Imvelaphi Yomqondo Oqanjiwe

Izimpande zobusunguzi zijule kakhulu kunezazi eziningi ezingokomthetho eziqaphelayo. Nakuba uMahluleli uAntonin Scalia aletha ukucabanga kokuqala komthetho-mthetho waseMelika ophambili, ifilosofi ngokwayo ivela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka esiko lomthetho wamaNgilamani. Abahluleli bomthetho bakuqala babevame ukubiza "incazelo yokuqala" yemithetho nezimiso zomthetho, bephikisa ukuthi ukwethembeka kombhalo kuvimbele ukuphambazanyiswa kokwahlulela. E-United States, isizukulwane ngokwaso ngokwaso siphikisana ngokuthi izinkantolo zesikhathi esizayo zazingawuchaza kanjani uMthetho-sisekelo. [James Madison, , , , ibhala ku-[FFLT:0] u-No.[FLT] Fideraristion" idinga ukugcinwa kombhalo weshumi.[FLT.[FLT], yavuma ubunzima bokucacisa izincazelo ezisizukulwaneni ezingenisweni zomthetho.

Kulo lonke ikhulu le-19 leminyaka, izinkantolo zaseMelika zazivame ukubhekisela ezimgomweni zabahleli bemithetho lapho kuxazululwa imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo. Umbono kaMahluleli omkhulu John Marshall Marbury v. Madison [18103] wasekela ukubukezwa komthetho ngomqondo wokuthi umthetho obhaliwe womthetho awukwazi ukuqonda kahle. Kamuva, [FLT:] [FLT]] [MCulloch v. Maryland [FLT:] [18] [19], Marshall wahlanganyela ekuhlaziyni kobuyiselo olucacile lwamandla omthetho ngaphansi kwe-Livievence nolufanele. Lezi zinqumo zakuqala azizange zisebenzise ilebulathi "erorist," kodwa zasungula isiko sokwane se-list - prost - promotection.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izazi zamanani angokomthetho zabekela lelisiko inselele, ziphikisa ngokuthi abahluleli ngokungenakugwenywa baletha izindinganiso zomuntu siqu ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. I-critist yangempela yathola imvume phakathi nenkathi ye-New Deal, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme isekela amandla kahulumeni amakhulu ngaphansi kwemishwana yezentengiselwano nenhlala- kahle. Abagxeki bezinqumo zeNew Deal, kuhlanganise nezazi ezingokwezimiso ezingokwesiko, baqala ukuchaza ukusabela okuhleliwe kokwasungulwa kwezimiso zomthetho. Baphikisa ngokuthi iNkantolo ilahle incazelo eqinile yomthetho yezemithetho yezomthetho esekela ukuncintisana nokungagunyazwa kwesimiso sombuso.

Abasekeli Bakuqala Nokukhula Kwenkolelo Yokuqala Yanamuhla

Umzabalazo wanamuhla wobuProfethi wakudala wavezwa njengowezwi eliphambili kuma 1970 nawo 1980, ushukunyiswa ukunganeliseki okukhulayo ngokuqonda komthetho-mthetho kwasekuqaleni kwe-Warren ne Burger Courts ngokukhuthaza izinqumo. Isazi esingokomthetho Robert Bork savela njengezwi eliphambili, sinyathelisa izihloko ezinethonya eziphikisayo ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho-mfakela kumelwe kunqandwe ukuqonda kombhalo kwasekuqaleni. Bork wenqaba umqondo wokuthi abahluleli bangathola ngokomthetho amalungelo ahlukeneyo noma ukuthuthukisa incazelo engokokuziphatha kwezenhlalo. Ngobork, ubuBhork, ubustristristoli babungesona nje isimiso esivamile kodwa isidingo sokubusa kwentando yentando yentando yeningi.

