Ukuqonda indlela imithetho echazwa futhi eqiniswa ngayo ezindaweni ezihlukene kuyisisekelo kubafundi, othisha, nakodokotela bezomthetho abahamba ngezwe elihlangene kakhulu. Izimiso zomthetho azikho ezohlobo olulodwa; zibunjwa yizindlela ezingokomlando ezihlukene, izindinganiso zempucuko, nezimiso zezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwemithetho engokomthetho eyinhloko − ngokomthetho wesizwe, umthetho wesizwe, nomthetho wezenkolo, kanye nomthetho wesiko ovamile, futhi zihlola indlela isimiso ngasinye esifinyelela ngayo incazelo nokugcinwa kwemithetho engokomthetho. Ngokuqhathanisa lezi zindlela, abafundi bayozuza ukuqonda izakhi eziphakamayo lapho imithetho iwela imingcele, izindlela eziqinisekisa ukuvumelana, nezinselele zesimiso sanamuhla.

Ukuchaza Izinkulumo Zokusola Nokubaluleka Kwazo

Igunya elingokomthetho linegunya lokwenza izinqumo ezingokomthetho futhi liphoqelele izahlulelo esabelweni esimisiwe, esinezihloko, noma iqoqo labantu. Imingcele yecala ingaba indawo (umz., izwe, isifundazwe, noma isifundazwe), esekelwe ohlotsheni lwendaba engokomthetho (umz., ubugebengu bumelene nomthetho), noma buchazwe ngegunya lenkantolo elichazwe nge-horitaricator yase-initude (umz., imingcele emelene nokulingwa). Isisekelo sisekelwe ngoba isenzo esifanayo senziwe njengesivumelwano noma icala lobugebengu elithathelwa icala ngokwehlukile kuye ngokwendlela okumelwe ngayo. Isibonelo, ukunyuswa kwecala kuvezwa eUnited States kuzoba yi-heathristry, kanti eUnited States kuzoba yikho kuhluphana okuvamile ukuhlengwa kweqiniso noma ukuhlenga iqiniso. Lokhu kuveza iqiniso noma ukuguqulwa kwezeqiniswa kwecala ngaphansi kwemithetho engokomthetho ngaphansi kwezindlela ezingokomthetho.

Izimiso Ezine Eziyinhloko Zezomthetho

Nakuba amazwe amaningi ehlanganisa izici ezisemikhubeni eminingi, izimiso ezine eziyinhloko zomthetho zibusa indawo yembulunga yonke: umthetho ovamile, umthetho kahulumeni, umthetho wenkolo, nomthetho wesiko.

Umthetho Ovamile

Umthetho ovamile wasungulwa eNyakatho yeNgilandi futhi manje ukhona eUnited Kingdom, eCanada, e-Australia, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi ayeyingxenye yoMbuso waseBrithani. Isici somthetho ovamile yimfundiso ye stare decis[ [isi] (isiLatin se-“ma ngezindaba ezinqunyiwe”). Ngaphansi kwalesimiso, izinkantolo zibophekile ukulandela ukucabanga okubekwe ezinqumweni zangaphambi kokwahlulela. [=h__h_precements"] lapho kubusa emacaleni afanayo. Lokhu kunikeza amajaji anamandla enkantolo okulungisa, njengegunya lezinkantolo eziphansi.

Kumagunya omthetho avamile, ukuchazwa kwemithetho kuvame ukuhilela ukuhlaziya inhloso yomthetho ngokusho umthetho ocacile, umthetho wobubi, noma indlela yokulawula. Abahluleli futhi bathembela emasontweni okwakha, njengaye ejussem genetris[[ [yohlobo olufanayo] [nohlobo olufanayo] [nendlela] [[FLT: 2] nokuqaphela amalungelo ezenzweni zomzwana ngaphandle kwesiqondiso se-station. Izenzo zomthetho zithathwa ngaphandle komthetho we-jikijekiti nomthetho owe-jajikelezomthetho, i-ejectal. Ukushintsha kwento yomthetho kuvumela ukujwayelanisa izinto ezintsha emphakathini, ngokwesibonelo, indlela izinkantolo eziqaphele ngayo amalungelo ezindaba zobuntu ngaphandle kokuziqondisa i-tectal.

