Ukuqonda imithetho elawula ukuphenya kwamaphoyisa nokuquleka kubalulekile kokubili ukugcinwa komthetho nomphakathi. Imithetho yoMbuso ingahluka kakhulu, ithinta indlela nezindawo zomphakathi. Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. simisa isisekelo sokuvikela ukuphenya okungacabangeli nokuquleka, izifunda ngazinye ngokuvamile zinweba noma zicwengisise lezo zivikelo ngemithetho-mthetho yazo siqu, imithetho, nezimiso zenkantolo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici eziyinhloko zalemithetho ephakeme yombuso, kuhlanganise nezingajwayelekile, izinhlobonhlobo, kanye nemiphumela ewusizo engokwezakhamuzi nezikhulu. Ngokuhlola indawo engokomthetho, abafundi bangathuthukisa ukuqonda ngokucace ngokwengeziwe amalungelo abo nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo yabo lapho behlangene nomthetho.

Isisekelo Esingokomthetho: ISichibiyelo Sesine Nomthetho KaHulumeni

ISichibiyelo sesine sinikeza ukuthi abantu banelungelo lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini zabo, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni emelene nokuphenywa okungacabangeki nokuquleka, nokuthi izimpawu zingaba yizizathu ezikhona kuphela ezibangela ukusekelwa ngesifungo noma ukuvuma futhi ikakhulukazi zichaze indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa. Nokho, lesivikelo asisona esiphelele. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yaqaphela imfuneko ekhethekile, eminingi yayo esebenza ngokuqondile ezimotweni nasezindaweni zomphakathi.

Ibalulekile, izifundazwe zikhululekile ukuchaza imithetho yazo siqu ukuze zinikeze isivikelo esikhulu kuneSichibiyelo sesine. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imibuso idinga imvume yokusesha okungavunyelwa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Eminye ihlanganisa imithetho eqondile emithethweni kahulumeni, njengokufuna ukuvuma ukuphenya okuthile noma ukubeka imithetho eqinile ngenxa yesizathu. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwemithetho kusho ukuthi ukuziphatha okufanayo kwamaphoyisa kungawumthetho ngokomthetho kwesinye isifunda futhi kungahlanganiswe nesinye.

Imfundiso ehlanganisayo, esungulwe ngecala elinjenge Mapp v.Ohio [1961], isebenzisa iSichibiyelo sesine kumazwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Kodwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziseyizimemezelo zokugcina zesivikelo somthetho-mthetho wombuso wazo. Ngenxa yalokho, abameli bobugebengu nezakhamuzi kumelwe bathintane nomthetho wendawo ukuze baqonde imingcele eqondile yegunya lokuhlola amaphoyisa.

Ukufuna Nge - Vehicle: Imoto Ehamba Ngezimoto Engahambi

Amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isizathu sokusesha imoto, kodwa "ukuhamba ngemoto ngokuzenzakalelayo" kuvumela izikhulu ukuba ziseshe ngaphandle kwemvume uma zikhona futhi imoto ihamba. Lokhu kuhlukile, okusungulwe ku- Carroll v. i-United States [1925] futhi zicwengisiwe ngezinqumo zamuva, zihlala ngokuhamba ngemoto futhi zilindele isikhathi esinciphilekayo sokudlulisa. Nokho, izinkantolo ezithile zikahulumeni zingathi ukuhlukanisa imoto akusebenzi uma imoto ipakwe futhi ingabanjwa ngokunokwenzeka, noma uma amaphoyisa ethola isikhathi sokuthola imvume.

