokusho ukuthi, kuyilapho amanye elondoloza imingcele eqinile. Lendawo idala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuvikela abantu abafile ngokungafanele.

Ukuhlangana KukaMbusi Emacala Okufa Okubi

Ukufa okungalungile kuvela lapho umuntu efa ngenxa yokunganaki, ukunganaki, noma isenzo senhloso. Uma "enye" iyinhlangano kahulumeni noma isisebenzi, ukuvikeleka kobuso bezwe kuba yisithiyo sokuqala. Imikhaya kumelwe inqume ukuthi uhulumeni uwenqabe ukuzivikela kohlobo oluthile lokuziphatha olubangele ukufa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukushayela kwephoyisa ngokunganaki kubulala umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo, umkhaya waso ungakhohliswa ngaphansi kwesenzo esithile, kodwa uma isikhulu sesikhulu sisebenza emsebenzini futhi isenzo singasebenzi ngaphandle kokugwenywa.

Inselele iwukuthi izenzo eziningi zikahulumeni zithathwa "zingathathi-mphicotho" `Izahlulelo zezimiso"(futhi zigonyelwe.) Izenzo zenkonzo (labo abalandela isimiso esimisiwe) zivame ukuvumelana. Izinkantolo zivame ukuhlukanisa, okuholela emiphumeleni engalindelekile. Kwezinye izimo, imikhaya ishiywa ngaphandle kwekhambi ngisho nalapho iphutha likahulumeni licacile.

Umsebenzi Wokuhlakanipha Oyingqayizivele

Kokubili i-tort kahulumeni nohulumeni ithatha izenzo ezisekelwe ekusebenziseni kokuhlakanipha kwesisebenzi sikahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwahlulela kwasetshenziswa kabi noma cha. Lokhu kuvikela izinqumo ezihilela ukucatshangelwa kwezimiso, njengokuklama umgwaqo, lapho ungabeka khona izimpawu zomgwaqo, noma imiphi imithetho yokuphepha okumelwe ithathwe. Nokho, uma isisebenzi sisebenzisa ngokunganaki isimiso (umzk., sihluleka ukulondoloza umgwaqo ngokwesimiso), ukuthatha indawo ngaphandle kwayo kungasebenza. Ukuqonda lombono kugxeka abameli abafayo.

I - Federal Tort Ithi Act (FTCA) Iwumthetho Ohlukile

I-FTCA, eyamiswa ngo-1946, ilahla ukuvikela kombuso kukahulumeni okuzimele ekufuneni ukuthatha iziphakamiso zezenzo zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezinganaki noma ezingalungile ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwemisebenzi yazo. Ngaphansi kwe-FTCA, ukufa okungafanelekile kuvunyelwa njengokungathi uhulumeni ungumuntu ozimele ngaphansi komthetho wezwe lapho kwenzeka khona lesi senzakalo. Nokho, lo Mthetho uhlanganisa ukulinganiselwa okubalulekile:

  • Ukukhathala okuphethe: Abamangaleli kumelwe baqale bafake isikhala sokuphatha nenhlangano kahulumeni esebenzayo phakathi neminyaka emibili yokufa. Uma inxusa liphika ukumangalelwa noma lingathathi nyathelo phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha, ummangaleli angase amangalele enkantolo kahulumeni.
  • Akukho kuqulwa kwecala lokwahlulela: Amacala eFTCA aqulwa kumajaji, hhayi umsizi wamajaji.
  • [ Akukho lumonakalo olukhutshazwayo: Uhulumeni akanakubekwa icala lokujeziswa, okulinganisela imbuyiselo ekulahlekelweni kwezomnotho nakwezomnotho njengezindleko zezokwelapha, izindleko zomngcwabo, ukulahlekelwa iholo, nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka.
  • Ukususa okungaqondakali: Amatort amaningi ahlosiwe (assault, ibhetri, ukuboshwa okungamanga) ayasuswa, ngaphandle kwalawo enziwa izikhulu eziphoqelela umthetho. Ukufa okungalungile, uma ukufa kubangelwa isenzo senhloso, iFTCA ingasebenza uma isisebenzi sisebenza phakathi komsebenzi.

I-FTCA iyithuluzi elinamandla, kodwa izithiyo zayo eziqinile. Ukuhluleka ukufaka isikhala sokulawula esifike ngesikhathi kuvala icala kuze kube phakade. Ngokwesibonelo, McNeil v. United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ukumangalelana ngaphambi kokuqeda inqubo yokuphatha kusemcimbini futhi isuti kumelwe isuswe. Amachalatshaza kumelwe alandele ngokucophelela izimfuneko .C.