Isibonelo: Enkantolo ephawuliwe yase-U.S. Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ (1954]), iNkantolo yagumbuqela imfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” ngokuchaza i-Exterte Protect Claus ngokukhanyisela izindinganiso ze-sovotal, ibonisa indlela umthetho ovamile ovela ngayo ngencazelo yokwahlulela.

Umthetho Wangaphakathi

Umthetho wesizwe, owaziwa nangokuthi i Romano-German, wasungulwa ezwekazini leYurophu futhi uhlanganiswe emithethweni ehleliwe. Amazwe anjengeFrance, i-Italy, iSpain, iJapane, neningi le-Latin America asebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso zomthetho womphakathi. Umthombo oyinhloko womthetho umthetho uwumthetho − imithetho ebhaliwe − → iziqondiso zezehlulelo. Abahluleli ezimiyalweni zomthetho wangaphakathi babhekwa njengabafaki-mthetho, hhayi abasunguli. Indima yabo iwukuthola amaqiniso nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zemithetho ezifanelekile; izahlulelo zangaphambili ziwumthetho owe-ahlawulwa kodwa azikho ukubopha iziqondiso.

Ukuchazwa komthetho we-codel kugxile kakhulu embhalweni we-code. Abaqondisi basebenzisa izinqubo ezinjengokuchaza uhlelo lolimi, ukuchaza okunengqondo, kanye nokuchaza nge-teleological (okusekelwe enjongo) ukuze bathole injongo yomthetho womthetho womthetho. Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho ivame ukushintshwa, akunciphi, izikhulu zecala eziqoqiwe. Kodwa, uma kusetshenziswa, izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphakeme zenza inqubo engcono kakhulu, qha zenza izinkantolo eziphakeme zibe nosizo olunamandla futhi ngokuvamile zikhomba izinkantolo ezingaphansi, kuholele ekuhlanganeni okungahlangane nomthetho ovamile. Izimiso zomthetho womphakathi zithathwa ngokufanayo izinkantolo nabaphathi, kodwa ukugcizelelwa komthetho obhaliwe kungenza inqubo ekwazi ukuvunyelwayo futhi ingaqondiswe kakhulu.

Isibonelo: Ikhodi lomphakathi laseFrance (u-Compalence) liye lathonya izimiso eziningi zomthetho emhlabeni wonke. Izinhlelo zalo empahleni, ezivumelwaneni, nasematort zichazwa ngelens yesakhiwo sekhodi, ngokuqondene nezinqumo zenkantolo zangaphambili.

Umthetho Ongokwenkolo

Izimiso zomthetho ezingokwenkolo zithola igunya emibhalweni engcwele nasemiyalweni yaphezulu. Isibonelo esakazeke kakhulu ngumthetho wama-Islam (u-Sharia), oyisisekelo sezimiso zomthetho emazweni anjenge Saudi Arabia, i-Iran, ne Sudan, futhi othinta umthetho womkhaya ezizweni eziningi zamaSulumane namajaji. I-Sharia isuka emithonjeni emine eyinhloko: i-Quran, i-Sunnah (istry of the Mubricity Mushuman), i-Convectine (jma), kanye nokucabanga okungazenzi (ijyas).

Ukuchazwa komthetho wezenkolo kwenziwa izazi eziqeqeshiwe (izintambo noma amajaji) ezihlanganyela ekusebenziseni izimiso zenkolo ezingaphelelwa isikhathi ezindabeni zanamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, imibuzo yanamuhla mayelana nokunikela ngezitho noma ukuqashelwa ixoxwa ngokuhlola imithetho eyisisekelo yezimiso. Ukuphoqelelwa kuhilela izinkantolo ezingokwenkolo noma izikhundla ezikhethekile ezisezikhundleni zezwe, futhi izijeziso zingahlanganisa isijeziso, inhlawulo, noma inhlawulo.