Okuthandwayo Ekucwaningeni Ngemizwa Evamile

  • Imbangela efanelekile phakathi nokumisa kwezimoto okungokomthetho: Uma isikhulu siqaphela ubufakazi bobugebengu obungacaci noma siveza imbangela engenzeka kwamanye amaqiniso, singase siseshe yonke imoto, kuhlanganise nezitsha zokuphatha ezivalwayo, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ezifundazwe eziningi.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-conect evela kumnini moto noma umshayeli : Ukuvuma kumelwe kube okuvolontiweyo futhi kungakhishwa nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise umshayeli ngelungelo lawo lokwenqaba imvume, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ingagunyazanga lokhu njengemfuneko yomthetho-mthetho.
  • Isenzakalo sokuhlola ukubopha : INkantolo Ephakeme yalinganisela lokhu kukhiqizwa Arizona v. GANT [2009], ibambe ukuthi imoto ingaseshwa ukuze iboshwe kuphela uma oboshwayo engabanjwanga futhi efinyelela ebangeni elikude egumbini labagibeli ngesikhathi sokufuna, noma uma kunengqondo ukukholelwa ukuthi imoto iqukethe ubufakazi bokwephulwa komthetho. Izizwe eziningi ziye zamukela lesi silinganiso; ezimbalwa ziye zachaza imithetho yazo siqu ukuze zivumele ukuphenyiswa okukhulu ukuba kuvinjwe.
  • Izimo eziguquguqukayo[: Ingozi ekuphileni, ukuphishekelwa ngokushisa komcabango obalekayo, noma ukubhujiswa okuseduze kobufakazi kungathethelela ukuseshwa kwezimoto okungenasiqinisekiso. Izinkantolo zezwe ziyahlukahluka ngokuthi ikuphi okungagunyaza, kanye nokunye okudinga ubufakazi obucacile besimo esiphuthumayo.
  • Uphendlo lwezibalo : Uma imoto ibekwe ngokomthetho, amaphoyisa angathatha uphendlo lokuhlola ukuze avikele impahla yomniniyo futhi avikele ukugcinwa komthetho ekufunekeni kwezebiwa. Nokho, ezinye izifunda zivimbela ukuhlelwa kohlu lwezimiso ezivamile futhi zinqande ukuphenyiswa kwangaphambi kokubhalwa.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwemithetho Yokufuna

Izigodi eziningi zinemithetho eqinile kakhulu kune-baseline kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia, sekuyisikhathi eside i-compal ayisebenzi uma imoto ihamba futhi amaphoyisa enesikhathi sokuthola imvume (bona Abantu v. Garay, 2008),. E-New York, umthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba ukuphenyiswa kwemoto okungagunyaziwe kusekelwe "ngesizathu esingenakulungiseka kanye nokungaguquguquki," kusho ukuthi imbangela nje ingaba ingaba inganele uma imoto ingasheshiyi lula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Texas, ilandela imoto eqhele kakhulu, ivumela ukuphenyiswa okungenasizathu ukuba kubangele okulindelekile.

Enye indawo yokunyukela isilinganiso sokufuna imoto. Ezinye izifundazwe zihlola igumbi labagibeli ngaphandle kokuba kunesizathu esiqondile sokukholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi busembotsheni. Ezinye zivumela ukuphenywa kwemoto okugcwele, kuhlanganise isiqu sazo nanoma yiziphi izitsha zokuphatha, uma nje kusungulwe imbangela. Ukuqonda le mibono kungaba yinkinga ekucindezeleni izindlebe.

Ukucwaninga Ezindaweni Zomphakathi: Ukuzihlukanisa Okusesilinganisweni NoTerry Stop

Ezindaweni zomphakathi, amaphoyisa anenkululeko ebanzi yokusondela nokubuza abantu ngabanye, kodwa "ukwethulwa" kwenzeka uma umuntu onengqondo engeke azizwe ekhululekile ukuhamba. Ngaphansi Terry v. Ohio [1968], amaphoyisa angathatha imvume yokuhlola isikhashana uma enentethelelo enengqondo yokuthi umsebenzi wobugebengu uhamba ngezinyawo. Uma isikhulu sikholelwa ukuthi umuntu uhlomile futhi uyingozi, i-pat-demist (frisk) yezikhali iyavunywa. Nokho, noma ikuphi ukuphenya ngalé kwe-frisk kudinga imbangela noma imvume.

Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho Ngaphesheya Kwamazwe

  • Intethelelo eqinisekile. Ibangela: Eminye imikhakha idinga indinganiso ephakeme yamakhefu kunamaqiniso "okungacushwa" kazwelonke. Ngokwesibonelo, iMassachusetts ne-Alaska ziye zakholelwa ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo wezwe ufuna ngokunokwenzeka ubangele noma isiphi isizathu sokuma, hhayi nje ukusola okunengqondo.
  • Igunya lobuFrisk: Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni uvumela i-frask uma isikhulu sisola umuntu ngokunengqondo, izifundazwe ezimbalwa zibekela i-frask ezimweni lapho kunezinsolo ezithile zengozi. Ezinye zivumela i-frashisk ngokuzenzekelayo phakathi nokuma okungokomthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu usola ngamanye.
  • Ukusesha kwe-Conivse kusobala: Amaphoyisa angacela ukuvuma ukuphenya umuntu noma impahla emphakathini, kodwa ukunqwabelana kwemvume kuyahlolisiswa ngokucophelela. Ezinye izigodlo zidinga izikhulu ukuba zazise abantu ngelungelo labo lokwenqaba ukuvumela ngaphambi kokuba zifune; ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaba yisici ekunqumeni uvolunta.

