Ukuqonda Izindlela Zomthetho Wesigebengu: Isiqondiso Esinenselele

Izinqubo zomthetho wesigebengu zakha umgogodla wanoma isiphi isimiso somthetho esilungile. Zinikeza uhlelo oluhleliwe olulinganisela amandla kahulumeni okumangalela ngamalungelo omangalelwa. Kusukela ngesikhathi lapho ukuphenya kuqala ngokudluliswa kwesicelo sokugcina, isinyathelo ngasinye siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yobugebengu isebenza ngokulunga, ukubonakala, nokulandisa. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukubheka ngokujule kakhulu indlela inqubo yobugebengu esebenza ngayo, izivikelo zomthetho ezihilelekile, nalokho abamangalelwa, izisulu, nomphakathi okungakulindela kulenqubo.

Okuwumthetho Wesigebengu Nezizathu Zokwenza Okuthile

Umthetho wesigebengu uchaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe futhi ugunyaza izijeziso. Kodwa umthetho ngokwawo unamandla kakhulu njengezinqubo ezisetshenziselwa ukuwaphoqelela. Inqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi amaphoyisa, abashushisi, nezinkantolo zilandela imithetho engaguquki, zivimbela izenzo ezingekho mthethweni noma ezixhaphazayo. Izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa inqubo efanele, ukunqunyelwa kobumsulwa, futhi ilungelo lokuthatha isigwebo esilungile. Ngaphandle kwezimiso eziqinile, izinkolelo ezingalungile, imiphumela ephambene, nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye kuba ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu. [FLT]] i-gadiary ewumbiza umthetho] futhi izinkantolo zithembele emithethweni yemithetho ebanzi yenqubo yobugebengu eqondisa zonke izimo zecala.

Izitebhisi Zenqubo Yokwahlulela Kwesigebengu

Icala lobugebengu lilandela izigaba eziningi ezicacile.

UKUFUNDWA

Ukugcinwa komthetho kuqalisa ukuphenya lapho kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu buye bakhona. Abaphathi baqoqa ubufakazi ngokuxoxa nofakazi, ngokuhlola, ukuhlola, nokuhlola imibandela. ISichibiyelo Sesine se-U.S. sivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni. Ubufakazi obutholakele ngokuphula lezisivikelo bungavinjelwa ngaphansi komthetho osusiwe. Abaxhasi kumelwe bavumelane nemithetho ephathelene nokuphenywa nokuphenywa kwemibuzo. FBI'S FY Uphendlome izinto eziza kuqala bubonisa indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisingatha ngayo izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, kusukela kubugebengu obumhlophe bobuphekula.

Ukuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kwenzeka lapho umthetho uthatha umuntu ukuba abophelwe ejele ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka. Imbangela efanelekile idinga ubufakazi obanele ukuze ihole umuntu onengqondo ukuba akholelwe ukuthi ubugebengu buye babanjwa futhi osolwayo wabenza. Ukuboshwa kungakhishwa ngemvume yokubopha umahluleli, noma ngaphandle kwemvume uma isikhulu sibona ubugebengu noma sinezimo ezingathi zikhona. Uma siboshiwe, umcabange kumelwe atshelwe ngamalungelo abo njengoba esungulwe . UMiranda v.. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuhlala buthule futhi nelungelo lokuba ummeli we-gq. Ukwehluleka ukunikeza izixwayiso ze-Mirandss.

Ukuqongelela Izincwadi Nokubukeka Kokuqala

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umsoli ubhaliwe — inqubo ebhala imininingwane yakhe siqu, iminwe, nezithombe. Omangalelwayo kumelwe alethwe phambi komahluleli ngaphandle kokulibala okungadingekile, ngokuvamile phakathi namahora angu-48. Ekuveleni kokuqala, umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngamacala, uchaza amalungelo awo, futhi abeke ibheyili noma ezinye izimo zokukhululwa. Lokhu kunikeza ummangalelwa ithuba lokucela ummeli omisiwe enkantolo uma engakwazi ukuthenga.

Ukuvala Izinqumo

Abamangaleli bahlola ubufakazi obuqoqwe yizisebenzi zomthetho ukuze banqume ukuthi kufanele bafake ubufakazi obaziwayo yini. Bacabangela amandla obufakazi, ubukhulu bomthetho, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, nesithakazelo somphakathi. Kwezinye izifunda, inkantolo enkulu ifuna ukumangalelwa ngecala. Ijaji elikhulu — iqembu lezakhamuzi — lizwa ubufakazi ngasese futhi linqume ukuthi imbangela ikhona yini. Okanye, icala lokuqala lingabekwa phambi komahluleli ukuze kunqunywe uma icala lizoqhubeka. Umshushisi unelungelo elikhulu kuleliqophelo, kodwa akanakumangalela ngokusekelwe ekulawulweni ngecala noma izisusa zokuphindisela.

