Incazelo Ecacile Yokulingana Ngokomthetho

Isimiso sokulingana phambi komthetho singaphezu nje kwesiqubulo esingokomthetho; siyisikhombi esingaphansi kwaso lapho imiphakathi engokomthetho yentando yeningi yakhiwa khona. Kulula ukuthi, kusho ukuthi umuntu ngamunye (ukuba inhloko yezwe noma isakhamuzi sangasese) ungaphansi kwemithetho efanayo futhi unegunya lokuvikela okufanayo okungokomthetho. Akekho ongaphansi komthetho, futhi akekho ongaphansi kwawo. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa abuncikile engcebweni yomuntu, ezinhlangani, enkolweni, noma ezombangazwe. Uma kuqashelwe ngokugcwele, ukulingana phambi komthetho okuthi bonke abantu bangafuna ukuvuselelwa ngokungakhethi, kuzwiwe ngokungakhethi, futhi uthola isijeziso noma iziqondiso ezimweni ezifanayo. Ngaphandle kwalesi sisekelo, sonke isimiso somthetho silahlekelwa ukuthemba kwalo nokwethemba umphakathi.

Kodwa inkulumo ethi “ukulingana phambi komthetho” ivame ukufihla ukungefani okukhulu. Ukulingana okungokomthetho, .ukuphatha wonke umuntu ngendlela efanayo, ngezinye izikhathi kungaveza imiphumela engalungile lapho abantu beqala ezikhundleni ezihlukene kakhulu. Umthetho owenqabela ukuntengantenga, ngokwesibonelo, usebenza ngokufanayo kumuntu ongenamakhaya nomphathi ocebile, kodwa imiphumela esebenzayo ayifani. Yingakho umcabango wanamuhla ongokomthetho uhlukanisa phakathi kokulingana okungokomthetho nokulingana okungalingani, ukuvuma ukuthi ukuphathwa okufanayo kungabhebhebhethelisa ukungalingani uma imibandela engekho. Ukuqonda lomehluko kubaluleke ekuqondeni lokho ukulingana okufunwa yikho ngempela emphakathini oyinkimbinkimbi, ohlukene.

Isilinganiso Eside Sokulingana Ngokomthetho: Ukusuka Ekungalinganini Kuya Ekukhanyiselweni

Umqondo wokuthi umthetho kufanele usebenze ngokufanayo kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi udala, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo okusebenzayo akunakwenzeka emlandweni wesintu. Emithethweni yakuqala engokomthetho enjenge-Code of Hammurabi (c. 1754 BCE), izijeziso zazihlukahluka kakhulu ngesigaba sezenhlalo .Izijeziso ezazidukisa umuntu ovamile owakhokha imali ehlawulisiwe, kanti umuntu ovamile owaphuphuma isithunzi wabuswa izakhamuzi zaseRome (c. 450 BCE) wathatha isinyathelo esincane ngokumemezela imithetho obala, wazenza zakwazi ukufinyelela kubantu base-plebea ababekade bengaphansi kwemithetho ephakeme. Nokho, ngisho naseRome, ukulingana okungokomthetho kwakugcinelwe izakhamuzi, hhayi izigqila noma abantu bezizwe.

Ukugxuma okuwujuqu kakhulu kwafika ngeMagna Carta ngo-1215. Nakuba ngokuvamile kwakunesidingo sayo esiyinhloko, ukuthi inkosi yamaNgisi yayingenakubopha abantu abakhululekile ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.(-) yamisa imbewu eyayizokhula emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. U-Celaus 39 no-40 yamemezela ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ongabanjwa, oboshwe, noma ovinjelwe “ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sabalingana naye noma ngomthetho wezwe,” nokuthi ubulungisa abunakungathengiswa, bungaphikiswa, noma beqiniswa. Lezizigijikishi zazingakhonziwa ekuqaleni (izisebenzi zazisebenzisa kubantu abambalwa kuphela,” eNgilandi engqungquthelanayo), kodwa zamisa isimiso sokuzivelela sokuthi umbusi ngokwakhe wayeboshwe ngomthetho.

