Ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyisisekelo somphakathi ophucuzekile, ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka komphakathi, ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi, nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi. Lenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ixhomeke ebuhlotsheni obungenamsoco phakathi kwezinsika ezimbili zesimiso sobulungisa .(izinhlangano ezigunyaza ukugcinwa kwemithetho nezomthetho). Nakuba amaphoyisa enecala lokuhlola ubugebengu, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, nokubopha, ukuchaza izinkantolo, ukuchaza amacala omphakathi, nokubeka izigwebo. Ukuphumelela kwazo zonke izisekelo zomthetho kuxhomeke endleleni lezinhlangano ezixhumana ngayo kahle ngayo, ukuhlanganisa, nokuhlanganisa izinqubo zazo. Abafundi bomlando, umthetho, nokwahlulela kobugebengu, nokuqonda amandla alenhlangano kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ekulandeleni nokwenza inqubo yobulungisa.

Ngokomlando, ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezinkantolo buye baqala ngokuphawulekayo. Ezimisweni zomthetho zakuqala, ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ngokuvamile kwakuhlanganiswa − futhi amajaji angasebenza njengezimantshi. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ukwahlukana kwemibuso nokuvela kwamaphoyisa angochwepheshe kwakha izindima ezihlukene. Nokho isidingo sokubambisana kwezici. Namuhla, kusukela esikhathini sokubikwa kobugebengu kuze kube khona ukubusa kokugcina, amaphoyisa nezinkantolo kumelwe zisebenze ekusekeleni inqubo efanele nokubusa komthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima yazo, izinhlelo zokubambisana kwazo, izinselele ezibhekene nazo, nezibonelo zangempela zenhlangano ephumelelayo.

Indima Yamaphoyisa Emthetho

Amaphoyisa angabaphathi abaphambili besimiso somthetho sobugebengu. Imithwalo yabo eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukuvimbela, ukuhlola, nokuqikelelwa. Amaphoyisa aqaphe imiphakathi ukuze avimbele izenzo zobugebengu, aphendule izingcingo eziphuthumayo, futhi athathe imibuzo yokuqala ezigcawini zobugebengu. Ngaphandle kwalemisebenzi ebonakalayo, amaphoyisa agxeka umsebenzi wama 76scene othinta ngokuqondile ukuqulwa kwenkantolo.

Ucwaningo Nobufakazi

Enye yezindima ezibaluleke kakhulu zamaphoyisa ekusekeleni izinkantolo ukuqoqwa nokugcinwa kobufakazi. Abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe balandele imithetho eqinile − njengokuthola imvume efanele yokuphenya nokuquleka, ukugcina uchungechunge lokugcinwa kwejele, nokubhala zonke izinyathelo zokuhlola. Noma ikuphi ukwehluleka kulenqubo kunganikeza ubufakazi obungakholeki enkantolo, okungabangela ukuqulwa kwecala. Ngokwemithetho

Amaphoyisa anamuhla ancike emasubeni athuthukisiwe, kuhlanganise nokuhlola iDNA, i-athom ye-acteric, nokuhlola i-collensics. Iminyango yamaphoyisa kumelwe iqeqeshe hhayi kulamakhono obuchwepheshe kuphela kodwa nasezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho ezilawula ukusetshenziswa kwawo. Amaphutha .Njengoba kusetshenziswa kabi kwemishini noma ukuhluleka ukuvikela ubugebengu, kuholela ekucindezelweni kwezindlebe ngisho nasekuxoshwani kwamacala.

Ukuboshwa Nezindlela Zokugcinwa Kwabantwana

Lapho isikhulu sibopha, kumelwe sicabangele ngokushesha izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezithinta ukuqulwa kwecala kamuva. Abasolwayo kumelwe bafundwe amalungelo abo (izixwayiso zeMira e-United States), bafakwe ejele, balethwe phambi kwejaji ukuze bavele kuqala ngesikhathi sokushaya umthetho. Imibiko yamaphoyisa elungiselelwe kulesisigaba iba amaphepha ayinhloko abashushisi, abameli, nabahluleli. Imibiko enganembile noma engaphelele idala ukudideka nokwephuza, futhi ingaphula amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo wommangalelwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphoyisa avame ukusiza ekuqondiseni ezinye izinyathelo zobulungisa, njengezinhlelo zokuzilibazisa zezaphulamthetho zezikhathi ezingamashumi amathathu noma ukungenela kwenkinga yempilo yengqondo. Lezi zinyathelo zidinga ukuxhumana okuseduze nesimiso senkantolo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imvume, ilalela, futhi ekugcineni inqumo yecala.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuphoqelelweni Komthetho

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabamangaleli abangakhethi bobulungisa. Umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko uwukuchaza nokusebenzisa umthetho emacaleni ngamanye, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amalungelo abo bonke ahlonishwa. Ijaji alithathi isinyathelo sokuzihlukanisa; lixhomeke emsebenzini wamaphoyisa nabashushisi ukuba badlulisele amacala, futhi ekulungiseni nasekuqondiseni izikhungo eziqondisayo ukuze kugcinwe iziqondiso zalo.

Izindlela Zokuthatha Iminyaka Eminingi

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqulwe, izinkantolo zengamela izinqubo ezibucayi ngaphambi kwenkantolo.

  • Amacala ayimfihlo:[ Abahluleli banquma ukuthi ummangalelwa angakhululwa yini alinde ukuqulwa kwecala, ngokuvamile ucabangela ukutusa kwamaphoyisa ngengozi yendiza noma ingozi emphakathini.
  • Izindlebe zokukhanya:[ Abashushisi kumelwe babonise ngokunokwenzeka imbangela yokuthi ubugebengu benziwa nokuthi ummangalelwa uyenzile. Ubufakazi bamaphoyisa nobufakazi bubalulekile kulokhu kuqhubekeka.
  • Incazelo: Izinkantolo ziphoqelela ukuba kubekwe imithetho efuna amaphoyisa nabashushisi ukuba bahlanganyele ubufakazi nesivikelo. Ukungathathi zincwadi kungaholela ekuvumeni noma ekususweni kobufakazi.

Le nkundla yangaphambi kwe-quabian idinga ukubambisana okuqinile. Amaphoyisa kumelwe athathe isinyathelo ngokushesha kuma-poce, akhiqize amabhukwana, futhi avele e-parensi. I-National Center for State Courts [ iphawula ukuthi ukuxhumana okuhle phakathi kokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa nababhali benkantolo kunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokulungisa icala nezindawo ezigciniwe.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Nesigwebo

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, izikhulu zamaphoyisa zivame ukubonakala njengofakazi bokuqulwa kwecala. Ubufakazi bazo buchaza ukuphenya, isimo sobugebengu, nokuboshwa. Ukuvunywa kwecala kubalulekile; izikhulu kumelwe ziveze amaqiniso ngokucacile, ngokunembile, nangokungakhohlisi. Abameli bavikela bavame ukuhlola ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa, befuna amaphutha angokwesiko noma ubandlululo olungazuzisa amakhasimende abo.

Ngemva kwecala, amajaji ancike emibhalweni yamaphoyisa nasekutuseni izigwebo, − ngokuvamile alungiselelwa izikhulu ezigwetshwayo ekuthintaneni nomthetho − ukunquma isijeziso esifanele. Izici ezinjengobukhulu bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu, kanye nethonya ezisulwini zezisulu kuyalinganiswa. Kwezinye izifunda, amaphoyisa ahlanganyela ekuhlaseleni izisulu noma anikeze ukufakwa kwezinhlelo zobulungisa.

Ukuhlobana Phakathi Kwamaphoyisa Nezinkantolo

Ukubambisana phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezinkantolo akuzenzakaleli; kudinga izakhiwo zamabomu, izimiso, kanye nokuhleleka kwamasiko. Uma ukubambisana kusebenza kahle, amacala kuhamba kahle, ubufakazi bulondolozwa, futhi ukuthembana komphakathi kukhula. Uma kuwohloka, ubulungisa bungabambeka noma bunqatshwe.

Ukukhulumisana Nokwaziswa

Ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kuqala ngokuxhumana okucacile, okufike ngesikhathi. Iminyango yamaphoyisa kumelwe ihlanganyele amafayela amacala, ubufakazi be-amanani, kanye namaphuzu okuhlola nabashushisi ngaphambi kwezinsuku zenkantolo. Izindawo eziningi ziye zamukela izimiso zokulawula amacala ezivumela amaphoyisa, abashushisi, nezinkantolo ukuba zikwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa okufanayo. La mapulatifomu anciphisa ukukhutshelwa kwamaphutha, anciphisa amaphutha, futhi asheshisa amacala.

Izindlela zokuxhumana ezisemthethweni zihlanganisa imihlangano yasikhathi sonke phakathi kwamaphoyisa aphethe inkantolo, kanye namakomiti ahlangene akhuluma ngezindaba ezingokwesiko. Ezinye izinhlangano zabela amaphoyisa azinikezele ukuba asebenze emahhovisi abashushisi, agunyaze ukulungiselelwa kwamacala nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhala ezisobala zigcwalisiwe kusenesikhathi.

Ukuxhumana ngokwethukela − njengokushayana kwezingcingo phakathi kwabaseshi nabameli besigodi − kufeza indima. Nokho, ukuxhumana okunjalo kumelwe kwenziwe ngokwezimiso, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nobufakazi bokuqanjwa noma ukuncenga. Ukubonisana nokugcina amarekhodi kubalulekile.

Ukuqeqeshwa Kwamalungu Nokuthuthuka Kwawo

Lapho amaphoyisa namajaji ethola ukuqeqeshwa okuhlukene, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha zithuthukisa ukuqondana. Ngokwesibonelo, izikole zamaphoyisa zivame ukuhlanganisa izinkulumo ezivela kubahluleli emthetho wokufuna ­ ne-"%asseize, kuyilapho izingqungquthela zezifundo zingahlanganisa ukugibela amabhayisekili nezikhulu ezigadayo. ihhovisi leMibutho yeJaji izimali eziningi ezinjalo zokuqinisa ipaipi yomthetho.

Ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kuwusizo ngokukhethekile ezindabeni ezivelayo njengokusingatha ubufakazi obungokwezinombolo, ukulawula amacala ahilela ukugula ngengqondo, nokusebenzisa imikhuba ebangela inhlekelele engokwesayensi.

Amandla Okusebenza Ashintsha

Ngezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ezingapheli njengokungathi ubudlova beqembu, ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, noma ukuxhashazwa kwemisebenzi yasekhaya − ukubambisana kwamaphoyisa nezikhulu zasenkantolo. Amalungu angahlanganisa izikhulu, abashushisi, abahluleli, izikhulu ezivunayo, nabasizi benkonzo yezenhlalakahle. Lamaqembu ahlangana njalo ukuze abukeze amacala, axhumanise ukungenela, kanye nemiphumela.

Esinye isifanekiso esaziwayo yinkantolo yezidakamizwa, lapho ijaji lisebenza khona kanye nokugcinwa kwabezomthetho, abanikezeli bezokwelashwa, nabaphathi bamacala ukuze baqondise izaphulamthetho ezingezona izigebengu ngokuzilungisa. Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa zithembele emaphoyiseni ukuba aqaphele ukuthobelana, abike ukuphulwa, futhi anikeze ukuphendulwa ngokushesha enkantolo. uphengululo olukhishwe yiNational Institute of Justice[ lubonisa ukuthi ubuhlobo obunjalo bunciphisa ukukhokha inzuzo yomthetho futhi bunga imali.

Izinselele Ekukhandlekeni Kwamaphoyisa

Naphezu kwezinhloso ezinhle, izithiyo eziningana eziphikelelayo zivimbela ukubambisana okuphumelelayo.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Kokubili iminyango yamaphoyisa nezimiso zenkantolo kuvame ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimali eziqinile. Ukuthweswa kwecala ezinkantolo eziningi zasemadolobheni kuyashaqisa, futhi izikhulu zekhulu zincishiswa ngezicelo ezincintisanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, imisebenzi ebalulekile njengokulungiselela imibiko ephelele, ukuvela kokuqulwa kwecala, nokuhlanganyela ekuqeqesheni amaqembu. Izinhlu ziholela ekwahluleleni ukuxoshwa, ukulibazisela, nezisulu ezikhungatheki.

Ubuchwepheshe buyenyuka − njengezimiso zokuphatha imicimbi ezihlangene − . Ngaphandle kwazo, ukuhlanganisa ulwazi kuhlala kusenyandliwe futhi kuyiphutha. Izindawo ezincinci zivele zingabi namandla okwamukela imikhuba emihle.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Nemibono Ehlukile

Amaphoyisa nezinkantolo ezisebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezihlukene. Ukugcinwa komthetho kubeka kuqala ukulawulwa kobugebengu, ukukhathazeka okusheshayo, nokulondeka komphakathi. Izinkantolo zigcizelela inqubo efanele, ubulungisa, nenqubo engokomthetho ecophelelayo. Lezindlela zingaphikisana. Isikhulu singaba nomuzwa wokuthi umahluleli uthathe kakhulu; umahluleli angabheka izenzo zesikhulu njengezingaphelele noma njengezinonya ngokweqile.

Ukungaqondani kubangelwa isimo somthetho wesimiso sokuqulwa kwecala. Amaphoyisa aqeqeshelwa ukwakha icala eliqinile, kuyilapho abameli abavikelayo befuna ubuthakathaka. Lapho amaphoyisa enomuzwa wokuthi umsebenzi wawo ugxekwa ngokungafanele enkantolo, ukuthembana kuyawohloka. Ukuxoxa njalo nokunqanda amabhuloho okusiza la mabhuloho asobala.

Ukucwaninga Nokwethemba Umphakathi

Izenzakalo ezinkulu zezenzo zokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa noma ubandlululo lokwahlulela zilimaza ukwethemba umphakathi kuzo zombili izinhlangano. Lapho imiphakathi ibheka isimiso njengesingalungi, izisulu zinganqikaza ukubika ubugebengu, futhi ofakazi bangase bangafuni ukunikeza ubufakazi. Lokhu kululaza yonke inqubo yokugcinwa komthetho. Izinguquko ezicacisweyo − njengezibhodi zobubonisi bomphakathi, ukubonakala kobufakazi, nemithetho yemvume egunyaziwe yenkantolo .

ACLU[ kanye nezinye izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ziye zabiza izinqubo ezingcono zokulandisa ezihlanganisa amaphoyisa nomsebenzi wenkantolo. I-body_worn, ngokwesibonelo, inikeza umbhalo ogciniwe oqinile ongasetshenziswa enkantolo ukuhlola ukuziphatha nokuthuthukisa ukwethenjelwa.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokuxubana Okuphumelelayo

Izibonelo zezwe zangempela zibonisa indlela ukubambisana kwamaphoyisa u - Úcourt okungathuthukisa ngayo imiphumela yobulungisa.

Inkinga cishe Izinkantolo Ezixazulula Inkinga

Izinkantolo ezikhethekile − njengezinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, kanye nochwepheshe bezeluleko mayelana nezehlakalo − zivumelanisa ubulungisa obubambisanayo. Kulezizinkantolo, abameli, abashushisi, abameli, namaphoyisa basebenza njengeqembu ukusingatha izimpikiswano eziyinhloko zokuziphatha kobugebengu. Amaphoyisa afeza indima ephambili ekuhloleni abahlanganyeli, ukuthwebula ukuphamba, ngisho nokugubha impumelelo. Ukuhlolwa ngokuqhubekayo kubonisa amazinga aphansi okuncintisana nokuvumelana kwemithetho engokwesiko.

Umsebenzi ucisha umlilo (Boston)

IBoston Gun Project, eyaziwa ngokuthi iOftion Sclettle, yahlanganisa ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa, abashushisi, kanye nabantu bomphakathi ukuze banciphise ubudlova. Amaphoyisa athola izaphulamthetho eziphezulu ze-strarisk, nabashushisi basebenza nezinkantolo ukuze banikeze izigijimi eziqondiswe ngokuqondisiwe. Isinyathelo saholela ekuncipheni okukhulu ekubulaleni kwentsha futhi sasetshenziswa emadolobheni amaningi. Imbangela ukuphumelela kwayo kwakuwukukhulumisana okuqondile phakathi kwezikhulu zasemgwaqweqweni nehhovisi lommeli lesifunda, okwabangela imiphumela esheshayo neyamukelekayo engokomthetho.

Izimiso Zokwahlulela Ezinomklamo E - UK

E-United Kingdom, i-Criminal Justice System (CJS) isebenzisa i-tecture ehlangene ebizwa ngokuthi i-Common Platform, exhuma amaphoyisa, izinkantolo, nabashushisi. Zonke izigigaba zingena kumafayili afanayo amacala, zinciphisa amaphepha okubhala nokulibala. Izinhlelo zokushayela ziye zabika izinqumo ezisheshayo futhi zizwana kancane. Le ndlela yokubambisana kwezobuchwepheshe isetshenziswa kakhulu yizikhulu zika-US.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekuqiniseni Ukubambisana

Amathuluzi emishini aguqula indlela amaphoyisa nezinkantolo asebenza ngayo. Izinhlelo ze-electronic zivumela amajaji ukuba abukeze futhi asayine izimpawu ezithi zifanele, asheshise inqubo yophengululo. Izimiso zokuqondisa ubufakazi zisiza ekuvikelekeni kokuhlanganyela izithombe zamanani, amavidiyo, nezincwadi. Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzelayo kuqondiswa ukuze kubikezelwe imiphumela yecala nezingozi zefulege.

Nokho, ubuchwepheshe buveza izinselele ezintsha. Ukuqamba ucingo kubucayi, njengoba imininingwane ebucayi yecala kumelwe ivikelwe ephukweni. Izinkantolo namaphoyisa kumelwe bavumelane ngezindinganiso zendlela yokubhala ukwaziswa, isikhathi sokugcina, nemvume yokungena. Ukuqeqesha kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izisebenzi zisebenzisa izimiso ngokuphumelelayo.

Isiphetho

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho akuwona umsebenzi owenziwe wodwa kodwa umthwalo owenziwe phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezinkantolo. Uma ukubambisana kuqinile, isimiso sivikela abangenacala, sinecala, futhi sigcina ukuthemba komphakathi. Uma kubuthakathaka, ubulungisa buyantenga. Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha-shintsha (nezinhlobo ezintsha zobugebengu, ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, nokushintsha kwezimo zomphakathi) ukubambisana phakathi komthetho kanye nezakhamuzi ezixhomeke ekulawuleni umthetho. Ngokufaka imali ekuxhumaneni, ukuqeqeshana, ukuhlanganisa imithombo yempahla, nobufakazi obunezelwe, singakha isimiso sobulungisa obuphumelela kakhulu nobenzekayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kudinga kuphela ukubambisana kochwepheshe bomthetho kodwa kuxhomeke ekulawuleni umthetho.