Ngokufanayo, umthetho wamaJuda (uHalakha) ubusa izici eziningi zokuphila kwamaJuda aqaphelayo futhi usetshenziswa ezinkantolo zorabi ezindabeni ezinjengomshado nesehlukaniso. Umthetho weSonto lamaKatolika ubusa izindaba zangaphakathi zeSonto futhi uphoqelelwa ngezikhulu zesonto. Ezimisweni ezixubeneyo zomthetho, njengalezo zaseNdiya noma eNigeria, imithetho engokwenkolo esebenza kanye nemithetho yezwe neyobugebengu.

I-External Ingxube:[ [[FLT]] I-Encclopædia Britannica ekungeneni eSharia inikeza ukufingqa okunegunya kwemithombo yayo nezincazelo.

Umthetho Ongokwesiko

Umthetho osemthethweni uhlanganisa imithetho nemikhuba engabhalwanga evele yaqala emphakathini wezizukulwane eziningi. Itholakala emiphakathini yabomdabu e-Afrika, e-Asia, eziqhingini zasePacific, naphakathi kwabantu bokuqala bezizwe e-Melika. Umthetho wesiko ubusa izwe eligcwele, ubuhlobo bomkhaya, ukuphikisana, isinqumo, nokubusa komphakathi. Ibopheleleke ngokwemvelo futhi iqondene, ihlukile ngisho naphakathi kwamadolobhana angomakhelwane.

Ukuchazwa komthetho ongokwesiko kuncike enkumbulweni nasegunyeni labadala noma abaholi abangokwesiko, abanquma izimpikiswano ezisekelwe emithethweni nasemibhalweni esemthethweni. Lezi zinqumo zivame ukubuyisela kunokukhipha isijeziso, zihlose ukubuyisela ukuzwana phakathi komphakathi. I-Emplictive ivela ngokucindezela komphakathi, ukunikeza imvume, nokuqaphela igunya lomholi. Emazweni amaningi, umthetho ongokwesiko uqashelwa ngokomthetho, usebenza njengesimiso esifanayo ngaphansi kobuningi obusemthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, eNingizimu Afrika, umthetho wesiko uyavuma njengomthombo ozimele womthetho, ongaphansi kwegunya likaBill welungelo.

Imishini Ephoqelelwayo Enqamula Izimiso

Ukuphoqelelwa kuyingalo esebenzayo yokuchaza umthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthetho ubhalwe noma uchazwe ngokucacile kangakanani, awusebenzi ngaphandle kwezindlela ezithembekile zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukhona. Izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni: Izinkantolo zikhipha izinqumo, iziyalezo, nemisho, kusekelwa amandla kahulumeni okuthatha amafa, ukuthatha impahla, noma ukubopha izigebengu.
  • Imithetho yokugcinwa kwemithetho engokomthetho: Izinhlangano eziqondisayo (isinye isibh. i-Agency yeSikhungo Sendawo Ezungezile e-U.S., i-Mali ye-Authority e-U.K.) imisa futhi iphoqelele imithetho ethile ngokuhlola, izijeziso, nokulungisa izintwala.
  • Ukuphoqelela nokumangalela:[ Izinhlangano zomthetho zihlola ubugebengu, ziqoqe ubufakazi, futhi zibhekise amacala kubashushisi, abanquma ukuthi baletha yini amacala.
  • I-application esekelwe kumthetho: Ezimisweni ezingokwesiko, ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuxhomeke ekucindezeleni kweqembu, ekuthumeleleni i-media, nasekubuyisaneni okungokwesiko kunezinto zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho.

