I-Access of the textments yamaphoyisa nemininingwane yomthetho wobugebengu ihluka kakhulu ezifundazweni zase-U.S. Lemithetho inquma ukuthi yikuphi ukwaziswa okutholakala obala nokuthi abantu bangathola kanjani amarekhodi ahlobene nophenyo lobugebengu, ukuboshwa, nezinkolelo. Ukuqonda lemithetho kubalulekile kumaphepha-ndaba, abacwaningi, nezakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo ekuboneni ukuthi i-consistion nezokulandisa. Imithetho yemithetho kahulumeni idala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho isicelo esifanayo singaveza khona imiphumela ehluke kakhulu kuye ngobubanzi bezwe.

Umlando Wokuthola Irekhodi Lamaphoyisa

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1960, ukutholakala kwemibhalo kahulumeni kwakuvame ukubuswa umthetho owodwa noma iziqondiso zenhlangano. I-guayn Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) ka-1966 yamisa isiqalo sesizwe, kodwa yasebenza kuphela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Amazwe aqala ukwamukela imithetho yawo siqu evulekile kuma 1970 nawo-1980, ngokuvamile efanekiselwa i-FOIA kodwa enezinguquko ezinkulu. Iminyango yamaphoyisa, eyayisebenza ngokuhlola okuncane kakhulu emphakathini, yamiswa kancane kancane kancane kancane ngaphansi kwalemithetho, futhi ngokuvamile ikhulula abantu abaningi. Ukuphakama kwendikimba yeminye ikhamera nokwaziswa okuphathelene-midwebo ngo- 2000 kwanezela izilinganiso ezintsha kulokho okuwenzayo "umbhalo osemthethweni osemthethweni."

Imisebenzi Yezomthetho KaHulumeni: Imisebenzi Evulekile

Umbuso ngamunye unohlobo oluthile lomthetho ovulekile, nakuba ungase ubizwe ngokuthi i Freedom of Information Acts, noma i-Ssune Laws. Lemithetho ivame ukwenza umbono wokuthi uhulumeni ubhala ngo(imibhalo yamaphoyisa) ivulekele umphakathi. Nokho, ubukhulu balowo mbono buyehluka kakhulu. Ingxenye eziyinhloko zalemithetho zihlanganisa:

  • Izikhundla ze "rekhodi lomphakathi" - Ezinye izifunda zichaza igama ngebanzi ukuze kuhlanganiswe noma yiliphi ibhukwana elikhiqizwe ebhizinisini elingokomthetho, kuyilapho ezinye lilinganisele kwizigaba ezithile.
  • Intengo[ cishe zonke izifundazwe zakhulula amarekhodi athile, njengalawo ahlobene nophenyo oluqhubekayo, amafayela ezisebenzi, noma ulwazi lokuhlakanipha. Inani nokubaluleka kwenkululeko kuyahluka.
  • [ Unike isikhathi nenkokhelo - Amazwe aphoqelela izikhawu ezimisiwe ukuba izinhlangano ziphendule izicelo (izinsuku zebhizinisi ezivamile ezingu-10-20) futhi zivumele izindleko zokukopisha nokubuyisela. Ezinye izintela zecap; ezinye azizinikezi.
  • [ Izinqubo zokuphoqelela - Abameli bezwe jikelele, izinkantolo, noma izikhomishane ezimisiwe zokubona ngalé kwendaba zisingatha izimpikiswano. Izinqubo zokudlulisa amacala zingathatha kancane futhi zibize.

Ukuhlukahluka kwalezi zici kwakha okuhlangenwe nakho okuhluke kakhulu kwabacelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, intatheli yaseFlorida ingalindela ukusabela ngokushesha, okuphansi, kuyilapho umceli eRhode Island engase abhekane nezindleko ezithatha isikhathi eside.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemibhalo Yamaphoyisa

Nakuba imithetho kahulumeni ihluka, ezinye izigwebo zivela ngokuphindaphindiwe kulo lonke elase - United States.

Ukuhlolwa Okuqhubekayo

Izifundazwe eziningi azivuli amarekhodi aveza izindlela zophengululo, ubufakazi, noma ubufakazi ezindabeni ezimatasa. Lokhu kukhululwa kuhloselwe ukuvimbela ukuyekethisa kwemisebenzi eqhubekayo yokugcinwa komthetho nokuvikela ukugcinwa komthetho. Nokho, kuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuvikeleni amafayela avamile amacala ukuba angahlolisiswa. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengoColorado, zifuna ukuba umuntu okhululiwe akhulekelwe kuphela uma ukudalulwa kulimaza ngempela ukuphenywa.