UMahluleli uPariam Rehnquist, omiswe eNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1971] futhi waphakanyiselwa eMahlulelweni Omkhulu ngo-1986, wamukela futhi ukucabanga kwakuqala kwemibono eyisihluthulelo. Roe v. [[FLT]] [7773]] [773] [i-1973]), uRehnqust waphikisa, waphikisa ngokuthi ukuqaphela kwelungelo lomthetho wesisekelo lokukhipha isisu akusekelwanga ekuqondeni kweSichimende sesine seMitheli. Nokho, uRectrismes uqobo, uqobo, uyavuma, kodwa, uRectri.

Ithonya lezombangazwe nelezemfundo lakhula kuwo wonke ama-1980. Izemfundo zamazwe aphezulu zafuna amajaji azinikele kumthetho wokuqala wezobuchwepheshe. U-Attorney Edwin Meese III wanikeza inkulumo ephawulekayo ngo- 1985 eTulane University, ebiza u-"umthetho wakuqala wenjongo." uMeese waphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo yayimiswe ekuhlonishweni kwendlela engekho emthethweni futhi amajaji ayedlula igunya lawo lapho eshiya leyo njongo. Inkulumo yabangela impikiswano enkulu, noMahluleli uWilliam Brennan esabela ukuthi ubuBuddha bokuqala babuyi-"ingukuzithoba." Lokhu kwaveza izincazelo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho wesizukulwane."

Inguquko Yokubhala

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, ubuGaryson buye baqala ngaphakathi. Izazi ezifana ne- Randy Barnett kanye no-Garyson [ zaphikisa ngokuthi u-Indatshamu kufanele igxile ku-"incazelo yakuqala yomphakathi" yezinhloso zombhalo womthetho-sisekelo kunokuyinkambiso ze-framest. Lokhu kubhala isihluthulelo sokugxeka: kunganquma kanjani ngokunembile ukuthi inqwaba yama-framers namakhulu ama-ratifiers ahlosiwe? Indlela yomphakathi yokuqonda ukuthi isakhamuzi esinengqondo sasiyowuqonda kanjani umbhalo ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwe-ratruction. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukuguqula okokuqala kungene kahle kuvumelana nezindlela zayo futhi kuvumelane nezindlela ezivumelana nezindlela zokuchaza.

UMahluleli uScalia Nomvuselelo Wanamuhla

Ukumiswa kukaMahluleli uAntonin Scalia eNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1986 kwaphawula inkathi yenguquko emcabangweni wokuqala. UScalia akalethanga nje kuphela ukuhlakanipha okukhaliphile nokubhala ngendlela ekhaliphile kodwa futhi waletha isibopho esingaguquki ekusebenziseni izindlela zokuqala phakathi kwemibuzo egcwele yomthetho-sisekelo. Izindlebe zakhe zokuqinisekisa zaveza ingxoxo ebanzi ngefilosofi yakhe yokuchaza, iphawula ukuthi ubuStatus babufike njengendlela yokwahlulela ebanzi.

Umthetho wobuScalia wawuhlukile ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, wagcizelela umbhalo kuyincazelo engokomthetho, ephikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele abheke kwincazelo ecacile yamagama abekwe yi-Congress kunokuba abeke umthetho noma izinhloso. United States v. Taylor[FLT] [1987], Scalia wabhala ukuthi "sibuswa yimithetho, hhayi izinhloso zemithetho." Lendlela yokubhala yayifanelana nomlando wakhe wokuqala wemithetho ye-gractivesm futhi yanikeza isisekelo sakhe sendlela yokuhlela.

Okwesibili, uScalia wenqaba umqondo wokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungasebenza ngomcabango wokwahlulela. Encwadini yakhe ka1997 Indaba yokuchaza , uScalia waphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo u-"mthetho" ngomqondo ovamile, okusho ukuthi umbhalo wawo unencazelo eqinisekile yokuthi abahluleli bayakwazi ukusebenza. Waveza umehluko ocacile phakathi "kokuchaza" (ngokuqiniseka incazelo) kanye "nokubaluleka kwencazelo". Nakuba avuma ukuthi ukwakhiwa kungahilela ukuqonda okuthile okuthile, kumelwe aqhubeke ekhomba incazelo yokuqala.