Ukungavumelani komthetho kungathinta kakhulu. Ikomiti eqinile yezomthetho ezimele ezweni elivamile ingahlola ukuphamba kwezikhulu, kuyilapho umthetho wezwe onamandla osebenza ngokushushisa iziboshwa ungahlela inqwaba enkulu yezigilamkhuba. Izimiso zomthetho wenkolo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izijeziso zokuziphatha nezingokomthetho, njengoba zibonakala ezinkantolo zaseSharia lapho amajaji enza khona kokubili njengabavikeli bomthetho nabagcini bokuziphatha.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: Izindlela Zokuchaza

Indlela imithetho echazwa ngayo ingahlukaniswa ngezimbazo eziningana: umbhalo omelene nezigxobo ezibanzi, oqinile noqinile, noqinile kanye nowomlando. Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zivame ukuhlukanisa phakathi kombhalo (ngokubhekisa encazelweni ecacile yombhalo) kanye ne purpositivism (ukubheka injongo ebanzi). E-United States, impikiswano phakathi kobukhondali nokuphila komthetho-sisekelo iveza lokhu kucindezeleka. Izimiso zomthetho womphakathi, ngokwehlukile, ngokwesiko, zincike kakhulu embhalweni we-state consic, kodwa abahluleli bamanje bacabangela kakhulu injongo kanye nemiphumela ekhona.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuchazwa komthetho wenkolo kudinga ukuhloniphiswa kwemibhalo yasendulo nesidingo sokubhekana nezimo zanamuhla. I - Ijtihad emthethweni wamaSulumane ivumela izazi ezifanelekayo ukuba zithuthukise imithetho emisha ezindabeni ezingahlangene ngokuqondile neQuran noma Sunnah. Ukuchazwa komthetho okungokwesiko kusekelwe ngokwemvelo emongweni wezenhlalo nezindinganiso zomphakathi, okwenza ukuba ingaqondakali kakhulu kodwa ivame ukuthandwa abantu ebusayo.

I-External Link:[ [[Ukwenziswa koMthetho] imoduli ye-Max Planck Institute inikeza umbono wemfundo echaza umthetho ngokuqhathaniswa.

Izinselele Ezweni Eligcwele Imbulunga Yonke

Ubuningi obungokomthetho − ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zomthetho eziningi engxenyeni eyodwa − kuveza kokubili amathuba nezinkinga. Emazweni anjengeNdiya, imithetho yomuntu siqu esekelwe enkolweni (i-Hudu, i-Muslim, ubuKristu) isebenza kanye nesimiso sezwe sokujezisa nenqubo yomphakathi. Lokhu kungaholela ezimpikiswaneni ezilawulayo, ukuthenga, nezimpikiswano zokulingana kwabobulili obufanayo uma umthetho wenkolo usuka eziqinisekisiwe ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwandisa le zinselele. Ukuhwebelana kwemingcele yesivumelwano, ubugebengu be-inthanethi, nezimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kudinga ukuba izinkantolo zichaze imithetho yakwamanye amazwe, zinqume ukuthi ziyoyisebenzisa nini, futhi zihlele ukugcinwa kwemithetho evimbela ukudlula emingceleni. Umqondo we (imvume nenhlonipho phakathi kwamazwe) uqondisa izinqumo eziningi ezinjalo, kodwa kuphakama izingxabano lapho imithetho yesizwe ingqubuzana nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zaseYurophu zingasenqabe ukuphoqelela i-U.S. Izahlulelo ezihlanganisa isijeziso, ezibhekwa njengezingakhokhwasiwe ngaphansi kwemithetho yomthetho yomphakathi.

Enye inselele enkulu yiye [[QT:0] ekwahluleleni . Noma kusebuthweni bomthetho obufanayo obunemali eshibhile noma isimiso esivamile esiqheleleneyo esisuswa izinkantolo zikahulumeni, amaqembu ahlukene ngokwezigaba avame ukulwa kanzima ukuze asebenzise izinqubo ezingokomthetho. Usizo olungokomthetho, ezinye izinqumo zempikiswano, nokuqaphela izinkantolo zomdabu amakhambi ahlukene, kodwa ayaqhubeka.