Imibono Esobala Nevulekile

Ezindaweni zomphakathi, imfundiso esobala ivumela amaphoyisa ukuba athathe ubufakazi uma bekhona ngokomthetho futhi isimo sokumangalela salento sisobala ngokushesha. Izinkantolo zoMbuso ngezinye izikhathi ziye zayilinganisela le mfundiso uma isikhulu sisebenzisa amakhothamesi angavamile noma izinzwa ezikhulisiwe. Ngokufanayo, "izindawo ezivulekile" imfundiso (kusukela ] Oliver v. United States, 1984) ibambelele ekutheni amaphoyisa angasesha izindawo ngaphandle kwe-partilage yekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, abambalwa basho ukuthi lemfundiso ithathwe ngaphansi kwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho yabo, ifuna isiqinisekiso sanoma yisiphi isikhala esivulekile uma umniniyo elindele ukuba angafihliwe.

Izisetshenziswa Zobuchwepheshe Nezobuchwepheshe

Ukusesha kwanamuhla kuvame ukuhlanganisa omakhalekhukhwini, amalapy, nezinye izisetshenziswa. Riley v. California (2014, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga imvume yokuhlola ucingo olubambekile ukuze abanjwe, ngoba ocingo banemininingwane eminingi yomuntu siqu. Amazwe amaningi afake lesi sinqumo emthethweni wezwe, futhi amanye aye aqhubekela phambili ngokucela imvume yanoma yisiphi isisetshenziswa somshini sobuchwepheshe ngisho noma esinye isikhala esingekho emthethweni esisimweni esifanayo. Isibonelo, iSivikeli socingo saseCalifornia sifaka imibandela yomuntu siqu (Cal.Umthetho ka-C.U.C.C.C.C.09.24) ngokuvamile kudingeka ukuba kutholakale ukwaziswa komshini ngaphandle kokuba umshini ulahlekile, noma ubiwe.

Ezinye iziteshi, njenge-GPS, i-drones, kanye ne-layisensi efakwa ngemishini ye-layisense, ziphakamisa izinkathazo ezihlukene zomuntu siqu. INkantolo Ephakeme yabekwa ku-United States v. Jones (20) (20) (20) efaka umthumeli we-GPS emotweni ihlanganisa ukuphenya ngaphansi kweSiphendulo se-C5. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izimo eziningi ziye zanikeza imithetho edinga imvume yokusebenzisa umthetho wokulandelela i-GPS noma ukugada. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi lezi sivikelo azinake ndawo zonke, futhi imithetho yokuhlola umphakathi isasebenza.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi Nomthetho

Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda uma ukuphenya kuvunyelwe kungasiza abantu ukuba bavikele amalungelo abo. Phakathi nokuma kwezimoto, abashayeli banelungelo lokwenqaba ukuseshwa kwemoto ngaphandle kokuba isikhulu sinakho noma imvume. Nokho, ukwenqaba kungabhebhethekisa isimo noma kubangele ezinye izindaba ezingokomthetho, njengokusola okwengeziwe okuholela ekufunxeni imfijoli yezidakamizwa (okungakhathazi kakhulu ekufuneni izifunda eziningi). Izakhamuzi kufanele zihlale zizolile futhi zithobekile, zibuze uma zikhululekile ukuphuma, futhi zigweme ukumelana ngokomzimba ngisho noma zikholelwa ukuthi ukuseshwa kubekwe umthetho ongekho emthethweni, izinselele ezisingathwa kahle enkantolo kamuva.

Ezindaweni zomphakathi, abantu bangase benqabe ukuphendula imibuzo futhi banganqaba ukuseshwa kwabo noma izinto zabo. Nokho, uma isikhulu sinokungabaza okunengqondo kokuwamisa, singaboshwa okwesikhashana. Ukwazi umehluko phakathi kokuhlangana komphakathi nokuthumba kubalulekile: isicelo sesikhulu sokuthola ukuthi ungubani noma ukudamba kungabonisa ukuthi sithathekile, futhi impendulo yomuntu kufanele isekelwe ekuqondeni kwabo umthetho.

Isibopho Somthetho

Amaphoyisa kumelwe asebenzise imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi kahulumeni nohulumeni. Ukuqeqeshwa okufanele ezinqumweni zamuva zenkantolo nezimiso ezicatshangelwe uhulumeni kubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukuvimbela ubufakazi nokubhekana necala lomphakathi. Imithombo yomnyango ivame ukusebenzisa izimiso ezithiya kakhulu kunezinga elingokomthetho lokunciphisa ingozi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izinhlangano zidinga ukubhalwa phansi imvume yazo zonke izimoto eziphenywayo ngisho noma izimbangela zikhona, noma ukugunyaza ukuba abaphathi bathole isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuhlola ucingo ngisho noma izimo ezingagunyazi lutho zingakuthethelela ukuse zifuneke.