Icala

Kumthetho, ummangalelwa ufundwa amacala angokomthetho futhi acelwa ukuba angene esicelweni: unecala, ungabi necala, noma ungabi namncintiswano (nolo imateriere). Isicelo esinecala silahla ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala futhi siholela ngokuqondile ekugwetshweni. Isikhalo esikhonziwe somthetho siveza isiqinisekiso esifanayo kodwa asinakusetshenziswa njengemvume yokuvuma icala emacala omphakathi. Uma ummangalelwa encenga icala, inkantolo ibeka isimiso sokuqulwa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuqhubeka Kwamacala

Izinqubo zangaphambi komthetho zibalulekile ekulolongeni icala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Lesi simo sihlanganisa ukuzwa kaningi, ukuthatha uhambo, nezingxoxo.

Ukuthola

Ukuthola i-opera kudinga kokubili ukuqulwa kommangalelwa nokuzivikela ukuze kudluliselwe ubufakazi nokwaziswa. Ukuzivikela kunelungelo lokwazi ubufakazi obumelene nabo, kuhlanganise nezinhlu zobufakazi, izitatimende, imibiko yamaphoyisa, nobufakazi obungokoqobo. Ukuqulwa kwecala futhi kumelwe kwambulile ubufakazi obuchazayo — izinto ezingasiza ummangalelwa — ngaphansi Brady v. Maryland[. Ukuhluleka ukuveza iziqondiso eziningiliziwe zokuthola izivumelwano.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kokuhlolwa

I-attorney ye-atmail yokuxazulula izimpikiswano zomthetho ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [Motion ukuvimbela ubufakazi – iphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi butholakele ngokungemthetho.
  • Motion ukuxosha[ – usho ubufakazi obunganele noma ukukhubazeka okungokomthetho emacaleni.
  • [ i-Motion yoshintsho lwendawo[ - - icela icala linyakaziswa ngenxa yobandlululo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungaboni lutho kuyi limine – ukufuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile noma ubufakazi lapho kuqulwa icala.

Umahluleli ubeka imithetho ngale ndlela yokuzigcina ushiyile, enganciphisa kakhulu impikiswano yokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukudla I - “lea ”

Izingxoxo ze-Plea ziyizimpawu zobulungisa banamuhla bobugebengu. Ummangalelwa angavuma ukumangalela icala elingaphansi noma avume isigwebo esithile ukuze athole ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala. Cishe 90-95% yecala likahulumeni nohulumeni ixazululwa ngokufaka isicelo. Le nqubo ilondoloza izimali zenkantolo futhi iqinisekise ukuthi nhlangothi zombili. Nokho, abacuphi bangaphikisa ngokuthi icindezela abamangalelwa abangenacala ukuba banxuse ukuba babe necala ukuba bagweme izigwebo ezilukhuni. Abahluleli kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi izivumelwano zingene ngokuzithandela futhi ziqonda ngokugcwele imiphumela.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma kungekho sikhalazo esifinyelelwayo, icala liqhubekela ecaleni. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokusobala yijaji elingakhethi (noma uma ijaji lilodwa uma ilungelo lokuphatha ijaji liqediwe). Icala lilandela imithetho eqinile yobufakazi nenqubo.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Inqubo yokukhetha ijaji iqala ngeqembu labangaba yijaji. Abamangalelwa nabazivikelayo babuza ukuthi bakhetha ubandlululo olungathinta ukungakhethi. Izinhlangothi zonke zingabekela inselele i-jar ngenxa (engabekelwe imingcele uma ubandlululo luboniswa) noma zisebenzise inani elilinganiselwe lezinselele zokuxosha abajaji ngaphandle kokusho isizathu. Nokho, izinselele zokuzikhulula azinakusetshenziswa ngokusekelwe edesikisini noma ebuhlakeni, njengoba kusungulwe Batson v. Keythkicky