Izazi zefilosofi ezikhanyiselwe zawuqinisa lo mbono. uJohn Locke waphikisa ngokuthi esimweni semvelo, bonke abantu babelingana futhi bekhululekile, futhi lohulumeni ongokomthetho wafuna ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho ebusayo eyaziwa, emile. UBaron de Montesquieu wagcizelela ukuhlukaniswa kwamagunya njengesivikelo sokubusa okuzimele. UJean-Jaques Rousseau wagcizelela ukuthi umthetho kaRousseau kumelwe uchaze umthetho jikelele futhi usebenzise ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke. Lemibono evumelana ngqo ne-American Declaraction of Independence (“ayedwa amadoda adalwa elingana”) neSimemezelo samalungelo abantu neSintu (Ayuthegintle 1: “Abantu bazalwa futhi bahlala bekhululekile futhi belingana elungelweni”. Ikhulu le-19 nekhulu lama-20 yabona lemiqondo futhi yanda phakathi kwezinhlangano, izigebengu, ukulwa kwemizwa kwabesifazane, ukulwa kwemigomo, imingcele ephakathi kwemithetho ephakathi.""""ebalwa isithi“Aricle 1: ).

Ukulingana Ngaphambi Komthetho Osemthethweni Wezizwe Zonke Wanamuhla

Namuhla, ukulingana phambi komthetho kuhlanganiswa cishe kuzo zonke izikhali eziyinhloko zamalungelo abantu. ISiphakamiso 7 seSimemezelo somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) sithi: “Zonke ziyalingana phambi komthetho futhi zingenalo ubandlululo olulinganayo lomthetho.” Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo abantu (ICCPR), esibopha amaqembu angonyaka ka-173, siyaqhubeka eSiphakamiso 14, siqinisekisa isilinganiso phambi kwezinkantolo nezinkantolo. Izikhungo zesifunda ezinjengeSivumelwano se-Europe eHlulwelweni lwamalungelo abantu neSivumelwano saseMelika Ngamalungelo Abantu siqinisa isimiso esifanayo.

Lezi zivumelwano aziphindi nje inzuzo; zikha izibopho eziqinile zezifundazwe. Izimpawu kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi izimiso zazo zokwahlulela ziyafinyeleleka, azikhethi, futhi azicwasi. Kumele futhi zithathe izinyathelo eziqondile zokususa izithiyo ezivimbela amaqembu angaphansi ekujabuleleni ukuma okulinganayo okungokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UN Human Rights Committee ichaze iSiphakamiso 26 se-ICPR ukuze ifune ukuba amazwe anqabe ubandlululo kuwo womabili umthetho kanye nokusebenza, futhi athathe izinyathelo zokuvuma uma kudingeka ukufinyelela ukulingana okungokwesilinganiso. umbhalo ogcwele we-ICRPP ukhona ngenxa yokubhekisela.

Izithiyo Ezingokwesimiso Sokusebenzela: Igebe Phakathi Kobuhle Nangempela

Naphezu kwezimo eziqinile ezingokomthetho, izigidi zabantu azikwazi ukubhekana nokuhlangenwe nakho kokulingana ngaphambi komthetho.

Ukungalingani Kwezenhlalo Nezomnotho Nokuthola Ubulungisa

Ingcebo inquma izinga lokumelelwa ngokomthetho, futhi izinga lokumelelwa linquma imiphumela. Ukuhlola kubonisa njalo ukuthi abamangalelwa abaphansi abafikayo bathola imigwebo enzima, futhi cishe bangaboshwa, futhi cishe bangahliswa amacala. Ezimweni zomphakathi, ukuntuleka kosizo olusemthethweni oluthelekayo kusho ukuthi izingxabano zezindlu, isikweletu, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, nezinzuzo zixazululwa ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi ummeli. INhlangano yaseMelika Bar Bar's 2023 umbiko [ wathola ukuthi izingcingo ezingaphezulu kuka-80% zosizo olusemthethweni oluzamukela abantu baseMelika abaphansi zihamba ngokusemthethweni zingenamali. Uma ukwahlulela kudinga imali, akuyona ubulungisa.