Ukuba Wedwa Namarekhodi Aqoshiwe

Ukungatholi mvume yokufihla imibandela yomuntu siqu kuvikela ukwaziswa komuntu siqu kwezisulu, ofakazi, nabasolwayo abangalahlwanga. Amarekhodi kaJuvenile acishe abekwe ezindaweni ezihlukene. Ezizweni ezinjengePennsylvania, amarekhodi okuboshwa kwezingane ayavalwa ngaphandle kokuba umntwana ebekwe icala njengomuntu omdala. Kwezinye, njengaseConnecticut, amarekhodi entsha angatholakala ngefomu elivuselelekile ngemva kwesikhathi esithile.

Izindlela Zokuphoqelela Umthetho Nokulondeka

Amarekhodi axoxa ngezinqubo zokuphepha, ukuvikela, noma izindlela zobuciko ngokuvamile ayagwenywa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imithetho elandelwayo yokuhlola, amasu okuhlola, kanye namapulani okwakha. Ukukhula kwe- ye-orn family transmes metage [ kuyenze yalukhuni lenkululeko, `imibuso eminingi idlulise imithetho eqondile evumela amaphoyisa ukuba avimbele ukuhamba ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, njengalapho ibonisa indawo yokuhlala yangasese yengane noma ingaphakathi kwekhaya phakathi kokufuna.

Izindaba Zezindaba Zezisebenzi Nezangaphakathi

Amarekhodi okwaziswa okuqondisa izigwegwe, ukuhlola kwangaphakathi, nokuhlola kuvame ukukhishwa noma kudinge ukuvuleka kwabantu abadumile. Inhlangano ekhulayo yenguquko ifuna ukuvula lamarekhodi, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zezenzo ezingafanele zesikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iSB 1421 ne-S16 yaseCalifornia manje yenza amarekhodi athile esikhulu sokuthula esimilo esingathí sina noma ukusetshenziswa kwempoqo kutholakale emphakathini, igumbuqele isivikelo esiqinile ngaphambili. Amanye amazwe, njengaseNew York nase Massachusetts, aye alandela ngezinguquko ezifanayo.

Ukuthola Imininingwane Yobulungisa Bezigebengu: Ngaphandle Kokuqopha Amarekhodi Amaphoyisa

Amarekhodi amaphoyisa amane nje ayingxenye eyodwa yemininingwane emikhulu yomthetho ephathelene nezinto eziphilayo.

Amarekhodi Okuboshwa Agciniwe

Amarekhodi okuboshwa abonisa iqiniso lokuthi umuntu waboshwa kodwa akakhonzi icala. Amanye amazwe aphatha amarekhodi okuboshwa njengokwaziswa komphakathi, kuyilapho amanye efuna ukuba afakwe uphawu uma amacala ewiswa noma umuntu ekhululiwe. Izwe elinjengo-Utah no-California lidlulise "ibhokisi" imithetho evimbela abaqashi ukuba bangene kumarekhodi okubopha phakathi nezigaba zokuqala zokuqasha, nakuba amarekhodi esatholakala ukuze kugcinwe umthetho.

Izincwadi ezigunyaziwe zitholakala kalula kakhulu ngoba zihilela ukutholwa kwecala enkantolo. Nokho, ngisho nalezi zingabekwa uphawu noma zikhishwe ngemva kwesikhathi sokulinda emazweni amaningi. INhlangano yesizwe yoMnyango woKhuselo lwama-Criminal Lawyers ilandela lezimiso ngokwezimo zikahulumeni.

Amarekhodi Enkantolo Nemibhalo Yezincwadi Yezigebengu

Izimiso eziningi zenkantolo zikahulumeni zigcina amathe asemadolobheni e-inthane ukuze kutholakale ukwaziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso somphakathi we-Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) simboza izinkantolo zikahulumeni, kodwa okufanayo kuyahluka. ITexas inikeza i-Portal Data yasobala, kuyilapho i-New York isebenzisa ama-eCourt. Le mininingwane idinga ukubhaliswa futhi ingakhokha izindleko zemali ngekhasi. Ukungena komthetho ezindaweni zobugwebenga ngokuvamile akunantengiswa, kodwa ezinye izikhalo ezibucayi, izenzakalo zempilo zengqondo zivalwe noma zigcinwe zingekho.

