Isingeniso: Imibono Emibili Ephithizelayo Yobulungisa

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu saseMelika sisemngciphekweni oyisisekelo: isidingo sokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kanye nesidingo sokulondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi. Lokhu kucindezeleka, ngokuvamile okubekwe njengempi phakathi esheshayo inqubo[ ne ] ukulawula [, kuhlela zonke izigaba zesimiso sobulungisa, kuhleleke izitezi zenqubo zomthetho, kusuka emaphoyisekeni enkantolo ukuze kugwetshwe. Isazi esingokomthetho uHerbert Packer sachaza lezi zifanekiso ezimbili ngodumo kuma 1960, futhi zihlala zisemqongelele ekuxazululeni ukwahlulela kobugebengu namuhla. Ukuqonda kokubili imibono kubalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, abenzi benqubo engcono nanoma ubani okhathalelayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola ukuvuselelwa kwesibonelo esithandwayo, ukulingana phakathi komthetho oqhubekayo.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele: Isisekelo Sokulunga

Inqubo elindelekile isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi uhulumeni awunakumncisha umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezilungile. Iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu baphathwa ngenhlonipho futhi amandla kahulumeni ahlolwa umthetho. Inqubo ayiyona nje inqubo yobuchwepheshe; iyisisekelo sentando yeningi nesivikelo ekubushiseni.

Imvelaphi Yomlando Nesisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Umqondo wenqubo efanele ubhekiselwe emuva eMagna Carta ka-1215, eyathi akukho muntu okhululekile ojeziswa ngaphandle "kokwahlulelwa okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe." Lesi simiso savela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka futhi safakwa eSigqizweni sesihlanu se-U.S. uMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1791: "Akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo engokomthetho engokomthetho," ngemva kweMpi Yomphakathi, iSiphendulo seshumi Nesine nesinye sanweba sanwesa isivikelo kuzo zonke izenzo zikahulumeni. U.S. INkantolo Ephakeme ichazwe inqubo efanele ifuna kokubili [[FLT: 0] [FL:1] [FL:] [FLD] [12]

Inqubo Engokwesayensi Elindelekile: Ilungelo Lokuzwiwa

Inqubo efanelekile yesayensi inikeza imiyalo yokuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuthatha amalungelo omuntu. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Notice yamacala noma izenzo ezithathwayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ithuba lokuzwakala [[[UMTL:1] ngesikhathi esinenjongo nangendlela enenjongo.
  • Umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi (ukwahlulela noma ukuphatha icala).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi[ futhi ibize ofakazi.
  • Ilungelo lokunqamule i-examine ofakazi abangemthetho.
  • Ilungelo lomthetho weseluleko [ (njengoba kuqinisekisiwe Gideon v. Wainwright[, 1963]).

Uphawu lwamacala eNkantolo Ephakeme luye lwalungisa amalungelo e-procedal. Miranda v. Arizona (1966), iNkantolo yathi amaphoyisa kumelwe azise ukuthi anelungelo lawo lokuthula futhi abe nommeli okhona phakathi nokuphenywa kwesigwebo. Ku-rault [1967], iNkantolo yandisa amalungelo enqubo efanelekile efanele yentsha. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa inkolelo yokuthi isimiso esilungile sifuna isivikelo esiqinile, ngisho noma ngezinye izikhathi zithatha i-debe umthetho olandelwa.

Inqubo Eyinqaba: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ayisisekelo

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni, ngisho noma uhulumeni esebenzisa izinqubo ezilungile. Lemfundiso iye yasetshenziselwa ukuvikela amalungelo anjengomshado, ukuba umzali, ukuzibusa, nokuzifihla. Nakuba impikiswano enkulu kunenqubo efanelekile, isebenza njengokuhlola okubucayi kokucupheka kwemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, [i-Obergefell v. Hodges[ (2015], iNkanto edinga inqubo efanelekile yokuqaphela umshado owengeziwe njengelungelo eliyisisekelo.