Imikhuba Yanamuhla: Ukuxubana Ne - Hybridation

Izimiso zomthetho azisebenzi ngokuzihlukanisa. Ngokuqhubekayo, amazwe amaningi omthetho wesizwe abhekisela kwezinye izinqumo zenkantolo njengegunya eliphakeme elishukumisayo, kuyilapho izishaya-mthetho ezivamile zivame ukuhlanganisa izindawo zomthetho (umz., i-FULC Code in the U.S.). i-European Union iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo sokuxubana, ihlanganisa izici zomthetho wezwe nowomphakathi ezihlangene ezimisweni nasezinqumweni zayo zasenkantolo.

Izimiso zomthetho wezenkolo zihlangene futhi nezimiso zezwe. Amanye amazwe anethonya leSharia aye aguqula imithetho yomkhaya ukuze ivumelane nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, kanti amanye alondoloza izincazelo eziqinile. Umthetho ongokwesiko uhlanganiswa nezimiso zomthetho ezisemthethweni ngezindlela ezifana nezinhlelo ze- “Community Sed Resolutions” eNorway, ezihlanganisa amasiko omdabu uSami angene emajeleni.

I-External Link:[ I-Bank yomhlaba Inikeza ukwaziswa kokuthi amazwe ahlukene asebenzisa kanjani futhi aqikelele kanjani imithetho, aqokomisa kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka ngaphesheya kwemingcele.

Izicelo Zothisha Nabafundi

Kubafundisi bomlando nomthetho, ukuqonda umehluko ekuchazeni okungokomthetho nokugcinwa kwemithetho kubalulekile ekufundiseni abafundi ukuba bacabange ngokugxeka ngobulungisa, igunya, noshintsho lwezenhlalakahle. Ukuqhathanisa kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani lombhalo ofanayo wezomthetho ungavezi imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu engokomlando.

Iphuzu eliyinhloko lokufundisa zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubaluleka komongo lapho kuhlaziya imithombo eyisisekelo engokomthetho: umthetho ovela ezweni lomthetho wezakhamuzi kufanele ufundwe ucabanga ngesimiso sawo somthetho, kuyilapho isinqumo somthetho esivamile sidinga ukunakekelwa kweketanga elandulelayo.
  • Indima yabadlali abangokomthetho: amajaji, abashaya imithetho, izazi zenkolo, nabadala bomphakathi ngamunye umisa umthetho ngokukhetha kwabo okuchazayo.
  • Ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuqiniseka nokuvumelana nezimo: Izimiso ezihlangene zinikeza ukubikezelwa kusengaphambili, kuyilapho umthetho ovamile uvumela ukuvumelana; umthetho wenkolo unikeza isiqondiso sokuziphatha, kuyilapho umthetho wesiko ulondoloza ukuzwana kwezenhlalo.

Isiphetho

Indlela imithetho echazwa futhi ephoqelelwe ngayo ezindaweni ezihlukene iwumbuzo oyinhloko womthetho ofanayo. Lokhu kuhlola umthetho ovamile, umthetho womphakathi, umthetho wezenkolo, nomthetho wesiko kwembula ukuthi ayikho “indlela eyodwa elungile” yokuqonda imithetho engokomthetho. Kunalokho, isimiso ngasinye sibonisa indlela ehlukile yokuphatha igunya, ukuqonda, nomphakathi. Njengoba izwe lihlangana kakhulu, ochwepheshe bezomthetho nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo kumelwe bahlakulele ikhono lokulawula lemisuka yabo, ngokwazisa ukubaluleka kwabo, nangokufunda ngamandla abo. Ngolwazi olufundiswa ngabafundisi nabafundi, lolulwazi lunika ukwazisa okujulile ngendlela izinhlangano ezizibusa ngayo nendlela ubulungisa obuphishekelelwa ngayo phakathi kwezindawo ezisemthethweni ezihlukene.