Okwesithathu, uScalia wasebenzisa ubuScalia ekuhleleni okukhethekile komthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela ezimangaza izingqapheli ngezinye izikhathi. Ukungavumelani kwakhe Morrison v. Olson (1988) waphikisa ukuthi umthetho ozimele weseluleko wawuwenqabela ukuhlukaniswa kwezimiso zezimiso zezimiso ezithathwe ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni kweSiphakamiso II. [[FLT:]] [[FLT] [FLT] [2005]], Scalia wabhala umbono womuntu ngamunye oqaphela ilungelo lokuthwala izikhali, ebangela ukucwaninga kwakhe okukhulu komlando ngencazelo yokuqala yeSimende seSichime sokushintsha. Scilia utalay [FLT] [FLT] [FLT:] [FLD] [FFF5]]

Ithonya likaScalia ladlulela ngalé kwemibono yakhe. Waqeqesha isizukulwane somabhalane bezomthetho abaqhubeka beba amajaji, oprofesa, nabameli bomthetho. Izinkulumo zakhe nemibhalo yakudala kwathandwa ukucabanga kwabameli nabashisekeli bemithetho ebambelele kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe ngo-2016, ubuScalist base besukile emfundweni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ngisho nabagxeki bemfundiso yenkolo yokuqala babeyishoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoze kakhulu, itemental kuScalia.

Impikiswano Ephilayo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Phakathi nayo yonke i-tenare, uScalia wahlanganyela empikiswaneni eqhubekayo nabasekeli bendlela "yomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo", ephethe ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ishintsha ngezinguquko zezenhlalo. IJaji uBrennan, Justice Thur Good Marshall, futhi kamuva uMahluleli uStephen Breyer wavikela lombono, ephikisa ngokuthi ubuScalia babungaqinisa isivikelo somthetho-mfashini somthetho-mthethweni emazingeni eshumini le-18 futhi buvimbela iNkanto ekwazi ukusingatha ukungalungisi kwanamuhla. Scalia waphikisa ngokuthi indlela yokuphila yanikeza abahluleli abangazisebenzisi amandla angoko siqu, ukulahla idemokhrasi yentando yeningi. Lenkulumo yaveza ukuvikelwa kwezinqumo eziningi zeNkalanga yecala eziphikisana kakhulu, kusukela ekukhipheni izigwegwegwegwegwegweni kwezenzo zezemandla embusweni.

Ukuqamba Amathuna Ngemva Kokumangalelwa: Inkantolo KaRoberts Nangalé Kwayo

Ukufa kukaMahluleli Scalia ngoFebruary 2016 kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngekusasa lomfundi wokuqala owacabanga ngeNkantolo Ephakeme. UMongameli uDonald Trump's umisa uMahluleli uNeil Gor "mow[ ngo-2017], elandelwa yiJaji [ Brett Kavahaugh[ ku-20], i-Amy Contey Barrett [[[FLT:] ngo-2020], inikeza unyawo oluqinileyokuqala eNkanto yalempini yomthetho. Ngamunye yale izahlulelo ibonise ukuzinikela kokwenza ukwakheka kokuqala, nakuba isebenzisa ngezindlela ezivelele.

UMahluleli uClarence Thomas, umsunguli wezokuqala weNkantolo yamanje, uye wafaka isisekelo sokuqala eziqondisweni eziphambili. uThomas uphikise ngokulandela kabusha izibonelo ezisuka encazelweni yakuqala, kuhlanganise nasezindaweni ezinjengokungena emkhakheni wezentengiselwano nenqubo yezentengiselwano. United States v. Lopez[FLT] [19595] [195]), uThomas wabhala ngokuhlukile ukuphikisa ukuthi isigqekezeko sezentengiselwano seNkampane seNkatho seJurisprance iphambuke kakhulu emfundweni yasekuqaleni. [[FLT.] [[FLT.2] [FLT] [FLT] [5] [2010]