Inqubo Elindelekile Iyasebenza: Isimiso Esibi

Isimiso somthetho waseMelika sihlanganisa ukubekwa kwecala lobumsulwa, umthwalo wobufakazi obungenakungatshazwa, kanye nelungelo lokumelana nokuzivikela. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuvikela, lesimiso sifaka isigwebo kubantu abangenacala. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Innocence Project zifaka amakhulu ezinkolelo ezingalungile, eziningi zibangelwe ukugconwa kwenqubo efanelekile yokuvuma izono, iseluleko esingasebenzi, noma ukucishwa ubufakazi.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: [[QT] iprojekthi ye-innocence – Inqubo efanele nokuqiniseka okungalungile

Ukuqonda Ukulawulwa Kobugebengu: Ukubaluleka Kokuphepha Komphakathi

Isibonelo sokulawula ubugebengu sibheka isimiso sobulungisa njengendlela yokunciphisa ubugebengu futhi sivikele umphakathi. Sigcizelela ukusebenza kahle, ijubane, nokuphela. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kokusabela okunamandla ebugebengwini, umphakathi ungena esiyaluyalwini. Bakholelwa ukuthi lesi simiso kufanele sigxile ekwazini nasekuqedeni izigebengu ngokushesha, ngaphandle kwezithiyo ezivamile.

Izimiso Zomkhomo Zesibonelo Sokulawula Ubugebengu

  • [ ukwenzeka: Isimiso kufanele silungise amacala ngokushesha nangezinto ezilinganiselwe. "isingathekiso esinempumelelo" sithatha lomqondo /] izingathekiso zisuka ekuboshweni ziye ekuqinisekeni zidluleni esijeziso ngokubambeka okuncane.
  • Ukuvunywa kwecala: Ekwenzeni, isikhombi sokulawula ubugebengu sisebenza ngokucabanga ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala. Umgomo uwukuthola icala eliyiqiniso ngokuhlola nokuphenya kwamaphoyisa, kunokuba sigxile ezicini zomthetho.
  • [ Ukunqanda nokukhipha isijeziso: izijeziso ezinzima, kuhlanganise nemisho ebophekile nemithetho eqinile, isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela izaphula-mthetho ezingase ziphume futhi igcine abantu abayingozi emigwaqweni.
  • Ukuthemba ukugcinwa komthetho: Isibonelo sithatha ngokuthi amaphoyisa nabashushisi bathatha isinyathelo ngokholo oluhle nokuthi izindlela zabo zophenya zithembekile. Inqaba imithetho ekhipha ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa, njengomthetho wokususa obungekho emthethweni wobufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho.

Izibonelo Zokulawula Ubugebengu

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ukulawula ubugebengu kuye kwathatha izinyathelo ezinkulu zenkambiso. "impi yokulwa nezidakamizwa" eyasungulwa ngawo-1970, "amafasitela aphukile" amaphoyisa ngawo-1990, kanye nokwanda okuphawulekayo kwesimiso samajele konke kubonisa ukulawula ubugebengu okuza kuqala. Lezindlela ziye zathiwa ngokunciphisa amazinga obugebengu kodwa futhi ziye zaveza ukugxekwa okukhulu kwemiphumela yazo emiphakathini emincane nasekwani egcwele abantu abambalwa.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: Breau of Justice Statistics – Ijele lenani labantu

Ukuhlobana Kwesibonelo Sokulawula Ubugebengu

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukugcizelela ngokweqile ukulawulwa kobugebengu kuholela ekungabini nabulungisa okukhulu. Ukuncika ekuncengeni kwezicelo (amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-95 ezinkolelo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni wase-U.S.) kusho ukuthi abamangalelwa abaningi bawachitha amalungelo abo afunekayo ngaphandle kokuqulwa ngokuphelele. Ukwahluka ngokwezinhlanga kusobala: Abansundu baboshwa ngokuphindwe kahlanu izinga labamhlophe baseMelika. Isibonelo sokulawula ubugebengu singaveza izinkolelo ezingamanga lapho amaphoyisa nabashushisi bewina ngokuqashelwa iqiniso. Icala iCentral Park Five liyisibonelo esicacile: intsha emihlanu yalahlwa ngokungeyiphutha ngenxa yokuvuma ngokuphoqelelwa kobugebengu obala. Kamuva yalahlwa ubufakazi be-DNA.

Inkinga Phakathi Kwenqubo Efanele Nokulawula Ubugebengu: Inkinga Eyinhloko

Lezi zifekethiso aziyona nje imiqondo yemfundo, kodwa ziphikisana nsuku zonke ezinkantolo, eminyangweni yamaphoyisa, nasezindlini zomthetho.

Ukufuna Nokuzikhohlisa: ISichibiyelo Sesine Sempi

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka. Isibonelo sokulawula ubugebengu sifuna ukunika amaphoyisa inkululeko ebanzi yokufuna izikhali noma ubufakazi. Inqubo efanele igcizelela imvume nesizathu. INkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukubheka phakathi kwala manani. Ngokwesibonelo, Terry v. Ohio[FLD:1] (1968), iNkantolo ivumela abaphathi ukuba "yimise futhi i-frisk" abantu abasekelwe ekusoleni okunengqondo ."a bavame ukuphambuka phakathi kwala phakathi kwalamanani. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-tectry v. [[FLT] v.[FLD] [25:1] [1968]), i-'imvume yokuhlola amasondo, ne-data ye-NSA], ukuqoqwa kwezindawo zomphakathi ezifanele amalungelo esizwe.

IMiranda Nokuhlangana

Miranda v.Arizona ilokhu ingesinye sezinqumo eziphikiswa kakhulu. Abasekeli bobugebengu bathi iphoyisa elisebenzisa izandla futhi bavumela ukusolwa okunecala ukuba kuphume ngesihle. Abasekeli benqubo yokusebenza baphikisa ukuthi kuvimbela ukuphoqelelwa nokuvikela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu esiqondile ekuzibekeleni uqobo. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izixwayiso ze-Mirnda aziwanciphisi kakhulu amazinga okuvuma; izintengo eziningi ziwaphula amalungelo azo. Nokho umthetho uyaqhubeka uwuphawu olunamandla lwesimiso sokuthi isifunda kumelwe sihloniphe isithunzi somuntu ngisho nalapho silandela izigebengu.

Plea Barganing: Ukuphumelela.

Icala elikhulu lobugebengu lixazululwa ngokunxusa, hhayi ngokuqulwa kwecala. Icala elilawula ubugebengu lihlanganisa lendlela ephumelelayo yokusingatha ukuthweswa kwecala. Inqubo efanelekile izinkathazo ezinxusa ukunxusa abamangalelwa abangenacala ukuba bafake izingcindezi ezibophayo ukuze bavume ukuthi banecala lokugwema imigwebo enzima (isigwebo sobugebengu). Ezindaweni eziningi, abamangaleli basebenzisa amandla amakhulu ngokumangalela abamangalelwa ngobugebengu obunemithetho elinganiselwe, ngokuphumelela ukuphoqelela ukunxusa. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo engathi isimiso singakhipha yini ubulungisa uma izenzakalo ezimbalwa zibona ijaji. INkanto ephakeme iqaphela ukuthi ukunxusa kungu "kungavumelani ezinye izigebetho zomthetho; [[FLD:] [FLD] [FF:1] [FFY]

Ukulondeka Kobuzwe Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Ngemva kuka-9/11, ukungezwani phakathi kwezokulondeka nenkululeko kwakhula. I-USA PATRIOT Act yandisa amandla okuhlola, futhi uhulumeni wamazwe owavalelwa esolwa amaphekula eGuantamo Bay ngaphandle kokulingwa. Abameleli benqubo efanelekile babekela lezi zimiso inselele, okuholela ekunqumeni njengokuthi HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], eyayithi izakhamuzi ezivalelwe njengezithane kumelwe zibe nethuba elinengqondo lokuncintisana nesisekelo sokuboshwa kwazo. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuvinjelwa kobuphekula ubugebengu namalungelo omthetho kuhlala kuseyindawo encintiswa kakhulu.

Ukulinganisela Okufanele: Ukusuka Embonweni Wokuzijwayeza

Umbuzo awukho ukuthi inqubo efanele noma ukulawula ubugebengu kufanele kulawuleke yini, kodwa ukuthi kungamiswa kanjani isimiso esihlobene nakho kokubili. Idemokrasi enempilo idinga kokubili ukuphepha komphakathi namalungelo omuntu. Nazi izindawo eziyinhloko lapho kungafunwa khona ukulinganisela.