Ikhamera yomzimba kanye nokwaziswa okuvela kwezinye izisetshenziswa zokuqopha kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuphenya nokuquleka kuvumelana nomthetho. Izifundamagebethe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho efuna amaphoyisa abhale izingxoxo ezivumayo noma achaze igunya lawo elingokomthetho phakathi nokuphenya. Lezi zinyathelo zisebenza kokubili ukuvikela izakhamuzi nokunikeza ubufakazi enkantolo.

Izibonelo Zomthetho Oyinhloko KaHulumeni: Ukuhlolisisa

Ukuze ubone ukuthi kusondela imibuso ehlukahlukene, cabangela izifundazwe ezintathu ezinabantu abaningi:

  • [[FLT: 0] [I-California: Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe (Isici, Ingxenye 13) unikeza isivikelo esiqine kakhulu kuneSichibiyelo Sesine. Abantu v. Diaz [2011] (2011], iSikhulu seNkantolo esiPhakeme iCalifornia silinganiselwe esihlola izenzakalo zokubopha ucingo phambi kweU.S. iNkantolo Ephakeme yenza. Vehicle ukuhlola kudinga ukukhulula noma ukuvuma ngaphandle kokuba imoto isebenza imoto nemoto ihamba-selula. California ivimbela izinja phakathi nokuma kwezimoto ezimweni zomgwaqo ukuze kuvinjelwe izimo zokusola izimilaliso ezinengqondo kakade lapho kunentengo enengqondo yezidakamizwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] INew York: INkantolo yaseNew York yezingcingo ichaze ngokuphindaphindiwe umthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke ifuna imvume yokuseshwa kunoma yikuphi ukuseshwa okuphazamisa ukulindele okunengqondo kwemfihlo, ngisho noma imoto kahulumeni isebenza. Abantu bayi-v. Belton][[FLT]] [[3] [amade] phambi kokuba uhulumeni [[FLT:] ahlulele], New York yalahla umthetho wamanje wesizwe ovumela ukuphenya okungenasiqinisekiso kumagumbi abagibeli., futhi ifuna ukuba kuhlolwe kokubili ngokuzithandela nangekhono, kanye nomthwalo owenqabayokuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu angazi ukuthi uyanqaba.
  • [[FLT: 0]] ``Tax': iTexas ngokuvamile ilandela umthetho kahulumeni weSichibiyelo sesine eduze. Ukuphenya kwezimoto okungenasikhala kusekelwa njalo ngesizathu okungenzeka ukuthi kusekela. INkantolo yeCurt of Criminal Applications egcinwe ku-' i-Statet. IGranville[ [208] [isimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo] asifuni siqinisekiso ngisho nokuphenywa kwemininingwane yezibalo yesenzakalo socingo, kodwa ngokuvamile i-populth factory ifuna isiqinisekiso. i-Texas futhi ine "aplustrated" evumela ukuthatheka i-frish phakathi nobubanzi uma isikhulu siqaphela ngokushesha.

Imfundo Nemithombo

Ukuhlala uqashelwe ngemithetho yokusesha nokuphambanisa izithuthuthu kubalulekile kokubili ezakhamuzini nasebuthweni lomthetho. Iprojekthi ye-Oyez inikeza incazelo efinyelelwe yezinqumo zeNkantolo enkulu. ACLU Ayazi Amalungelo Akho [ ikhasi linikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo ekusebenzelaneni somphakathi. Izimiso zikahulumeni-mgaqo, i-website ye-ia [[[FLT:]] eyi-Junia enikeza ukufinyelela kwasimathi necala. Izakhamuzi zingathintana ngokukhululekile ukuvikela amahhovisi omphakathi noma usizo olungokomthetho lwezeluleko oluthelwe kakhulu.

Izikhulu eziqapha umthetho zingazuza ezinhlelweni zokuqeqesha ezinikezwa yi- Internationaloperand Association of Shills of Police kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwezikhulu zokuthula zikahulumeni kanye namabhodi (POST). njalo eziqeqeshiwe e-astervice e-projects zomthetho wamuva kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenyiswa kuqhutshwa ngokomthetho nangokuphumelelayo.

Isiphetho

I-application ebusa umthetho ihlola futhi ixhuzule ezimotweni nasezindaweni zomphakathi inkundla enamandla elinganisela amalungelo omuntu ngasese nezidingo zomthetho. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine sinikeza isivikelo, imithetho yombuso ngokuvamile inikeza ezinye izisivikelo. Bobabili izakhamuzi nezikhulu kumelwe baqonde imithetho eqondile egunyazweyo ukuze bagweme ukuphenyiswa okungekho emthethweni futhi baqiniseke ukuthi ukuphenya okungokomthetho kwenziwa ngokufanelekile. Ngokuhlala benolwazi futhi besebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokuhlakanipha, abantu bangasiza ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomthetho.