Ukuhlolwa kokukhwabanisa ngokwezimali nokuphamba kudinga ukulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho oqinile nezimiso zomthetho. Konke ukuphenywa, ukuphangwa, noma ukuqashwa kwemithetho kumelwe kubekwe egunyeni elingokomthetho (*) ngokuvamile imvume ekhishwa imantshi engathathi hlangothi. Ukuqonda izimfuneko eziqondile zalamacala akudingekile kubaphengululi nje kuphela kodwa futhi kudinga nochwepheshe bezezomthetho, izikhulu zezezinkampani, nabafundisi abafundisa inqubo yobugebengu. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okucophelelayo kwezindinganiso zomthetho, izinqubo ezisebenzayo, kanye nezinselele ezichaza izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zobugebengu obungokwezimali.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho: ISichibiyelo Sesine Nembangela Efanelekile

IsiHluzi sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. siqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni emelene nokuphenywa okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Akukho siqinisekiso esizokhishwa ngaphandle kwesizathu esingaba sikhona, sisekelwe ngesifungo noma isivumo, futhi ikakhulukazi sichaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi abantu noma izinto ezithinjwe. Lemfuneko yesisekelo isebenza ngamandla agcwele ekukhwabaniseni ngokwezimali nasekuphenyeni okungalawuleki.

Imbangela efanelekile iyindinganiso engokomthetho okumelwe yaneliswe ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe imvume. Ikhona uma ingqikithi yezimo inikeza umuntu onengqondo [1] isikhulu somthetho esihlakaniphile sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubugebengu buzotholakala endaweni ukuze buhlolwe. Kumongo-mongo wobugebengu obungokwezimali, lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa indlela yokuthengiselana okusolekayo, iziteshi zobufakazi, ukulandelelana kokwaziswa, ukulandelelana kokwaziswa, noma ubufakazi bezehlakalo lwezehlakalo olubonisa umsebenzi wobuqambi.

Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi imbangela kungenzeka isekelwe entweni eholweni eliyi-affidavit eliyi-opera. I-affidavit kumelwe ibe namaqiniso aqondile, hhayi iziphetho nje. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugomela ukuthi "osolwayo ongase asongiwe" akwanele. Kunalokho, i-affiant kumelwe ichaze intengiselwano ethile, amarekhodi asebhange, imibiko yangaphakathi, noma amacebiso anikeza inkolelo. I-affidavit ichaza futhi indlela ukuqeqeshwa kwe-affiant nokuhlangenwe nakho kwalawo maqiniso okuhlangana ngayo ithuba lokuthola ubufakazi endaweni ethile (umz., ihhovisi, i-akhawunti yemali, noma ibhokisi ephephile).

Izinhlobo Zokuhlola Ubugebengu Bezimali

Kuye ngokuthi ubufakazi bunjani nokuthi isigaba sophenyo sinjani, ukugcinwa komthetho kungase kufune izinhlobo eziningana ezihlukene zezimfuneko.

Ukufuna Izindlela Zokufuna

Imvume yokufuna imvume yokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ugunyazwe ukungena nokuhlola indawo ethile . njengokuhlala, ihhovisi lebhizinisi, noma indawo yokugcina izinto (ukuze kube ubufakazi bezezimali). Emacaleni okukhwabanisa kwezezimali, imvume ikakhulukazi ichaza izinto ezifunwayo, njengemibhalo yezimali, imishini eqinile, amacomputer, amashekethi, noma izincwadi. Izincwadi ezinkulu kakhulu zingacishwa ngaphansi kwemfuneko ethile. Izinkantolo zifuna ukuba kufunwe ukuthi imishini yemishini yemishini ikhomba uhlobo lwemininingwane efunwayo (umz., ama-imeyili ahlobene nemininingwane ethile) kunokuba zigunyaze ukuphenywa kwawo wonke amafayela.

Abathuthi

Imvume (ngokuvamile ihlangene nemvume yokufuna) ivumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe impahla ewubufakazi bobugebengu, ukuthunjwa, noma isithelo sobugebengu. Emacaleni okuphanga, lokhu kungahlanganisa imali, impahla yokunethezeka ethengiswe ngezimali ezebiwe, noma ama-akhawunti asebhange ashiywe eqhweni. Imvume yokugcinwa kwempahla kumelwe ivumelane nezimfuneko ezifanele futhi ngokuvamile idinga isaziso seposi kumnini-mpahla. Izenzo zobugebengu, kamuva uhulumeni kumelwe aqinisekise ukuxhumana kwempahla nobugebengu ngokufaka ubufakazi kusengaphambili.