Imfundo Nokuqaphela Umphakathi

Othisha banendima ebalulekile ekufundiseni abafundi ngamalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo kanye nokubaluleka kwenqubo efanele. Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo sesine, sesithupha, neseshumi nane kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqinisa amalungelo azo futhi kugcine isimiso sinesibopho sokulandisa. Izinhlelo ezinikeza "wazi amalungelo akho" ezikoleni nasemiphakathini yakha abantu abaningi abanolwazi oluthe xaxa. Njengoba isihloko sokuqala saphawula, ukufundisa abafundi ngalemiqondo kuthuthukisa isimiso sobulungisa. Abafundisi bangasebenzisa izibalo ezithiwayo , , [FLT]], noma i-Central Park Five [5:3] ifanelisa indlela efanele yokuvikela, hhayi nje bonke abamangalelwa.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuziphatha Okuhle Komphakathi

Izifebe zamaphoyisa zomphakathi zizimisele ukunciphisa ubugebengu kuyilapho zakha ukwethembana phakathi komthetho nezakhamuzi. Uma amaphoyisa ebhekwa njengabasizi kunokusebenza nabo, ukubambisana komphakathi kwanda, futhi ukubika ubugebengu kuthuthuka. Inkolelo-mbono yomthetho engokwesiko iveza ukuthi abantu bathambekele kakhulu ekulaleleni umthetho futhi babambisana neziphathimandla uma benomuzwa wokuthi baye baphathwa ngokungakhethi. Iminyango yamaphoyisa ingamukela izimiso ezigcizelela ukucaca, ukulandisa, nokukhushulwa. Amakhamera omzimba, izibhodi zabaphathi bezempatho, nokuqeqeshwa kokucwasa okungalinganiswa kuyisibonelo sokuhlela ubugebengu okuzama ukulinganisela inqubo efanelekile.

Ukugada Nomthetho

Izinkantolo kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, ngisho nalapho ukulawulwa kobugebengu kuthandwa kakhulu. Umthetho wokuhlukanisa, nakuba kuphikiswana, uvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa ngokufaka ngokungemthetho ubufakazi obuvela ecaleni. Abanye abasekeli bokungabuvumeli umthetho, kodwa ukubususa ngokuphelele kungasusa isivikelo seSine sokuHlaziya. Ukuvimbela izinguquko, njengokunciphisa imithetho ebophekayo esemthethweni nokususa imithetho emithathu yecala elingenabo ubudlova, kungasiza futhi kulinganisele isilinganiso salesilinganiso. I-Firtep Act ka-201818, eyanciphisa izigwebo ezithile ezingokomthetho zeSiphendulo futhi yandisa izinhlelo zokulungisa, imelela umzamo wokususa ubugebengu obungalingani nesodwa.

Ubulungisa Obuyindinganiso: Indlela Yesithathu

Ubulungisa obubuyiselwe bunikeza enye indlela kumthetho wezomthetho. Kuhlanganisa izisulu, izaphula-mthetho, namalungu omphakathi ukuxoxa ngokulimala okubangelwa ukukulungisa nokuvumelana ngendlela yokukulungisa. Lendlela igcizelela ukulandisa nokuphulukisa kunokujezisa kuphela. Kuhambisana nenqubo efanele ngokuhlonipha amalungelo azo zonke izigaba nokulawula ubugebengu ngokunciphisa ukubulala. Imibuso eminingi manje isebenzisa ubulungisa ekwahluleleni amacala antsha namacala abantu abadala abaphansi. Nakuba ingafanele wonke amacala, kubonisa ukuthi ubulungisa bungathatha izinhlobo eziningi ngaphezu kwezibonelo ezingokomthetho.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: [[QT:0] I-ReasureMostative Justice International – Ukubuka ngokubuka kuqala

Isiphetho: Ukuphishekela Ubulungisa Okuqhubekayo

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwenqubo efanele nokulawula ubugebengu akumi ndawonye, kodwa kuyashintshana nemimoya yezombangazwe, umbono womphakathi, kanye nencazelo yokwahlulela. Okungaguquguquki yisidingo sesimiso esivikela kokubili amalungelo abantu kanye nokuphepha kwabantu bonke. Kubafundisi nabafundi, lesi sihloko sinikeza ilebula elicebile elibonisa ukuthi izindinganiso ezisekela ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika. Isithembiso esikhulu somthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. siwukuthi awuphoqeleli ukuzikhethela okungamanga phakathi kwenkululeko nokuhleleka. Kunalokho, unikeza isisekelo sokuthintana kwalelo hlangothi ngemithetho, izinkantolo, nangabaphathi bentando yeningi. Njengezakhamuzi nabaholi besikhathi esizayo, kumelwe sihileleke kulemiqondo ebucayi nenozwela, njalo silwela ukwakha isimiso sobulungisa esiphila ngokuvumelana nezimiso zaso eziphezulu.