UMahluleli Gorfo ugcizelele ukuhlukanisa imibhalo njengendlela yokubhalana nomthetho wokuqala. Imibono yakhe ezimweni ezifana nethi Bostock v. Clayton County (2020]), lapho ahlangana khona neningi eliphethe ukuthi iSihlomo VII sivimbela ukucwaswa kwesisekelo sobulili nobulili, ibonisa ukuthi ukuhlaziya imibhalo kungaveza imiphumela abanye abaqali bezinto zakudala abayithola imangalisa. Indlela kaGor iqokomisa ukuzwelana kwencazelo yokuqala yolimi lwezomthetho isholo: ingabe ukuthembeka encazelweni yokuqala yomphakathi kudinga imiphumela yokuba abaqondisi bomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo bangahlongoze? Lombuzo uyaqhubeka uveza ukuhlukanisa izazi zokuqala.

UMahluleli Barrett, owayengumabhalane weScalia, ubhale kakhulu ngenqubo yokuqala yezomthetho. Kunyaka ka-2017 wokubukeza umthetho, uBarrett waphikisa ngokuthi ubuShona akumelwe budidaniswe "indlela yokuqala elindelekile" abaqondisi be-fream kungenzeka babelindele ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo usebenze ngezindlela ezithile, kodwa lokho okubophayo okusho umbhalo, hhayi incazelo ethile ababeyilindele. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abalandeli bokuqala basebenzise izimiso zomthetho ezimisweni ezintsha nakunezimo ngaphandle kokulahla ukuzimisela kwabo ukunquma incazelo.

Ukuzisungulela Enkantolo Ephansi

Ukucabanga koqobo nakho kwanda ezinkantolo zikahulumeni zezicelo. Abahluleli banjengo- uPalliam Pryhor weNkathi yeshumi nanye, Don Willett[ weSigodi seNyakatho sesihlanu, futhi [[FLT]] uLawrence Vancke[ wesifunde seSifunda se-Propublic , usebenzise njalo ukuhlaziya kokuqala kwemibono yabo. I-Federalist Society, i-tweenter Society, i-eyeright com, ishologist ethuthukisa ukucabanga kokuqala ngezingxoxo zayo, ngezingxoxo zayo zokwahlulela, nenqubo yokukhetha. Abagxekishosholo abaFenest Societystion baguqula ithonya lezekethilo elika liyiguqula imoto elandela umzila esinguqu.

Izimpikiswano Nezinsolo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ubufandamentali bubhekene nokugxeka okuningana okuphikelelayo okuvela kubafundi nakumajaji. Okokuqala, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ubuProfethi bemvelo abunakunikeza intethe ethembisayo. Ukuchaza incazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi yamalungiselelo omthetho ngokuvamile kudinga abahluleli ukuba benze ukukhetha kokuchaza ukuthi imiphi imithombo engokomlando edinga ukukweletwa nokuthi ingabuhlaziya kanjani ubufakazi obuphikisanayo. UMahluleli Breyer, encwadini yakhe i-Active Liberty[, uphikisa ukuthi ubukhombangi obungagwegwegwesi obunga ngokungenakugwenywa kuhilela ukupheza.

Okwesibili, ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi i-framers ngokwayo, ngokwesijeziso se-critique, zazingahlongozeli ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo uchazwe ngokwencazelo yokuqala. Zalindela izizukulwane zamuva ukuba zivumelanise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimo. Abasekeli balombono ekusebenziseni komthetho-sisekelo osufakwe emuva kolimi oluvulwe emuva njenge "inqubo yangaphambili" nesijeziso esingavamile," bethi lamagama amema ukuguqulwa kwencazelo. Abaqondisi benkathi yamuva babephendula ngokuthi abahleli bahlose umbhalo ukuba ube nencazelo eqinile nokuthi ulimi oluvulwe-odaliweyo kumelwe luqondwe phakathi komlando.

Okwesithathu, abagxeki bamangalela ukuthi ubuqaba abunakuchazwa njengesibonelo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma amakhulu amacala ahlukane nencazelo yokuqala. Ukunamathela ekumisweni kokuqala kungadinga ukukhucululwa kweziningi zalezi zinqumo, kudala ukungahleleki nokululaza izithakazelo. Abasekeli benkolo baye banikeza izimpendulo ezihlukahlukene: abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isiqalo kufanele siphumele kulokho okwakushiwo ekuqaleni; abanye bamukela indlela ethatha kancane kancane kancane, bathatha izenzakalo eziyiphutha kuphela uma izindleko zenza kanjalo ziphumelela. Impikiswano edlula impikiswano esele kakhulu ephikisa kakhulu emfundisweni yokuqala.

Okwesine, ubuKhomanisi bubhekene nezinselele ekusingatheni imibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo abahleli be-flamers abangeke bayilindele. Izobuchwepheshe zanamuhla ezinjengokuhlolwa kwemishini, ukuhlola izakhi zofuzo, nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa ziphakamisa izimpikiswano ezingenayo incazelo ecacile yasekuqaleni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, ezisetshenziswa ngencazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni, zingabusa izimo ezintsha. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala se "inkululeko yokukhuluma," ngokwesibonelo, singasetshenziswa kuyi-intanethi ngaphandle kokufuna ukuqondana nolwazi oluthile oluqondile lokuxhumana ngezinombolo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kusebenza kudinga ukuchaza ngokungenakugwenywa okuthiwa kokuqala.

Ithonya lesiqalo nenhlangano

Imfundo isishintshe kakhulu ekuthandeni ukusungula [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Michael McConnell [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [izifundo zomthetho] manje zinikeza izifundo zendlela yokuqala, kanye nezazi ezivelele ezinjengo Randnett[, [[FLT]], [[FLT]] , [[FLT] org] , [[FLT] org] , [[FLT] , [[FLT]] umqulu weSikhu] ophambili [umpempe] [umpe ka-FFFFF] [FLT] [F] [ult] [ulse, [umperst] ka-UMthereast [10]

I- i-National Constitution Center ePhiladelphia iye yaba isikhungo semfundo yakuqala, izimpikiswano ezihlanganisayo, ukunyathelisa imithombo yemisebenzi, nokuhlanganisa izazi ezivela ngaphesheya komkhakha wombhalo. Iprojekthi yayo "Umthetho-sisekelo Ongaguquguquki" inikeza imibono eminingi elungiselelweni ngalinye lomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nezincazelo zokuqala. Le sisekelo senhlangano siye sasiza ukulondoloza umfutho wolwazi ngisho nanjengoba izimpikiswano zezombangazwe ziye zakhula.

[[FLT: 0] Ithonya lobuOriginalism lidlulela ngalé kwesikole nezinkantolo. Izinhlangano ezingokomthetho ezisemthethweni eziphikisayo njenge- iPactific Legal Foundation[ ne ikhipha iziphetho zokuqala zezeJaji zeSishaya- Justice [[FLT:]] isebenzisa izimpikiswano zokuqala eziphikisa uhulumeni oyisisuluthayo. Inhlangano yeSikhundla sezezomthetho eziphezulu kanye nabasekeli bendlela elinganiselwe yokucabanga kokuqala. Izigebengo zezwe, ikakhulukazi kulawo aseRepublican, ifaka izimpikiswano zayo ezingokomthetho ezingokwezisekelele.

Ikusasa Lemicabango Yakuqala

Imfundiso yendatshana yesiqalo ixhomeke ezicini eziningana. Okokuqala, ukwakheka kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuzohlela indlela izimiso zakuqala eziguqulela ngayo ezinqumweni ezingokoqobo. Kubantu abaningi abaqinile abathatha indinganiso eqinile abahlanganisa okungenani abane ababiza abaqondisi bokuqala, iNkantolo cishe iqhubeke ihlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zobuProfetist ezicini ezinkulu. Nokho, amajaji aphikisana phakathi kwawo ngokuthi ubuProstoli bungasetshenziswa kanjani, futhi lokhu kungaveza izinqumo eziphikisanayo ezingadala ukungaqiniseki ngemfundiso.