Izingcingo Nemishini Yobuchwepheshe

Isihloko III se-Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act ka-1968 (18 U.S.C. qhaqhaqhathe amachayina ekuhlolweni kukahulumeni. Ukukhwabanisa kwezezimali, i-watep withreap zisetshenziswa kuphela uma ezinye izindlela zophengululo zinganele noma ziyingozi kakhulu. Isicelo kumelwe sibonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ubugebengu obukhethekile (ngokuvamile obufana nokukhwabanisa ngocingo noma ukufakwa kwemali) buyenziwa, futhi ukuthi ukuthumba izingxoxo ezivinjelweyo kuyoba nenkinga. Isiqinisekiso kumelwe sinciphise ukuvinjelwa kwezingxoxo ezingezobu-relegileti futhi sidinga imibiko yezikhathi ezithile enkantolo.

Imithetho yoMbuso ingabeka izimfuneko ezifanayo noma ezengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imibuso idinga ukuboniswa kwesidingo ngalé kwendinganiso kahulumeni. Ukusetshenziswa kwe kwamanani kanye nemishini emincane [ nemishini elandelanayo [, ebamba ukushaya, ukukhipha, nokuphawula ulwazi kodwa okuqukethwe yi-intelligation, idinga uhlelo oluhlukile ngaphansi kwe-18 U.S.C. . 761 7622]2222222277, esekelwe ekuhloleni okuqhubekayo ukuthi ukwaziswa kuyafanelana nokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kunendingayo.

Izindlela Zokunikeza Ubufakazi Bezinombolo Nemininingwane Yamafu

Ukukhwabanisa kwezezimali kuye kwashintshelwa emarekhodini emishini egcinwe kubaqondisi, emaqophelweni amafu, nasemathunjini ayimfihlo. I-Vrend Communications Act (18 U.S.C. . . 2701-2712) inikeza uhlelo lwe-arhente yokuthola imishini yokuxhumana ngemishini. I-imeyili egcinwe ezinhlamvwini zenkonzo. I-imeyili egcinwe izinsuku ezingaphezu kuka-180, uhulumeni udinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni engenzeka, njengoba iqinisekiswe yiNkanto ePhakathini ePhakakhulu e . i-United States v.[FLT] v.[FLTY] [5] [5] [3] isinqumo esingaphezulu] [i-CT] [ir.CL] [ignemedrose-Active] futhi i-Activess (ir.C.C.C.C.U.U.C.U.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.[

Kumarekhodi emali asekelwe emafwini (umz., QuickBooks Online, amabhange), imvume kumele isho ama-akhawunti ahlolwe nefomethi yesikhathi. Ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuvamile kusebenzisa inhlanganisela yophawu lokuhlola (ngesisetshenziswa esingokoqobo) ne-tomicropu (ngemikhondo egcinwe ngabagcini bengxenye yesithathu). Ama-Subthopoena awadingi sizathu kodwa kumelwe ahlolwe kodwa angabi nakubaluleka kakhulu. Nokho, ngokwengxenye engaphansi kwe-imeyili noma amafayela), kuyadingeka ngokuvamile.

Inqubo Yokusebenzisa Ephuthumayo

Ukuthola incwadi egunyaza ukukhwabanisa ngokwezimali kulandela inqubo ehlelwe ngendlela ehloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphatha kokwahlulela. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  1. I-Investigation and Evidence Gather:[ Ngaphambi kokuba isetshenziswe, amanxusa aqoqa ubufakazi obuqalile", ngokuvamile ngokubambisana ngokuzithandela, amabhabhu ezincwadi zebhizinisi, noma ukuhlaziywa kokwaziswa komphakathi, --ukumisa isisekelo esiyiqiniso.
  2. Ukuhlanganisa i-Affidavit: I-affiant (ngokubodwa inxusa likahulumeni noma umseshi) ilungiselela isifungo esifuywe ngesiqumo esichaza amaqiniso asekela imbangela engenzeka. I-affidavit kumelwe iqonde: ukuhlukanisa ubugebengu, izinto okumelwe zihlolwe noma ziphathwe, nokuhlobana phakathi kobugebengu, izimpahla, nendawo. Kufanele futhi ikhulume ngezindlela ezingase zikho, njengokubonisa ukuthi kungani ubufakazi bungabhujiswangakho noma ukuthi kungani ezinye izindlela zinganele.
  3. Jodicial Review: Umahluleli kahulumeni noma umahluleli wenkantolo yezwe uhlola uhlelo. Umahluleli angabuza imibuzo, acele ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, noma alungise isibalo. Uma yanelisekile, umahluleli uphawula isiqinisekiso. Imvume kumelwe iqambe inkantolo ekhipha isaziso, usuku nesikhathi sokuhlola, izinto ezizophenywa noma zithathwe, nenkathi okumelwe kuqedwe ngayo ukuphenywa kubulawe (ngonyaka weshumi neshumi neshumi).
  4. Isenzo sokuhlola nokubuya: Ukuhlola kumele kwenziwe phakathi namahora emini ngaphandle kokuba imvume igunyaze ukubulawa ebusuku ngenxa yesizathu esihle. Ngemva kokubulala, ukubuya kumelwe kugcinwe nenkantolo, kudwetshwe izinto. Uhulumeni kumelwe khona - ke unikeze uhlu lomuntu ompahla yakhe yahlolwa.

Izicelo Nezimemezelo Ezimangalisayo

Ekuhloleni okuningi okungokwezimali, uhulumeni ufuna isiqinisekiso secala [ngaphandle kwesaziso kusolakele] ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubhujiswa kobufakazi noma ukubaleka komsoleki. Abanqola bangase bafakwe uphawu futhi inkantolo ukuze bagweme ukukhipha izisulu. Ukuhlasela kuvame ezimweni zokukhwabanisa eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho ababheki-zimpi abahlangene nabo bengase baqashelwe khona. Nokho, ukuvalwa kumelwe kuthethelelwe ngokubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ukuphenya kungafaka inselele.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Nakuba izimali zifanele ukugcinwa, izimpawu eziningana zivumela ukuba umthetho uphenye noma uthathe ubufakazi ngaphandle kwemvume ezimweni ezifanele.

  • U-Konsole: Uma umuntu onegunya evuma ngokuzithandela ekuhloleni, akukho mvume edingekayo. Abangenisi bacela imvume yokuhlola amacomputer noma amahhovisi phakathi nezingxoxo zokuqala. Nokho, imvume kumelwe inikezwe ngokukhululekile, hhayi ngokuphoqelelwa. Abaqashi bangavuma ukusesha imishini ehlolwe yinkampani nezindawo ezivamile, kodwa hhayi ngokwabo ngaphandle kokuba imithetho yomsebenzi ikuvumela ngokuqondile.
  • Izimo ezingathi shubile: Lapho kudingeka khona isinyathelo esisheshayo sokuvimbela ukubhujiswa kobufakazi, ukuphunyuka komsoleki, noma ingozi kwabanye, ukuphenya okungenasiqinisekiso kungalunga. Ubufakazi bemidwebo, ingozi yokuthi amafayela angacishwa noma afihleke kakhulu ingadala inguquko, kodwa izinkantolo zibhekise eduze ukusho okunjalo. Uhulumeni kumelwe ubonise ukuthi ukuthola isiqinisekiso akunakwenzeka.
  • Umbono oPlain: Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho futhi sibona ubufakazi bobugebengu ngokukhanyayo, akukho siqinisekiso esidingekayo ukuze sithatheke. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokufuna okungokomthetho amarekhodi emali, isikhulu singabheka incwadi yesheke ehlela abakhokhisi.
  • Uhlu lokuhlola: Lapho impahla ibekwe ngokomthetho, amaphoyisa angathatha uphendlo ukuze avikele impahla yomniniyo futhi avimbele ukuthenjelwa kokweba. Lokhu kuvame ukusebenza emarekhodini emali ayinhloko.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngisho noma kungenziwa ngokuhlukile, ukuphenywa kumelwe kube okunengqondo. Izinkantolo zicindezela ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuthembela enkolweni embi ehlukile engasebenzi ngempela.

Izinselele Ekucwaningeni Ngezimali Kwanamuhla

Ukuhlangana kobugebengu bezimali nobuchwepheshe kudala izithiyo eziyingqayizivele zokugunyazwa kwemvume. Ababhejeli kumelwe basebenzise izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho ngezinye izikhathi ezithatha isikhathi esifushane ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ukubhala Ngezwi Eliyimfihlo Nokuzivikela

Abasoli abaningi basebenzisa ukukhomba okuyimfihlo ukuze bavikele imniningwane yezimali. Uma umthetho uthatha isisetshenziswa kodwa ungakwazi ukufinyelela okuqukethwe yiso, bangazama ukuphoqa osolwayo ukuba anikeze igama lokungena. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuvikela ekuphoqelelweni ukuba ushicilelwe ngenkani singasetshenziswa lapho isenzo sokunikeza igama lokungena sifaka ubufakazi. Izinkantolo ziye zahlukana ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa kokukhipha iSigqizo seNhlanu somthetho kuyayiphula yini iSigqizo seFindlo-mfe. United States v. [FLT] [FLT] [2000] [iNTY] [iNKA], iNkanto ephakeme ikhomba ikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni awunakuphoqa ukwakhiwa noma ukumiswa kwemvume (imvume). Nokho, uma uhulumeni wazi kakade uhele futhi usebenzisa isihluthulelo esingekho esifihleni (indlela).

Imingcele Esabekayo Nemininingwane Yomhlaba Wonke

Ukukhwabanisa kwezezimali kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukuhwebelana kwezizwe zonke. Isiqinisekiso esikhishwa e-United States singase singafinyeleli emniningo egcinwe kwelinye izwe. I-CLOUD Act (2088) ivumela ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho wase-U.S. kuthole isiqinisekiso semininingwane egcinwe yi-U.S. kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-testry igcinwe kuphi, uma umnikezi wemali enikezwa isiqinisekiso. Nokho, uma izinto zakwamanye amazwe ngaphansi kwemithetho yayo evimbelayo, kungadingeka isinqumo se-Accounting. I-USLS Leactal Actives (MLAT) inikeza omunye umzila wokuthola ubufakazi obuvela kwamanye amazwe, kodwa le nqubo ingathatha ijubane.

Ukwaziswa Okunemibalabala Nokuhlukanisa

Ukuhlola kwanamuhla kuhlanganisa izilinganiso ezinkulu zemininingwane yezemishini. Ukuseshwa kwe-server noma i-akhawunti yamafu kungashanela izigidi zezincwadi, eziningi zazo ezingabalulekile. Izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa imfuneko ekhethekile ngokuqiniseka: imvume egunyaza ukuphenywa kwemininingwane yonke kuyicomputer ngaphandle kokulinganisela isilinganiso sesikhathi, izihloko, noma i-athoric ingaba yize. Uhulumeni ngokuvamile usebenzisa izinhlelo kanye neqembu lesithathu] ukuhlolela wonke imininingwane ngaphandle kokulinganisela ukuthi ihlelwe ngethuba elihloniphekile noma izinto ezingabalulekile. Kwezinye izifunda, izimpawu zobuchwepheshe kumelwe zihlanganise uhlelo lwemininingwane noma ukubukeza noma ukubukeza kweqembu lesithathu elingathathi.

Izinyathelo Ezimbili Zokuhlola Nesihenqo

Ukuze zivumelane neSichibiyelo sesine, izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzisa inqubo “engamanqamu amabili”: okokuqala, ikhophi ye-sensic yesisetshenziswa senziwe; okwesibili, lekopi iyaphenywa isebenzisa izisefo ezicacile noma ezinye izindlela ezihloselwe. Imvume kufanele igunyaze zombili izinyathelo. Ukwehluleka ukuchaza inqubo yokuhlola ingaholela ekunqandeni uma ukuseshwa kudlulela ngalé kwalokho okugunyaziwe. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Riley v. California (2014] iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenyiswa okungenasiqinisekiso kwezenzakalo zengqamuzana lokubo kungayibophiswa ngokuvamile akuyona i-dingiswa, indiswa isidingo semibandela yohlelo.

Ukucatshangelwa Okungokoqobo Kwabakhwabanisi

Abacwaningi abanokuhlangenwe nakho kwezezimali balandela izindlela eziningana ezingcono kakhulu ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi izimali zikhona lapho kubekelwe inselele engokomthetho:

  • Ukuhlanganyela kwasekuqaleni nabashushisi: ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezihilela umsizi we-U.S. i-Attorney noma umshushisi wezwe phakathi nokudweba komshini kusiza ekugwemeni amaphutha obuchwepheshe nokuqinisekisa ukuhleleka kwemibono echaphayo.
  • I-Affidavits: Ihlanganisa ukufingqa uphenyo, uhlobo lwecebo lemali (umzk., ama-invoice okukhohlisa, izinkampani zamagobolondo, ukuhlola) ubufakazi obuqondile obufunwayo, nendlela obuhlobene ngayo nezici zobugebengu. Qhoboshela amadokhumende asekelayo uma evunyelwe.
  • Icebo lokulungisa ama-miniting Programme for electronic Research: Icebo lokunciphisa ithonya emniningo engachaziwe, njengokusebenzisa amagama okuhlola, uhlu lwezinsuku, noma abagcini-mali. Ezinye izinkantolo zidinga inqubo yokubukeza ilungelo ngaphambi kokuba abacwaningi bahlole amabhukwana azwelayo (umz., ama-imeyili nabameli noma abagcini-zincwadi).
  • Ukuhlelwa kwezezimali: Amabhange kanye nezinye izikhungo zezezimali ngokuvamile zinamaqembu okuhlola angaphakathi okukhwabanisa. Nakuba lamaqembu angahlanganyela ngokuzithandela imibiko esolayo (ama-SAR) ne-actication, uhulumeni kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso noma ipena yemali ebhaliwe. I-SARS ngokwayo iyimfihlo, kodwa okuqukethwe kuyo kungasetshenziselwa ukusekela imbangela elindelekile.
  • Ukubhala unya lokukhipha: Uma kudingeka uphendlo olungenasiqinisekiso, amanxusa kufanele abhale ngokugcwele amaqiniso asekela ukudluliswa kwemininingwane (Ngokwesibonelo), ubufakazi bokuthi umsoleki ubhubhisa amarekhodi, udlulisela izimali phesheya, noma usebenzisa i-software yokubhala okukhomba okuvumela ukucishwa okukude.

Umthetho Nesiqondiso Esisebenzayo

Izinqumo eziningana zasenkantolo zihlela indawo egunyaziwe yokuphenya ngezimali. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [FLT] United States v. Leon (19984): yamisa ukunqamuka kokholo kahle enqubeni yokususa (-"izikhulu ezincike ngokunengqondo esivumelwaneni esitholakamuva singasebenzi, ubufakazi bungaphinde bungafinyeleli. Lokhu kunikeza indlela ethile kodwa akuthetheleli ukushaya indiva noma ukudukisa ama-ffidavits ngamabomu.
  • Ama-Carpbate v. United States (2017): Wayiqaphela leyondlela yokuthola amarekhodi angokomlando e-cell-sethi (CSLI) yenza ukuseshwa kweSimemezelo Sesine esidinga isiqinisekiso. Nakuba kungezona ngokuqondile amarekhodi emali, ukucabanga ukuthi abantu balindele ukuba babe nemfihlo ebekene emniningo yendawo ende kusikisela ukuthi isivikelo esifanayo singasebenza ekuthengiseni izimali.
  • United States v. Galpin (5th Cir. 2013): ubufakazi obucishiwe ekuhloleni kwecomputer ngoba imvume yehlulekile ukuchaza ukwaziswa okungabanjwa. Inkantolo yafuna indlela eyengeziwe yokuhlola izinombolo.
  • [FLT] United States v. Comprehensive Drug Summotionting, Inc. [9] (i-Cir. 2009): inikeza iziqondiso zokufuna imishini, kuhlanganise nesidingo se-“sclear" yemininingwane kanye nenqubo yokubukeza evunyelwe yinkantolo. Nakuba isinqumo se-enc sishintshwe kamuva, izimiso zisenethonya.

Izinhlangano eziqondisa ukugcinwa komthetho nazo zinikeza isiqondiso sangaphakathi. ISikhumulo se- Justice Computer Crime kanye ne-Intelling Precial Language (CCIPS) inikeza izinqubo eziningi zokunikeza ubufakazi bemisebe. FBI]’S ubugebengu be-collar phecreator [

Isiphetho

Abakhokhi bahlala beyisisekelo sophenyo lwezezimali olungokomthetho nomthetho wokuphenya. Kusukela ekutholeni imbangela okungenzeka ukuba ibangele izinhlelo eziqondile, ukugcinwa komthetho-mthetho kumelwe kusebenzise uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lomthetho-mthetho, umthetho, nezimfuneko zokwahlulela. Njengoba ubugebengu obungokwezimali buncike kakhulu kumaqonga emishini nakwemidalo ephakathi, inqubo engokomthetho iyaqhubeka iqalwa. Kokubili abameli neseluleko sokuvikela kumelwe kuhlale kukhona kusekusungulweni komthetho nakuphuhlisweni kwezobuchwepheshe. Ekugcineni, ukunamathela ekuqinisekiseni izimfuneko zokuhlola ukuthi ukuphenywa kuyaphumelela, ubufakazi buyintetheleka, futhi amalungelo okusolwa okungenacala kanye nezigaba ezimsulwa ezimsulwa ahlonishwayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekuhlolweni, ukuvikelwa, noma ekuvikelwani kwezelweni kwezentengo yezentengo yeze.