Isiyalo Nemininingwane Yesigwebo

Ulwazi mayelana nabantu abavalelwe ejele, kuhlanganise nendawo evalelwe kuyo, usuku lokukhipha, nokucasha, luvame ukutholakala obala ngomnyango wezokulungisa amawebhusayithi. Ezinye izifundazwe ziveza ukwaziswa okungakopishwa kwabacwaningi. IVera Institute of Justice kanye nezinye izinzuzo ziye zahlanganisa izinhlelo ezitholakalayo ezifinyelelweyo zamazinga okugqunywa kweziboshwa nokuwohloka kwenani labantu. Nokho, ukungavumelani kwendlela amagebethi awenza ngayo amaphutha anqamulene nezwe ayinselele.

Ukuqhathanisa Izifiki ZoMbuso: Ukuhlolisisa

Ukuze ubone ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni yahlukahlukene kangakanani, cabangela izibonelo ezintathu ezimelela izindlela ezihlukahlukene zefilosofi zokuveza umbono.

ECalifornia: Ukufinyelela Ezindaweni Ezibanzi Nezinguquko Zamuva

I-California Public Records Act (CPRA) ingenye yezindawo ezibanzi kakhulu. Ichaza amarekhodi omphakathi ngokubanzi futhi ibeka umthwalo ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ukuze ithethelele ukugodla. Umthetho ka-2019 (SB 1421) wenza amarekhodi amaphoyisa anikeza isijeziso sezenzakalo ezithile (ukusebenzisa amandla, ukuhlasela ngokobulili, ukungathembeki) ezibhekene nokuvezwa komphakathi. Umthetho olandelayo (SB 16, 201) wandisa lokhu ukuze kuhlanganise izigaba ezengeziwe zokuziphethe. Njengomphumela, iCalifornia iye yaba umholi ekuboneni obala, kanye nezikhangiso eziningi zezindaba eziphumelelayo ukuthola amafayili angaphakathi. Nokho, uhulumeni usagweba uphenyo oluqhubekayo nezisebenzi ezithile.

New York: Ukutholakala Okuvinjelwe, Ukukhululeka Okuqhubekayo

Inkululeko yolwazi ye-New York ngokomlando yayihlanganisa ukukhulula okukhulu ngenxa yezinjongo zo "zomthetho zokuphoqelela." Ngo-2020, ngemva kokubhikisha ngonya lwamaphoyisa, iNew York yaphinde yaziwa futhi ngo-650-at woMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi, owawuvikelwe amarekhodi amaphoyisa angatholakali. Manje, imibhalo egunyazayo ingaphansi kwe-FOIL, kodwa iminyango eminingi iye yathatha isikhathi eside ukuvumelana. Izwe futhi ligcina izivikelo eziqinile zempisithekile zamarekhodi entsha nezisulu. Ukungena endikimbeni ye-Bhomu ye-ragegegebu kulawulwa ngemithetho ehlukene evumela izinhlangano ukuba ziphike uma izinyawo ziphazamisana nophenyo.

ITexas: IFee-Heavy Ne - Procedical Trough

I-Public Information Act (TPIA) ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziphendule ngokushesha ezicelweni, kodwa ivumela ukukhokhelwa kwesikhathi esichithwayo sokuthola nokubuyisela amarekhodi . Kuhlanganise nemibiko yamaphoyisa. I-Texas Attorney General ingalawula ukuthi amarekhodi akhululekile yini. Ngokwesiko, abaceli bavame ukubhekana nezilinganiso eziphezulu zezicelo ezinkulu. I-Texas futhi inesigaba esiyingqayizivele sokwaziswa okuhlobene nesakhiwo esibucayi nokulondeka. Nakuba amarekhodi okuboshwa enziwa umphakathi, i-telthreal recureal e-mfactal yamarekhodi amaphoyisa, okwenza kube nzima.

Izinselele Ekutholeni Imininingwane Yobulungisa Besigebengu

Ngisho noma kunemithetho eqinile ebhalwe phansi, imingcele esebenzayo isebalulekile, futhi le zinselele zithinta izintatheli, abacwaningi nezakhamuzi ezivamile ngokufanayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Nokuqeqeshwa Okushintshashintshayo

Izisebenzi ze-arhente ngokuvamile azikutholi ukuqeqeshwa ngomthetho ovulekile, okuholela ekuphenduleni okuguquguqukayo. Isicelo kumnyango omkhulu wamaphoyisa edolobhana singasingathwa nge-opera ebhaliwe, kuyilapho ihhovisi lomphathi omncane wamaphoyisa esifundeni sasemaphandleni lingase lingabi nenqubo ecacile. Lokhu kuhluka kungaphumela ekubambezeleni okungenangqondo, izicelo ezilahlekileyo, noma ukuphika okusekelwe ezincazelweni ezingalungile zokungahoxiwe.

Izithiyo Zobuchwepheshe

Iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa isathembele kumarekhodi ephepha noma kuyi-software engakwazi ukuseshwa kalula. Ngisho noma amarekhodi emishini ekhona, angagcinwa kumafomethi angafinyeleli kalula (umzk., ama-PDF ukuhlolwa kwemibiko ebhalwe ngesandla). Izindleko zokwenza amarekhodi amadala angavimbela, futhi imithetho kahulumeni ayidingi izinhlangano ukunikeza amarekhodi emishinini efundeka kalula. Amanye amazwe, njengaseWashington, adlulise imithetho evumela izindinganiso zemininingwane yokwaziswa, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwemidwebo yemithetho kuyacotha.

Izindleko Eziphakeme Nezimfene Ezibizayo

Ama-fees angaba yisithiyo esikhulu. Nakuba amazwe amaningi evumela izinhlangano ukuba zikhokhele kuphela izindleko eziqondile zokuzala, amanye avumela ukukhokhelwa isikhathi sezisebenzi. Isicelo esiyinkimbinkimbi singathatha amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamaRandi. Imithetho enzima kahulumeni embalwa inikeza izintela ezizenzekelayo zezicelo zesithakazelo somphakathi, futhi izintatheli ngokuvamile kumelwe zisebenzise imishini yokulungisa izindleko eziphansi. Ikomiti ye-Freedocument of the Press

Izingxabano Ezingokomthetho Nokulibala

Uma isicelo senqatshelwa, umceli angase adinge ukudlulisa isikhalo equlwini eliphethe noma enkantolo. Lokhu kungathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka. Izinhlangano zezindaba ezincane nabantu abambalwa abambalwa abambalwa abangenakukwazi ukuchaza izimali. Ngisho nalapho izinkantolo zikhipha imvume yokudalula, izinhlangano zingadluliswa, zingase zithathe isikhathi esijana. Amacala aphakeme amacala, anjengezigebengu ezifuna ukudubulana kwamaphoyisa, aye aphumela ezinqumweni ezinqunyweni ezingokomthetho wombuso kodwa athatha iminyaka eminingi ukuxazulula.

Indima Yabacosheli Bezindaba Namaqembu Abashiqela

Izintatheli ziye zahola ekusebenziseni imithetho evulekile ukuze zidalule ukuziphatha okubi futhi zigcine amaphoyisa enecala. Ukuhlola okukhulu ekusebenziseni amaphoyisa ukusebenzisa impoqo, ubandlululo lobuhlanga, nokuqondisa ngaphakathi kuye kwancike ezinkonzweni zomphakathi eziphikelelayo. Izinhlangano ezingafaki nzuzo njenge [[FLT]] futhi iSikhungo Sobuqotho bukapulture [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [ult:3] inikeza amathuluzi nesiqondiso sokwenza izicelo zomphakathi eziphikelelayo. Ama-Association Press afake izivumelwano zokungena emarekhodini. Umsebenzi wala maqembu uholele izinguquko, ikakhulukazi emaphoyiselweni embusweni enkantolo ehholo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuthola izikhulu zendikimba ye-floriced projectivess, imibiko ezikhulu ze-Florine.

Imikhuba Yezomthetho Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Imikhuba eminingi ithonya ikusasa lokuthola obala ukwaziswa komthetho wobugebengu.

Ukwanda Kokubonisa Isiyalo Samaphoyisa Ngokucaca

Njengoba kuphawuliwe eCalifornia nase New York, izifundazwe zikhulula izikhungo zensimbi ngaphambili zamafayina ezisebenzi. Izikweleti ezifanayo ziye zangeniswa ezifundeni ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Domin Liberties Union [[FLT: 1] isekela izindinganiso zesizwe. Nokho, izinyunyana zamaphoyisa ziphikisana nalezinguquko enkantolo, ziphikisa amalungelo ezikhulu.

Iziteshi Zemininingwane Ephakathi

Ohulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga bafaka imali emininingwaneni yezomthetho yomthetho we-inthanethi engenisa imininingwane yomthetho egcwele i-internet. Isimiso se-FBI’s SICRIME Reporting (UCR) nohlelo lwe-National Inklived - IScebing Reporting System (NIBRS) inikeza ama-data ezwe, kodwa amatheku asesilinganisweni sikahulumeni avame ukunikeza ukwaziswa okufike ngesikhathi kakhulu nokungenamdlandla. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengoVirginia noKentukendi, ziye zakha amawebhusayithi avumela umphakathi ukuba uhlole amarekhodi okuboshwa nezinkantolo. La mabhokisi anganciphisa umthwalo wesicelo se-FOIA kodwa aphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka ngokuphathelenelo mayelana nokunemba nokungafihliwe.