Ukudlondlobala Kohlanga Nobuhlanga Ezinkantolo

Ubandlululo lwezegebengu luhlanekezela zonke izigaba zenqubo yobulungisa bobugebengu. E-United States, ama-Black America aboshwa cishe ngokuphindwe kahlanu izinga lokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, naphezu kwezinga elifanayo lokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa. Ukuhlola ukukhethwa kwamajaji, ukushaya izinqumo, nokugweba kwembula izigaba eziqhubekayo ezingenakuchazwa ngamazinga obugebengu kuphela. Ukusetshenziswa kobumpoqo bengozi ezindaweni ezithile kuboniswe ukukhuphuza ubandlululo lwezinhlanga, ukubeka abamangalelwa abamnyama njengengozi enkulu kunemivusebangxelelweni emhlophe ezindaweni ezihlukene zezelele. Izindlela ezifanayo zikhona kwamanye amazwe amaningi, kusukela kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu eYurophu, ekukhetheni ngokwezigaba eziphaka ngokuphakama kwezinhlanga e-Asia. [FLT:] IJastigate - I-Flatiod [FFLAT]

Ukubandlululana Ngokohlanga Nokungalingani Okungokomthetho

Abesifazane kanye ne-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye babhekene nezithiyo eziqondile. Ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho, imithetho elawula imishado, isehlukaniso, ifa, nobudlova basekhaya kusabonisa izinhloso zobubhishobhi. Ngisho nalapho imithetho ingokomthetho ihlangene nobulili obufana nobune-neuthal, ukuphoqelelwa ngokuvamile kuyaphelelwa. Amacala angokobulili, ngokwesibonelo, anezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokukholisa ngenxa yezimo zengqondo zezisulu, imithetho esobala esekela abamangalelwayo, kanye nokungaqiniseki komthetho. Abantu abachashwa njalo babhekana nodwelwelwelwe oluno olunonya ezinkantolo nasemajele, futhi bangathola ukuthi amaxwebhu okubonisa ukuthi awafanelani, adale izimo ezingokomthetho ze- i-UN isebenza eqenjini lomthetho omthetho nasemthethweni.

Ukulingana Okungalingani: Ingxenye Engekho

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho manje ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi kwemithetho efanayo kungaqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani. Lokhu kuqaphela kuye kwaveza umqondo wokulingana okungaqondakali: umqondo wokuthi umthetho kumelwe ubeke imingcele engokomlando neyokwakha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunikeza abahumushi abakhuluma amasiNgisi enkantolo, ukuvumela uhlelo oluvumelanayo lwabazali, noma ukuhlukanisa izigaba zenkolo emithethweni ethile akuzona izinyathelo zokwenza ukulingana kube ngokoqobo.

Izinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ziye zamukela lendlela. INkantolo ePhakeme yaseCanada, ngo 1989 Andres v. Law Society of British Columbia yanquma ukuthi ukulingana ngaphansi kwe-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms kusho ukuphatha okufanayo; ifuna ukuba imithetho ingaqhubeli phambili noma ibeke indiva. Ngokufanayo, iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ichaze isilinganiso seposi-pastthepid sokufuna kokubili ukulingana okungokomthetho nokuncane, iqaphela ukuthi amakhulu eminyaka okucindezelwa okuhlelekile awana ukususwa ngokumane athi wonke umuntu uyalingana. Lezi zinqumo zimelela ukushintshwa kombono omzimba, olinganayo, olinganayo.

Izinguquko Ezisebenzayo: Ukuqinisa Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Ukuvala igebe phakathi kwesimiso nokwenza kudinga izinguquko zamabomu, ezisekelwe kubufakazi. Nakhu amasu amaningana abonise isithembiso ngalé kwemingcele ehlukene.

Ukwandisa Ukuthola Usizo Nommelelo Ongokomthetho

Izinhlelo zosizo ezingokomthetho .(*) ezigunyazwe uhulumeni ngabameli abangakwazi ukuzithenga. Kodwa emazweni amaningi, usizo olungokomthetho luncishisiwe futhi lulinganiselwe emacaleni obugebengu. Ukwandisa usizo olungokomthetho lwezindlu, izinzuzo, nezindaba zomkhaya kungavimbela ukungabi nabulungisa ngaphambi kokuba kukhule. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zazama “ukungafakwa” izinkonzo ezingokomthetho (ukumelelwa kwamathuluzi okuzisiza), kanye nezikhulu zenkantolo ukuze zisize izimboni ezizimele. I-Opagial I-IAid Board ye-Netherlands inikeza isibonelo sokuphumelela, i-mpereat-oved esekela kokubili iseluleko nophawu oluyi-mmele.