Ubukhosi Bukahulumeni Buthi IzEnzo Ziyavumelana Nemidlalo Yokudlala

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa izinguqulo zazo ze-FTCA, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi i- State Tort Anitiess Acts (STCAS), ezithintela ama-tort ahlanganisa nokufa okungalungile. Nokho, ubukhulu bezinga buhluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeCalifornia ne New York, zinemifantu emikhulu evumela ukufa okungathandekiyo ukuba kuvunyelelwe uhulumeni ngokunganaki okuningi, okumelwe kuqashelwe futhi kulinyazwe izingozi. Abanye, njengoGeorgia noVirginia, balondoloza ukuzivikela okuqinile futhi balinganisela ezigababeni ezilinganiselwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-Government Points Act yaseCalifornia idinga ukubhalisa okubhaliwe okuthi kubhalwe ukuthi kufakwe uhulumeni phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha ngemva kokufa (noma unyaka owodwa kwezinhlangano ezithile zendawo). Ukuhluleka ukuvumela ukulahlekelwa ilungelo lokukhokha. Ngokuphambene, iTexas ilahle ukuzivikela ekulimaleni kwempahla kodwa hhayi ngenxa yokulimala komuntu siqu noma ukufa okungalungile ezimweni eziningi, ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni uthenge umshuwalense onecala. IFlorida isekela ukuzivikela kombuso ngokwemingcele ethile yemithetho, kodwa uma nje lokho okufunwayo kubekwa ngaphakathi kwesimiso esithile sesikhathi esithile.

Abamangaleli kumelwe bahlole imithetho eqondile yendawo lapho ukufa kwenzeka khona. Izigodi eziningi zidinga futhi isaziso sangaphambi kokuba kufe i-ocement, ngokuvamile phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30 kuya ku-90, okuwumfushane kakhulu kunomthetho ovamile wokulinganiselwa kwezitomu zangasese. Ummeli onolwazi ojwayelene nezinqubo zikahulumeni ezizisholo ubalulekile.

Izinkulumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Ngaphansi Kwengxenye Ka - 1983

Ngaphezu kokushoshoza kwesifundazwe, imikhaya ingaletha isenzo samalungelo omphakathi sikahulumeni ngaphansi 42 U.S.C. . . . 1983 ngokufa okungalungile okubangelwa ukwephulwa kwemithetho-sisekelo kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iphoyisa lisebenzisa amandla aphakeme abangela ukufa, ifa lingase lifake isikhulu ngokwaso ngenxa yokuphula iSichibiyelo Sesine. Nokho, indikimba kahulumeni ngokwayo ingaba necala kuphela uma uphulwa umthetho, isiko, noma ukwehluleka ukuqeqesha ([[FLT:]]] [FLT]]] imfundiso ephakeme). Isimiso sokuvikela asisa singagwenywanga isigaba ngasinye sonyaka ka-19983, kodwa singaba silungele ukuvikelwa ngaphandle kokuba kumiswe kahle i-propati.

Bayintandokazi Embusweni Wobukhosi

Ngaphandle kweFTCA nesifundazwe sithi kunezenzo, kukhona okunye okuhlukile okungavumela ukufa okungafanele kubekwe uhulumeni.

Inkonzo Yezisebenzi Zikahulumeni

Inkomba yetort ithatha inqubo yokuvikela ukunganaki okuvamile kwezisebenzi ezisemsebenzini. Izibonelo zihlanganisa umshayeli webhasi obangela ingozi ebulalayo, umhlengikazi wasesibhedlela onikeza iphutha elibulalayo lemithi, noma iqembu labalungisa umgwaqo elihlulekayo ukuvala imbobo eyingozi. Kumelwe ukuba ukufa kubangelwa ukunganaki, futhi isisebenzi kumelwe ukuba sasisebenza ngendlela engadingi ukubulala.

2. Ukuphulwa Kwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, i - tool 1983 ivumela ukululama ekufeni okubangelwa ukwephulwa umthetho - sisekelo, njengokucindezelwa ngokweqile, ukuphikwa kokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha emajele, noma ukucwaswa.

3. Izigcawu Zemidwebo Zemisebenzi Eqondile

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho evimbela ukuvinjelwa kwemisebenzi ethile kahulumeni, njengokusebenza kwezibhedlela, izikhumulo zezindiza, noma izinto ezisetshenziswa umphakathi. Uma ukufa kwenzeka esibhedlela esidunjini sikahulumeni ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha, uhulumeni ungaphathwa njenganoma isiphi esinye isibhedlela ngezinjongo zokuzibeka icala.