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Izitatimende zokuvula zinikeza uhlaka lwecala. Ukushushisa kuqala, kuchaza ubufakazi abazobunikeza ukuze babonise ukuthi banecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ukuzivikela kungakhuluma ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho noma kugcine amazwi abo kuze kube yilapho kuqala icala labo. Ukuvula akuzange kube ubufakazi kodwa ibalazwe lomgwaqo.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Inkantolo inikeza icala layo kuqala, ibiza ofakazi futhi yazisa imibukiso. OFakazi banikeza ubufakazi obuqondile futhi babuye bahlolwe i-createst . Imithetho yobufakazi ibusa lokho okungaqondakali. Izwi — izimemezelo ezinikezwayo ngaphandle kwekhonki ukuze kufakazelwe iqiniso lendaba egodlwwéyo — ngokuvamile ziyakhishwa ngaphandle kokuba ithathelwe indawo. Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa ekhona, isivikelo singasheshiswa ukuze kukhishwe isahlulelo se-arective uma ubufakazi bunganele. Uma isivikelo siphika icala laso. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokufaka uqobo kodwa akanakuphoqelelwa ukwenza kanjalo; ijaji liyalwa ukuba lingangeni isigwebo esimelene nokuthula.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba bonke ubufakazi bukhona, zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Umshushisi kumelwe aphikise ngokuthi ubufakazi bufakazela icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Isivikelo siqokomisa ubuthakathaka, ukungavumelani, noma ukwehluleka kobufakazi. Umshushisi uqala futhi anganikeza ukuphikisa ngemva kokuvalwa kolwelo.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo, kuhlanganise nezici zecala, umthwalo wobufakazi, nendinganiso yokungabaza okunengqondo. Khona - ke abahluleli baqamba iziqu ngasese, ngokuvamile amahora noma izinsuku. Ukuze bavume, imibuso eminingi idinga isinqumo esivumelanayo. Uma abahluleli bengenakuvuma (ijaji elingavumelaniyo), umahluleli angase akhiphe icala elingafanele, futhi umshushisi anganquma ukulihlaziya.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokukhishwa Kwecala

Uma isinqumo si "ngesocala," ummangalelwa ukhululiwe futhi akanakuthethelelwa icala elifanayo ngenxa yokuvikelwa kabili kwezingozi. Uma isinqumo singu "icala," ukuzivikela kungathatha amafayela ukuze kuqulwe ukwahlulela okusha noma naphezu kwesinqumo, uphikise ngokuthi ubufakazi abunele ngokomthetho. Le ntshukumo ayivamile ukunikezwa kodwa ilondoloze izindaba zokudlulisa icala.

Ukugwetshwa

Ukugweba kulandela ukuqiniseka futhi ngokuvamile kuyinhlanganisela lapho umahluleli ecabangela khona izici ezikhuthazayo nezilinganiselayo. Umgomo uwukuphoqelela isijeziso esilingana nobugebengu kanye nezimo zomenzi wobubi. Isigwebo esingenzeka sihlanganisa ukuboshwa, amahlawuli, ukugcinwa kwecala, inkonzo yomphakathi, ukubuyiselwa, noma inhlanganise. Amagunya amaningi asebenzisa iziqondiso zokugweba ukuthuthukisa ukungaguquguquki, nakuba abahluleli benokuqonda ezinhlalweni ezithile. Izigwebo ezingathi sína, imilathi ingahlanganisa ukuboshwa noma, kwezinye izimo, isigwebo sokufa, isigwebo se- i-United States Commission commentation commentation [[[FLT]] i-oct1] ikhipha iziqondiso zezehlakalo.

Izinhlobo Zezigwebo

  • Ukuhlanganisa – ukuvalelwa ejele noma ejele, ngokuvamile ngegama elinqanda ukuboshwa noma lokungahlangani.
  • Iprojekthi - - ukuqondisa emphakathini ngaphansi kwezimo (umk., ukuhlolwa kwemilaliso, umthetho wesikhathi).
  • [ Imali kanye nokuhlenga [ – izijeziso zemali ezikhokhwa kumbuso noma izisulu.
  • Inkonzo ye-community – umsebenzi ongakhokhelwayo wenhlangano kahulumeni engatholi nzuzo.
  • Izinhlelo ezi-Alternal[- – izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, inkantolo yezempilo yengqondo, noma izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa ezihloselwe ukuqondisa.

Ukukhanga

Izikhalo aziyona inkantolo ebekwe phansi enkantolo ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala. Inkantolo ihlola umlando wecala, ilalele izimpikiswano zomlomo, bese ibhala umbono obhaliwe.

Ukuphawula Ukukhanga

Ummangalelwa kumelwe abhale isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo phakathi nosuku oluqinile, oluvame ukuthatha izinsuku eziyishumi kuya kwezingu - 30 ngemva kokwahlulela. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo ngokuvamile kululaza ilungelo lokudlulisa icala.