Ukuhlukahluka Kokwahlulela Nokuqeqesha I - bias

Ikomiti yamajaji ebonisa ukuhlukahluka kwenani labantu ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuqonda nokungalingani kwezimiso zekheli. Amazwe amaningi aye asungula izinyathelo zokuhlela ukumiswa kokwahlulela ngokunye. Njengezithathi-mishwana eziyimfuneko ezivela emaqenjini angaphansi. Ukuqeqeshwa kobandlululo kwabahluleli, abashushisi, namaphoyisa kungasiza ekunciphiseni ithonya lemibono eguquguqukayo ekwenzeni izinqumo. Ukuhlola izinhlelo zokuqeqesha eUnited Kingdom nase-Australia kubonisa imiphumela elinganiselwe kodwa engcono ekuqapheleni nasekuziphatheni, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlangene nezinguquko zezakhiwo ezinjengokubukeza okungaqondisiwe kokugweba.

Izahlulelo Zemvelo Nezinkantolo Zomphakathi

Inkolelo-mbono yobulungisa igcizelela ukuthi ukuqonda kwabantu ngokulunga akuxhomekile nje kuphela emiphumeleni kodwa nendlela abaphathwa ngayo. (noma balalela kanjani, baphathwa ngenhlonipho, futhi banikwe nephimbo). Izinhlelo eziphazamisa izimiso zobulungisa, njengezinkantolo zomphakathi ezikhuluma ngezindaba eziyisisekelo zezenhlalo kunokujezisa nje amacala ezenhlalo, ziye zaboniswa ukuthi zikhulisa ukuthobela nokunciphisa ukuvotelelwa. IRed Hookiok Community Justice Center eBrooklyn, New York, ngokwesibonelo, ihlanganisa umahluleli oyedwa nenkonzo yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle, ukusekela kwezempilo yengqondo, nokuqeqesha umsebenzi, futhi iye yabika ukugcinwa kwecala eliphansi kunezinkantolo ezingokwesiko.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubona Ingaphandle

Ubuchwepheshe bungaba inkemba ebambene kabili. Kwesinye isandla, i-appel algorithm ne-polisti ebikezelayo ingahlanganisa ukucwaswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvulwa kokwaziswa kokuboshwa, izikhalo, imisho, nezinqumo ze-parlence kwenza abacwaningi nabasekeli bekwazi ukuveza okungalinganiyo. Amakhamera omzimba, izimiso zokuqopha inkantolo, kanye ne-inthathi yokulandelela i-pager. Ezinye izigebethi zifuna “imiphumela eqinile” yomthetho womthetho womthetho wobugebengu ohlongozwayo, ofana neziciso ezithinta indawo ezungezile, ukuhlola izinto ezingahlukaniswa ngaphambi kokuba umthetho udluliswe.

Imfundo Njengekhambi Lesikhathi Eside

Ukulingana okuhlala njalo phambi komthetho kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini eziqonda amalungelo azo nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ukukwazi ukuqaphela izimpikiswano zomthetho, ukwazi ukuthi ungalufuna kuphi usizo, futhi usebenzise izinqubo eziyisisekelo ("iphansi ngokushaqisayo kubantu abaningi. Ukufundiswa kwezesizwe nezomthetho ezifundweni zesikole kusukela ebuntwaneni kungakha isisekelo sokuqiniswa kwekhono. ENingizimu Afrika, uhlelo “Okwazi Amalungelo Akho” lufundiswa yi-NGOs isikole esiphakeme ngesivikelo somthetho nendlela yokusebenzelana namaphoyisa. Indlela ebanzi yeFinland yokufunda ihlanganisa imibhoshongo ehlobene nomthetho ezifundweni zomphakathi nomlando, kanye nezindlela zobungcweti zokuhlola ukugcona.