4. Imfundiso Yezindaba Zomphakathi

Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa imfundiso yomphakathi ebophekile, ethi uhulumeni ubophelele ukuba ubophe umphakathi, hhayi abantu abathile. Ngokuyiphutha, lokhu kungasho uma umlahli engakhombisa "ubuhlobo obukhethekile" nohulumeni, njengalapho umthetho uphoqelele ukuba ulwele ukuvikela umuntu othile (umz., ufakazi ovikelwe). Lemfundiso ngokuvamile ihlangana nesimiso sokuvikela ivela, idala esinye isithiyo.

Imisebenzi Kahulumeni

Ngokomlando, izifundazwe zihlukanisa phakathi kwemisebenzi ye-proprietary (njengebhizinisi) nemisebenzi kahulumeni (njenge-photopholic). I-mmmonity yalahlwa kuphela ngenxa yemisebenzi yokulungisa i-propritary. Izifunda eziningi ziye zawuqeda lomehluko, kodwa ezinye zincike kuwo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma idolobha liphethe ipaki nezisebenzi ezinganaki zibangela ingozi ebulalayo, umsebenzi ungaba yi-proprietary uma imvume yokungena epaki, kuyilapho ipaki elikhululekile lingase libe yindawo kahulumeni.

Izingqinamba Eziyisisekelo Zezimpimpi

Ukucela ukukhonzwa kukahulumeni ngokuphumelela ngokufa okungalungile kudinga ukunamathela ngokucophelela emithethweni ehleliwe. Ngisho noma kungasebenzi isimiso sokuzibusa sokuzivikela, ukuhluleka ukulandela inqubo eqondile kungaba okubulalayo.

Phawula Izimfuneko Zokugomela

Cishe wonke amanxusa anesenzo se-tort adinga isaziso esingokomthetho sokubekwa nenhlangano kahulumeni ngaphambi kokuba ivunyelwe. Isaziso kumelwe sihlanganise imininingwane yokufa, usuku nendawo, futhi isibalo semali efunwayo. Izilinganiso ezifileyo zivame ukufisha: ezinye zidinga isaziso phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30, ezinye phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-90 noma izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ukungaqiniseki ukuthi isikhathi esimisiwe sigcinwe kanjani, ngisho noma ukufa kuyinto ehloniphekile.

Izilinganiso Zokulinganiselwa

Kusho ukuthi, umthetho wokulinganiselwa usukela esikhathini sokusho ukuthi i-FTCA iwusuku olubili (ngokuvamile usuku lokufa) ukuze kutholakale ukuthi isikhulu sisebenza, futhi izinyanga eziyisithupha ngemva kokuphika kwenhlangano ifa. Izimiso zikahulumeni ziyahlukahluka, kusukela eminyakeni eyodwa kuya kwemitha emithathu kusukela ekufeni, kodwa imfuneko yesaziso ingabeka ifasitela elifushanisiwe ngisho nangokwesikhathi. Kwezinye izizwe, umthetho usuka enyangeni eyaziwa ngayo imbangela yesenzo, kodwa ngokungafanele, ukutholakala kwayo ngokuvamile kuyashesha.

Ukukhishwa Kwezindlela Zokuqondisa

Ngaphansi kwe-FTCA nezenzo eziningi zikahulumeni, abaqondisi kumelwe bakhiphe amakhambi okuqondisa ngaphambi kokuba baye enkantolo. Lokhu kusho ukuvala icala nenxusa, ulindele isinqumo (noma izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphandle kwesinqumo), bese ufaka isudi. Ukuhoxa ngaphandle kokukhathala kuholela ekuxoshweni.

Ukulinganiselwa Komonakalo

Imithetho eminingi ivumela ukubuyiselwa kwemali encishisiwe kuhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FTCA ivumela ukululama ekulahlekelweni kwemali (izindleko zezokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa izindleko, izindleko zomngcwabo) kanye nezindleko zezomnotho ezingezona ezingokomnotho njengokulahlekelwa yi-cominium, kodwa isijeziso senqatshelwe. Ezinye izizwe zifaka umonakalo ongezona ezingokomnotho kuR250 000 noma R550 000 ekumangaleleni uhulumeni. Ngokungafani, abamangalelwa bomuntu bangabhekana nezikhonkwane. Lokhu kunganciphisa kakhulu ukululama okungase kwenzeke, ngisho noma indiva isobala.