Okwesibili, izimpikiswano zezazi ezingaphakathi kobuProtempist zizothonya ukukhula kwayo. Umzabalazo "wokuqala" uye wamukela umehluko phakathi kokuchaza nokwakha, uphikisa ngokuthi ukwakheka kwakuqala kunquma incazelo yombhalo womthetho-sisekelo kodwa kushiya indawo yokuthuthukisa imfundiso phakathi kwaleyo ncazelo. Abanye abakholelwa ekudalweni kwakuqala baye baphikisa futhi ukuthi ukwenziwa komthetho sisekelo kufanele kuhlanganise izici zomthetho ovamile, uqaphele ukuthi imfundiso yomthetho sisekelo nenqubo kungawulolonga ngokusemthethweni ngisho nalapho isuka ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni. Lezimpikiswano zangaphakathi zisikisela ukuthi umthetho woqobo awuwona umklamo ohlukile kodwa uyisiko oluvumelana nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Okwesithathu, ukuhlanganiswa komphakathi nokwezombangazwe nemvelaphi yokuqala kuyothinta amandla akho okuhlala. UbuSulumane buye baba isihloko esiyinhloko ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kokwahlulela. Abaqondisi bayabuza ngokuzimisela kwabo ukubeka isisekelo sobuqalo, futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuzwa kuveza izingxoxo ezibanzi zezindlela zokuchaza. Le ngxenye yezombangazwe iqinisekisa ukuthi ubuShona buyohlala buyindaba yempikiswano yomphakathi, kodwa futhi bufaka izingozi ekuncishisweni kokuqala kumazwi ahlukene kunokuba kube indlela engathi sína yokuhlaziya umthetho.

Okwesine, ikhono lobufundisi lokuxazulula izinselele zamanje lizohlola ukusebenza kwalo. Imibuzo ephathelene nokuzifihla yimfihlo enkathini yobuchwepheshe, izinga lamandla aphethe ezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe, nemingcele yegunya likahulumeni ngaphansi kwemisho yezentengiselwano konke kudinga ukuhlaziywa kokuqala. Uma olwenziwe ekuqaleni bengaveza izimpendulo eziqinisekisayo nezingaguquguquki kulemibuzo, ifilosofi izolondoloza ithonya layo. Uma izimpikiswano zakuqala zibonakala zihluphane noma ziphumela emiphumeleni eveza ukuncipha kakhulu kwemibono yomphakathi, indlela yokusebenzisa ingenzeka ukuthi ithembekile.

Ukuqalwa Kwakuqala NoMbuso Oqondisayo

Enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu kumfundi wenkathi yokuqala icabanga ukuthi i- iphathelene nezwe . Izazi zoqobo namajaji baye bakungabaza kakhulu ukufaneleka komthetho-sisekelo wezwe lanamuhla, bethi iKhomishane ayinakumisa amandla omthetho ezinhlanganweni zokuqondisa ngaphandle kokwephula izimiso zezimiso zemithetho. I-jaji Gormoth's ukuvumelana ku-Gundy v. United States (2010) yaphikisa ngokuthi imfundiso engahleli ngokomthetho, evimbela i-Bhunga i-Prouniasegist , amandla eMkhandlu wokuphathisa igunya, inezimpande ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni kweSiphakathi I. Le mpikiswano izuze inxenye enkantolo ephansi nakungeneni lomthetho uma i-State esamukelelwe.

Imfundiso yemibuzo eyinhloko, edinga uKhongolozelo ukuba ikhulume ngokucacile lapho igunyaza ukuthatha isinyathelo kwenhlangano ezindabeni ezinkulu zezomnotho nezezombangazwe, ibhekisela nasezimisweni ze-ist. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku- West Virginia v. EPA [2022] yasebenzisa lemfundiso ekuvimbeleni igunya le-Evironmental Protection Agency lokulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo. Abahluleli bokuqala baye baphikisa ngokuthi imfundiso eyinhloko yemibuzo ivikela ukwabiwa komthetho wokuqala wemithetho yemithetho engokomthetho eMkhandlwini ye-Hulumeni kunokuba izinhlangano zezokuphathwa.