Imfundo engokomthetho kubantu abadala ibaluleke ngokufanayo. Imithola-lwazi yezomthetho ye-Community, “izinhlelo zomthetho” emitatsheni yezincwadi yomphakathi, futhi imithombo ye-inthanethi ekhuluma izilimi eziningi ingasiza ekuvaleni igebe. I-inthanethi ivule amathuba amasha: amapulatifomu akhululekile njengoLawHelp.org anikeza ulwazi olucacile olungokomthetho, futhi ochwepheshe basebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuze bachaze amalungelo kumafomethi atholakalayo. Nokho, ukuhlukanisa kobuchwepheshe kusho ukuthi imithombo ye-inthaneti kumelwe ihlanganiswe ngokungena mvume, ikakhulukazi kubantu asebekhulile, abakhubazekile, futhi abantu abangatholi kwaziswa okungenayo okungenayo.

Imingcele Yesikhathi Esizayo: Izinsongo Ezintsha Ekulinganiseni

Inkathi yobuchwepheshe iletha izinselele ezingavamile. Ubuchwepheshe bobucukubhede, njengokwaziwa kobuso kanye nokwaziswa kwelayisense ehamba ngemishini, kufakwa ngokungenakulinganiswa ekutholeni imali encane nasezindaweni ezisemzaneni, kubangela ukukhathazeka ngokulingana phambi komthetho ezindaweni zomphakathi. Isinqumo se-algamentialism ezindaweni ezinjengezindlu, isikweletu, nokuqashwa kungaveza imiphumela ebangela ukucwazimula okunzima ngenxa yokuthi izimiso zintshekile. Ukukhula kokubekwa kwemithetho ekwakheni komthetho ngezansi nokuncitshiswa kwezindawo zomphakathi kanye nezinhlangano zamajele ezingenisa inzuzo kungaqeda ukulandisa komphakathi nokuphatha inzuzo elinganayo.

Ukwehluka kwembulunga yonke nakho kubalulekile. Emthetho wezizwe zonke, izizwe ezinamandla ngokuvamile ziyaphunyuka ziphumele ekuthwaleni icala ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu okwenziwa kwamanye amazwe, kuyilapho amazwe amancane ebhekene nesijeziso noma ukungenela. INkantolo yezizwe zonke yeCriminal iye yagxekwa ngokugxila kakhulu kubaholi baseAfrika kuyilapho igwema ukuqulwa kwezikhulu ezisezindaweni ezinamandla. Ukulingana kwangempela phambi komthetho kumelwe kube kuyo yonke indawo, kungadlulisi nje imingcele futhi kusebenze ngaphakathi kwesizwe kodwa nakumthetho wembulunga yonke.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ongancishisiwe Wokulingana

Ukulingana phambi komthetho akuyona impumelelo eqhubekayo kodwa umzabalazo oqhubekayo. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siphinde siyihlele futhi siyivikele ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zokungalingani. Isimiso asifuni nje kuphela ukuba imithetho ibhalwe ngokungathathi hlangothi kodwa sifuna ukuba izinhlangano ezingokomthetho zihlelwe ukuze zinqobe amakhulu eminyaka okuhlukanisa, ubandlululo, nelungelo. Kudinga ukuba iminyango yobulungisa ivuleke kuwo wonke umuntu, ngaphandle kwentengo noma ubandlululo, futhi leyo minyango iholele endaweni lapho wonke umuntu ezwiwa futhi ahlonishwa khona.

Umsebenzi awupheli. Izinguquko ezingokomthetho, imfundo, ubufundisi, nokuqapha konke kuyadingeka ukuze kuvalwe igebe phakathi kwento elungile nengokoqobo. Kodwa umphakathi ngokwawo (indawo engcono) okungekho muntu ongaphezu komthetho futhi wonke umuntu olingana nayo ngaphambi kwawo), uhlala ungomunye wezifiso ezinamandla kakhulu zesintu. Kuwukulwela izifiso ezifanele ngoba ekugcineni, ukulingana ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ungabi ngobulungisa kuphela; kungokohlobo lomphakathi esikhetha ukulwa nalo.