Isihluthulelo Sokucabangela Imikhaya

Uma othandekayo eye wafa ngenxa yokunganaki kukahulumeni, imikhaya kufanele ithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha. Nazi izinyathelo ezibucayi:

  • ubufakazi obugciniwe: Imibiko yamaphoyisa etholayo, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, nezinkulumo zofakazi. Uhulumeni angalawula ubufakazi obuningi, ngakho yenza ngokushesha.
  • ifanisa indikimba kahulumeni eqondile: ingabe inguhulumeni, isifundazwe, isifundazwe, noma idolobha? Ngasinye sinezinqubo ezingafani. Kufelo kahulumeni, i-FTCA iyasebenza; ngokwezwe, isenzo esisho uhulumeni.
  • [ Izinsuku ezifinyelelwe zomfundisi: Inquma ukuqaphela isikhathi sokuzisho nomthetho wokulinganiselwa. Eziningi zimfushane njengezinsuku ezingu-30. Xhumana nommeli ngokushesha.
  • Umonakalo webhukwana ngokwemininingwane: Njengoba ukujeziswa kwesijeziso kungekho futhi izikhonkwane zingasebenza, kuqoqe konke ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho (iholo elilahlekile, izindleko zomngcwabo, izindleko zezokwelapha) kanye nemiphumela engengokomnotho (izingakho zokuqondisa, ubungane).
  • Cwangcisa izisho zomthetho-sisekelo: Uma ukufa kuhilela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, i-Candelo 1983 lingase libangele umonakalo omkhulu futhi ligweme ezinye izintambo zokuzivikela ezizimele.

Ukusebenza nommeli osebenza ngecala likahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu. Abameli abaningi banikeza ukuhlola kwamahhala futhi basebenzele ekuvumelaneni. Bangaqondisa izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphatha, baqinisekise amasheke emali afike ngesikhathi, futhi bakhe icala elanelisa umsebenzi owehlukile noma ezinye iziphetho.

Izibonelo Nezimpawu Zezwe Ezingokoqobo

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenzisa ngayo ukuzivikela komzimba ezimeleyo kuyasiza ukufanisa izigxobo. Fores v. United States [1950], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi i-FTCA ayifiki ukulimala kwamalungu amabutho ahlomile aphuma emsebenzini.] Le mfundiso isho ukuthi umkhaya welungu lenkonzo awunakukhosela ukufa okungafanele uma kwenzeka ukwenzekile emgqeni wemisebenzi, ngisho noma ukunganaki kucacile. Lo mphumela onzima uye wagxekwa kodwa uhlala usemthethweni.

Ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, amacala anjengo iDolobha lase Canton v. Harris (1998) esungulwe icala likamasipala ngaphansi kwe-Chite 1983 ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuqeqesha, okungaholela ekufeni okungalungile uma amaphoyisa ebulala abantu. Muva nje, ukufa kukaBreonna Taylor wabangela izinguquko zemithetho elawulayo kwezinye izizwe ukuze kunciphise ukuvikeleka nokunwetshwa komthetho okungalungisi ukufa.

Isibonelo esiphawulekayo sendlela ephumelelayo yokuvikela ukuzivikela komzimba ekulweni nokuzimela yi- Johnson v. State of California, lapho iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseCalifornia yathi imouse ingaba necala lokubeka umntwana wokutholwa nomzali onobudlova owaziwayo. Inkantolo yawenqaba umsebenzi wokuvikela ngoba isinqumo sasisebenza, asisekelwe ngokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Ukuzivikela kobukhosi kuhlala kuyisithiyo esikhulu emikhayeni efuna ubulungisa ngemva kokufa okungalungile okubangelwa uhulumeni. Nokho imfundiso ayiphelele. Nge-FTCA, isifundazwe sisho ukuthi ilungile, ukuphambana komthetho-mthetho, nokungavumelani nomthetho ovamile, amaphekula angabangela ukuba uhulumeni alandise. Impumelelo ixhomeke ekuqondeni imithetho ethile engokomthetho, ukwenza ngokushesha ukuhlangabezana nezikhathi ezimisiwe, nokuqamba izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho eziphoqelela ukuba ukunqoba umsebenzi owenziwe ngekhono kanye nezinye izigodlo.

Nakuba ukuvikela kokuzivikela komthetho kuvikela imithombo yomphakathi, akufanele kubonakale ukuthi ikhona yini ikhambi eliphambili. Ukuthambekela ezifundeni eziningi kusekugonyeni okulinganiselwe kokuzivikela kwezilondayo namakhambi anwebekayo ezisulu. Imikhaya akufanele idikibaliswe ukuyinkimbinkimbi; ngokuqondisa okungokomthetho okunolwazi, ingasebenzisa isimiso futhi ithole imbuyiselo ehlonipha ukulahlekelwa kwayo futhi ithuthukise ukulandisa kukahulumeni.