Ukulinganisela Ukubona Ikusasa Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yamanani

Ukumiswa kwemitapo yamaphoyisa nenkantolo kuye kwazenza zaba lula kakhulu ukufinyelela nokudlula. Nokho, kuye kwadala futhi izinselele ezintsha zemfihlo. Amawebhusayithi okuthi izithombe zangemva kokuboshwa nokukhokhwa kusungule imithetho eqinile ezizweni ezinjenge Texas ne-Oregon. Ukulahlwa kwemitapo yobugebengu ezinkampani ezithile ezizimele kungaholela ekucwaseni ngokucwaswa ezindlini nasemsebenzini. Ama-gallera abangela ukunciphiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala nokusebenza. Amarekhodi awe-mgadanganiso abangela ukugcinwa kwezithombe zomphakathi obala ngempela kuyilapho evikela abantu ekulimaleni okungadingekile. Amakhambi ahlanganisa imithetho eqinile ezokulungisa izinto zomuntu siqu, imingcele yesikhathi esaba ukuthi amarekhodi athile ahlala isikhathi eside kangakanani kuyi-intanethi, futhi athuthukisa amalungelo emisebenzi.

Indima Yekhamera Yomzimba

Amakhamera omzimba ahlukene kakhulu, kodwa ukuphatha kwawo okungokomthetho njengemibhalo yomphakathi ahlala kungangagxelwanga. Ezinye izifundazwe zibala ukuthatha izinyawo njengomlando womphakathi, kuyilapho ezinye zikubheka njengenhlawulo noma zikunqanda ukukhululwa kwazo. Isiqondiso sombuso esivela kuMnyango woMahluleli sikhuthaza iminyango ukuba ibonakale kahle, kodwa izimiso zendawo zihluka kakhulu. Inhlangano yesizwe ye-Criminational of Criminational Lawyers[ iye yabiza izindinganiso ezicacile zokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyawo zilondolozwa futhi ziyafinyeleleka ngezinjongo ezingokomthetho.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Kwabacelayo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyintatheli, umcwaningi, noma isakhamuzi esikhathazekile, ukuqonda le nqubo kungathuthukisa izinga lakho lokuphumelela.

  • ihlela inxusa elilungile. Amarekhodi amaphoyisa agcinwa emnyango wamaphoyisa owawadala. Amarekhodi okuboshwa, ijele lendawo noma ihhovisi lomphathi-mthetho futhi angafaneleka. Amarekhodi asenkantolo aphathwa umabhalane wenkantolo.
  • Bheka umthetho werekhodi lezwe lakho elivulekile. Funa umbhalo womthetho, ukukhulula, nesakhiwo senkokhelo. Izizwe eziningi zinyathelisa i-FOIA isiqondiso. Inkululeko yesizwe yokwaziswa [[[FLT:] ilondoloza imithombo yezwe.
  • Bhala isicelo esicacile, esiqondile. Gwema ulimi olungacaci. Hlanganisa uhlu lwezinsuku, amagama, izinombolo, kanye nendlela othanda ngayo. Gcinisé ukuthi ucela amarekhodi omphakathi ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.
  • [ Lungela ukulibala nokuphika. landelani ngokubhala. Gcina amarekhodi azo zonke izincwadi. Uma enqatshiwe, celani ukukhululwa nokudluliswa uma kufanele.
  • Funa usizo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Committee of the Press inikeza izinyuziya-zintatheli i-literances. Izahluko zendawo ze-American Civil Liberesties Union zinganikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Imithetho kahulumeni egciniwe yamaphoyisa nemininingwane yomthetho womthetho wobugebengu ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukubonakala nokulandisa. Nokho, ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo kusho ukuthi amalungelo okungena angehluka kakhulu. Ukuthambekela kukukhululeka okukhulu, ikakhulukazi emarekhodini ezeluleko zamaphoyisa nokusebenzisa izenzakalo zempoqo, kodwa imingcele ephawulekayo isekhona endleleni yokukhulula, izikweleti, izikweletu, nezithiyo ezisebenzayo. Ukuhlala waziwe ngemithetho ethile ekhethekile nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu lapho wenza izicelo zisiza izakhamuzi nezikhulumi ukuba zikwazi ukuthatha amarekhodi omphakathi. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokugcinwa komthetho womphakathi nemininingwane, abameleli bahlala beqaphile ukuze balondoloze ilungelo lomphakathi lokwazi nakuba kuvikela izithakazelo ezingokomthetho. Ukulinganisela akulula futhi akuyona into edingekayo ekubusweni kwentando yentando yentando yeningi.