Izisekelo Zokukhanga

Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa iziyalezo ezingalungile zomahluleli, ukuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi, ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi, usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko, noma ukungabutholi ubufakazi. Ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi iphutha lithinta umphumela wecala. Ngaphansi kwendinganiso "yephutha elingenamcimbi", uma iphutha lincane futhi lingasithonyeli isinqumo, ukuqiniseka kungaqhubeka.

Izinketho zenkantolo eqanjiwe

Inkantolo ekhipha isigwebo ingathi:

  • [ Isiqiniseki – isekela ukuqiniseka.
  • landela i-'----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------kuyiphutha, uma kuyiphutha.
  • Icala – buyisela icala enkantolo equlweni ukuze kuqhutshwe inqubo (umk., ukuqulwa kwecala elisha noma ukucasuka).

Ecaleni elingavamile, inkantolo ingase ikulahlise ngokuqondile lokhu kumangalelwa.

Ukudlulisa Izingcingo Nensiza Yangemva Kokuthola Ikhambi

Ngemva kwemithetho yenkantolo kazwelonke, ummangalelwa angafuna ukubukezwa inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni noma iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. uma kuhileleke indaba yomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abamangalelwa bangabhala phansi izicelo zosizo lwangemva kwe-paste . (ikhopus) enkantolo yombuso noma ye-guvernet, befuna ukuphendulwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho okungabhekiswanga ngokuphelele ekudluliseni isikhalo esiqondile.

Ukuvikelwa Komthetho - sisekelo Kwabamangalelwa

Izinqubo zobugebengu zisekelwe kuyiBill of Rights neSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Isivikelo esiyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Isichibiyeli sesine [ – Isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka; kudinga izimfuneko ezisekelwe ekubangeleni okungenzeka.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith - Ilungelo lokuthula; isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili; ukubekwa icala kwamacala amakhulu abahluleli; inqubo efanele.
  • Isichibiyeli se-Inquisi-nguquko se-xxte - Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi; isaziso sokungakhethi; ukuphikisana kofakazi; inqubo ephoqelelwe yofakazi; usizo lweseluleko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli sobubanzi – Isivikelo ekusebenziseni ibheyili enzima nesijeziso esingavamile.
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nane - Inqubo elindelekile nesivikelo esifanayo esisetshenziswa ezizweni.

Ukuphula umthetho kungaholela ekucindezeleni ubufakazi, ekuguquleni izinkolelo, noma ekubekeni isibopho somthetho.

Izindima Zabahlanganyeli Abayinhloko

Abamangaleli

Abashushisi bangamagunya omphakathi amelela uhulumeni. Banesibopho hhayi sokufuna izinkolelo kuphela kodwa sokuqinisekisa ukuthi kwenziwa ubulungisa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuveza ubufakazi bokujezisa nokungaqaphi. Abashushisi basebenzisa ukuqonda okukhulu, okungathinta imiphumela ephawulekayo.

Izinhlayiya Zokuzivikela

Abameli bamabutho basekela ummangalelwa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bagcinwe ngasese noma bamisiwe (abavikeli bomphakathi), banikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho, babekela ubufakazi bamacala inselele, baxoxa ngezicelo, futhi bavikele ekuqulweni kwecala. ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa usizo oluphumelelayo lweseluleko. Ukungalinganisi kungaba izizathu zokudlulisa.

Abahluleli

Abahluleli baphatha izindlebe nokulingwa, babusa ngezenzo, bafundise abahluleli, futhi babeke imisho, kumelwe bahlale bengakhethi futhi baqiniseke ukuthi izinqubo ziyalandelwa. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, umahluleli wenza njengalokhu kushiwo umthetho nomtholi walokho.

IJuries

Indima yabo iyisisekelo sesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu, ebonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi nokuqapha uhulumeni ophanjwe yibo.

Isiphetho

Izinqubo zomthetho wobugebengu azizona nje izinqubo zobuchwepheshe — ziyizivikelo ezibalulekile ezivikela inkululeko, ziqinisekise imiphumela eqondile, futhi zigcine ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Ekuhloleni kokuqala ngokugweba nangokunxusa, isigaba ngasinye siklanyelwe ukulinganisela impumelelo ngokulunga. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uchwepheshe ongokomthetho, noma uyisakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda ukuthi ukwenziwa kanjani ukulunga, ulwazi lwalezi zinqubo lukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo esimisweni somthetho. Ngokuqhubekayo, i-Cornell Information Institute of agement systment