Isiphetho: Ifa elihlala njalo lobufa begama

Kusukela ekuklanyweni kwayo kwasekuqaleni ngoRobert Bork noWilliam Rehnquist ukuguqula u-Scalia ukuguqula iNkantolo yangalesosikhathi, umcabango wokuqala ubuye waguqula umthetho womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ukugcizelela kwefilosofi ekuthembekeni kombhalo, umongo ongokomlando, nokuvinjelwa kokwahlulela kuye kwanikeza enye indlela enamandla yokuphila ngomthetho-sisekelo nezinye izindlela zokuchaza. Ngisho nabagxeki bemfundiso yokuqala bavuma ukuthi inzuzo yayo ibaluleke kakhulu kanye nethonya layo kwimfundiso yeNkantolo Ephakeme.

Inselele ehlala njalo yencazelo yokuqala iwukuhlala uthembekile ezibophweni zayo eziyisisekelo kuyilapho isingatha ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa komthetho-sisekelo kwanamuhla. Abaqondisi bemvelaphi kumelwe baqhubeke belungisa indlela yabo yokusebenza, bahlanganise nobufakazi obungokomlando ngokwethembeka, futhi babambene nokuphikisana phakathi kwencazelo yokuqala nenqubo emisiwe. Ikusasa lefilosofi lixhomeke ekhonweni layo lokuveza ukuchaza okuvumelanayo nokuthonyayo komthetho ngokomthetho okufuna ukuba izazi, abahluleli, nomphakathi bahloniswe.

UMahluleli Scalia wayevame ukuthi ubuKhomanisi buyi-"ebubi obuncane" ekuchazeni komthetho-sisekelo, abuphelele kodwa bunegunya elingcono kunezindlela ezinikeza abahluleli ukuqonda okungenamkhawulo. Ukuthi ukuvikela kokuqala kobu qobo kungaba yingxenye yayo ehlala njalo: isikhumbuzo sokuthi embusweni wentando yeningi, incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo kufanele inqunywe yilabo abayigunyaza, hhayi yilabo abahlala ebhentshini. Noma i-ronastism ingasilondoloza leso sithembiso esibhekene nokucindezela kwezombangazwe nokuchaza ukungavumelani okuhlala kusengumbuzo omkhulu wesizukulwane sezazi nabahluleli abalandela ezinyathelweni zikaScalia.

  • Imvelaphi yobufandamentali ekusebenzeni komthetho-mthetho wokuqala waseMelika kanye nokucabanga kokwahlulela kwekhulu le-19
  • Ingxenye kaRobert Bork noWilliam Rehnquist emqondweni wanamuhla wobuhlakani
  • Inqubo ye-Scalia yokubhala yeJaji kanye nethonya layo enkantolo ePhakeme
  • Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwe-roomstry nge-Roberts Court kanye nethonya likaClarence Thomas, uNeil Gorfoth, no-Amy Coney Barrett
  • Izimpikiswano zangaphakathi ngokuphathelene nencazelo yomphakathi, ukusebenza kwasekuqaleni okwakulindelwe, nendima yesibonelo
  • Ukuthembisana kokuqala nombuso wokuphatha nemfundiso engagunyazi
  • Izakhiwo zemfundo ezisekela umfundaze wezokuqala nokuhlaziywa

[[FLT: 0] Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, bheka iJaji Scalia' Into Yokuchaza [[FLT:] (Princeton University Press, 1997]), Randy Barnett's [ Ukubuyisela uMthetho-sisekelo olahlekileyo [[[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [FLT]] [1] Ingqungquthela yeSikhundla], kanye [[FLT] neSikhundla somthetho-Mpathi woMpaso-mthetho wesizwe [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT]