Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho Ngaphansi KweSichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. simisa isivikelo esiqinile ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqubukeni. Umbhalo waso ufuna ukuba iziqondiso zikhishwe kuphela ngesizathu esilindelekile, zisekelwe ngesifungo noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi zichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi abantu noma izinto okumelwe ziphathwe. Ekuntshelweni kwamakhadi okukhomba. Ekuhlolweni kwamagama okugunyaziwe kanye nokukhwabanisa ngezimali, ubufakazi benza lezi zimfuneko zibe ezibaluleke kakhulu. Imithetho kumelwe isebenzise inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezimiso zeSigqi sesine seSigqi nezobuchwepheshe.

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okunengqondo kubo bonke abaphenywayo nabaqubukayo. Uma kutholakala imvume yokuhlola, ukuseshwa kunengqondo. Ngaphandle kwemvume, umthwalo wehlela kuhulumeni ukuze uthethelele ukuphenywa okungaqashelwanga. Icala lokukhwabanisa elihilela amarekhodi ezibalo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yagcizelela ukuthi imfuneko ivikela ukulindeleka okusemthethweni komuntu imfihlo yemininingwane ye-electal ebambe amaqembu amathathu afana namabhange, ama-imeyili, namathekthasime, namasitejiko ezenhlalo. Isinqumo sophawu oluphathelene nezincwadi ezithiwayo [FLT] expenterreeve v. United States[FLT] [20] [20]] [20])) ukufinyelela kwesoshabhukwini elingoko lomlando-onkethi lidinga ukuvikela, izimpawu zezelelwa kweze-'inqulution.

Umthetho uhlanganisa futhi i-ECPA Act ye-Ectronic Communications Ancy Act (ECPA) ne-Vard Communications Act (SCA), ebeka izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokuthola imishini egciniwe yokuxhumana nemibhalo egciniwe. Ngokwesibonelo, abacwaningi abafuna okuqukethwe i-imeyili emidala kakhulu kunezinsuku ezingu-180 ngokuvamile badinga isiqinisekiso, kuyilapho ukukwazi ukuxhumana kwangempela kungase kudinge ukutshelwa i-ap. Ukuqonda lezi zingqimba zomthetho-mfantu ezigcwele kanye nemithetho kuyagxeka ukwakha ubufakazi obungakholekiyo bemininingwane yemali nemininingwane yamakhadi okukhwana.

Imbangela Enengqondo Yokuphenya Ngokukhwabanisa

Imbangela efanelekile ingumthetho-sisekelo okumelwe uhlangatshezwe phambi kwezindaba ezigunyaziwe. Uma kukhulunywa ngokwebiwa kwemininingwane nokukhwabanisa kwamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti, kungenzeka kubangelwa inhlanganisela yemibiko yezisulu, ukuhlaziywa kwezezimali, izilinganiso ze-athom, izitatistiki zobufakazi. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kucacise amaqiniso aqondile abangela ukukholelwa okunengqondo ukuthi ubugebengu benzekile nokuthi ubufakazi bungatholakala endaweni ethile, njengekhompuyutha yasekhaya esolekayo, i-mfono, noma i-imeyili.

Indinganiso elindelekile ayibekeli bufakazi obungabekezeleleki kodwa idinga okungaphezu nje kobunhloli. Ama-ffidavit asekela izicelo zezicelo ezigunyazayo kumele abekwe imininingwane, engadingeki. Ngokwesibonelo, indinganiso yokuthengiselana engagunyaziwe ilandelelwa ekhelini elithile le-IP, ihlangene nokuthola isisulu esisolwayo, ingaveza imbangela elindelekile. Izinkantolo zicabangela futhi ukuphelela kwezimo, kuhlanganise nokuqeqeshwa kwesikhulu nokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphanda okungagunyaza.

Ubufakazi Bezinombolo Nokubaluleka Kwazo

Imfuneko yeSichibiyelo sesine ifuna ukuba izimemezelo zichaze izindawo eziqondile okumelwe zihlolwe futhi zithathwe. Ekucwaningeni ngemishini, lemfuneko iyinselele ikakhulukazi ngoba imishini ye-electronic inemininingwane eminingi engavumelani. Izinkantolo ziye zasungula imithetho elandelwayo yokuvimbela ujenene, ukuhlola. Ama-application. Ama-affidavits kumelwe anciphise isilinganiso sobufakazi obuhlangene nohlelo lokukhohlisa, njengamagama amafayela aqondile, uhlu lwezikhombo, ama-akhawunti, noma izinhlobo zamarekhodi (umz., izinombolo zamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweletu, izinombolo ze-soci, izinombolo ze-Social Security, ama-imeyili axoxa ngentengo yokukhohlisa).

Umthetho wamuva nje kahulumeni, njengo- United States v. Blake, ugcizelela ukuthi imvume egunyaza ukuthunjwa kwekhomphyutha noma i-software ayigunyazi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuphenywa okuphelele kwamafayili onke. Kunalokho, izikhulu kumelwe zisebenzise imithetho yokuhlola ebheke ubufakazi obucacisiwe. Ezinye iziphakamiso zidinga inqubo eyinqubo: okokuqala, ukuthatha isisetshenziswa; okwesibili, ukuthola isiqinisekiso sesibili esigunyaza ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kwe-se-sensic. Ukunamathela kulezi zisivikelo ezithile kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukunqanda ubufakazi.

Indima Yemibhalo Yezimali Nezinsalela Zasebhange

Abahloli bavame ukuncika kumarekhodi emali ukuze bathole imbangela okungenzeka. Ngaphansi kwe-Food to Financial Act (RFPA), ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuvamile kumelwe kuthole isiqinisekiso noma i-pacena ephetheyo ukuze kungene emarekhodini ebhange lekhasimende. Emacaleni okukhwabanisa amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweletu, izingodo ezibonisa ukuthengwa okungagunyaziwe noma ukukhwabanisa okungekhona okukhona kungakha isisekelo sembangela. Ngokufanayo, imibiko yemali yemali kanye namarekhodi abathengisi kungaveza izikhombo ezikhomba ukusolwa okuthile.

Lapho zisebenzisa ama-plopana, izikhulu kumelwe ziwanikeze isaziso esifanele kumthengi ngaphandle kokuba zikhululwe umthetho wenkantolo. Imibono engaphandle ngaphansi kwe-RFPA ihlanganisa izimo lapho kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi isaziso singaphumela ekubhujisweni kobufakazi noma ukundiza. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo ezicacisiwe kuyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ubufakazi obungokwezimali buhlala bungenakufinyelelwa futhi abuphuli amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sesine sabaso noma amaqembu amathathu.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Nakuba imfuneko yokugunyazwa iqinile, izimpawu eziningana ezimiswe kahle zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba wenze okuthile ngaphandle kwemvume ezimweni ezithile. Lokhu kukhetha kumelwe kusetshenziswe ngokucophelela ekuchazeni nasekuhlolweni kwamakhadi okukhwabanisa ngesikweleti, njengoba ubufakazi bemishini buvame ukudlula noma ukusheshisa ekucimeni kude.

Izimo Ezibi

Izimo ezingekho ezihambelanayo ziyasebenza uma izikhulu zisho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi zinesizathu futhi zibhekene nesidingo esisheshayo sokuvimbela ukubhujiswa kobufakazi, ukuvikela ukuphila, noma ukuvimbela ukuphunyuka. Ezimweni zokukhwabanisa, umsoli angase asuse ama-imeyili, adlulise izimali, noma asebenzise imithetho eshaleleyo kucingo. Isikhulu esichaza amaqiniso aqondile abonisa ukuthi ubufakazi busengozini eseduze singaba nokuhlola okungenasizathu ngaphansi kwalenkelele. Izinkantolo zihlola ukucabangela kwenkolelo yesikhulu okusekelwe kulokho okwakwaziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphawula ukuvala i-trapyd lapho sibona amaphoyisa ethatha ukuthuthwa ngokushesha.

Nokho, ukuphenya akukuvumeli ukuseshwa okuvamile. Ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezixekiwe, ukuseshwa kumelwe kulinganiselwe kulokho okudingekile ukusingatha isimo esiphuthumayo. Ngemva kokuphela komthetho, izikhulu kumelwe zithole isiqinisekiso sokuhlola okuqhubekayo. [FLT]][FLT]] California[200] [2014] [iNkantolo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi ukuphenywa okungenasiqinisekiso kocingo lwezingcingo zocingo lokubopha iziboshwa ngokuvamile akuyona i-stitugation, igcizelela ukuthi ukwaziswa kokulinganisa kohluzo ngokwezilinganiso akukwezinto ezingokoqobo. Lokhu kulawula ukusebenza kwezimo ezingaphandle.

Ukuhlola Okuvunyelwe

Ukusesha okwenziwa ngemvume yokuzithandela akudingi mvume. Ekuhloleni ngokukhwabanisa, izikhulu zingacela umsolwa noma umkhakha wesithathu (njenge-compter noma ilungu lomkhaya) imvume yokuhlola ithuluzi noma i-akhawunti. Imvume kumelwe ibe nolwazi, ehlakaniphileyo, futhi inikezwe ngokukhululekile, hhayi umphumela wokuphoqelelwa noma ukukhohlisa. Imvume ingalinganiselwa [1] ngokwesibonelo, ukusesha i-laptop awafaki ngokuzenzekelayo imvume yokungena emafishini.

ISiqesha-Party Conant Doctrine ivumela umuntu onegunya elifanayo entweni ukuba avume ukuseshwa. Ezindabeni zokweba izimpawu, umuntu ohlala naye noma umngane womshado angavuma ukuseshwa kwamacomputer ahlukene. Nokho, uma omunye evuma futhi enqaba, amaphoyisa ngokuvamile awakwazi ukuphenya ukuphikisa okugunyaziwe. Lemfundiso ingaba yinkimbinkimbi uma abasebenzisi abaningi behlanganyela ama-akhawunti noma amathuluzi, njengasendabeni yokukhwabanisa kwemininingwane yomkhaya.

Umbono Ongamanga

Ngaphansi kwemfundiso ecacile, isikhulu singase sithathe ubufakazi ngaphandle kobufakazi uma kusobala ngokushesha ukuthi lento iwubufakazi bobugebengu futhi isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho endaweni yokubona. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu esithatha isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni sekhadi lokuthenga ngesikweleti esibiwe singabona incwadi ebhalwe ngama-PIN namanani e-akhawunti esobala. Nokho, izinkantolo zixwayisa ngokuthi imfundiso ayivumeli "ukukhomba kwe-i-inthali okusolwayo ukuba ingene ngokusemthethweni e-imeyilini (umzz., ngemvume esemthethweni) futhi ibone isigijimi sixoxa ngentengiselwano eyinkohliso, ukuthi i-imeyili ingaba i-disss esobala ngaphansi kombono osobala.

Ukufuna Ithuba Lokuboshwa Nokuthola Uhlu Lokuhlola

Isenzakalo sokufuna ukubopha imvume sivumela izikhulu ukuba zihlole isikhulu esiboshweyo nendawo engaphakathi kwazo ukuze zivikele ukuphepha kwesikhulu futhi zivimbele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Ngemva Riley v. California, lokhu kukhishwa akusavumeli ukuphenywa okungenasiqinisekiso kwemininingwane yocingo lwezingcingo zocingo ukuba zibanjwe, kodwa izikhulu zingasenakekeli isisetshenziswa esingokoqobo (umz., sithathe sivimbele ukucisha) futhi zingahlola ingaphandle locingo ukuze kutholakale ubufakazi obungokoqobo (njengamakhadi e-SIM). Ekuboshweni kokukhohlisa, izikhulu zingathatha ucingo ukuze zilulondoloze ngaphansi kwezimo ezingekho mthethweni, kodwa isiqinisekiso sisadingeka ekukhipheni kwalo.

Uhlu lunye uphendlo oluhlukile: uma egqula imoto noma impahla, amaphoyisa angathatha isimiso sokuhlola umshini ukuze avikele impahla yomniniyo futhi avikele umnyango ekufuneni ukuthi umbango wesela. Uma phakathi nokuphenywa kwemoto eboshiwe ngemva kokuboshwa ngokukhwabanisa, izikhulu zithola i-laptop noma amabhukwana anokwaziswa okukhohlisa, ubufakazi bungatholakala ngisho nangaphandle kwemvume, uma uhlu lungagcinwa ngokwezimiso ezivamile.

Izidingo Ezikhethekile Ziyakhishwa

Ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukuphenyiswa okungenamvume okusekelwe "ezidingweni ezikhethekile" ngaphandle kokugcinwa komthetho, njengokuhlola umngcele, ukuhlola isikhumulo sezindiza, nokuhlola ukukhohliswa kwamakhadi okukhwabanisa. Ukuhlola izimpawu zokukhwabanisa kwamakhadi okukhokhwa ngesikweletu, ukuphenya komngcele kufanelekile: uhulumeni angase afune amathuluzi obuchwepheshe emngceleni ngaphandle kwemvume, nakuba izinkantolo ziye zabeka imingcele ethile ekuhloleni okunjalo. Ngokufanayo, izikhulu zesikole zingasesha amathuluzi asebenza ngogesi ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso uma zinokusola okunengqondo kokuphula umthetho. Lokhu kungasho lutho oluncane futhi ngokuvamile akusebenzi ekuhlolweni kobugebengu obuvamile.

Isicelo Sokuchaza Icala Lokukhwabanisa Nekhadi Lokuthenga Ngetyala

Ngokuvamile ukwebiwa kwemininingwane kuhilela ukusetshenziswa okungagunyaziwe kokwaziswa okungaqondakali ngokomthetho komunye umuntu (PII) njengenombolo ye-Social Security, izinombolo zamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti, kanye nemininingwane ye-akhawunti yebhange. Ukukhwabanisa ngekhadi kuhlanganisa amafomu amadala anjengentshontshontshoni yamakhadi enyama kanye namafomu amasha afana nokukhwabanisa okungakhonjwa nge-inthanethi. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, ubufakazi buvame ukuba khona kubantu besithathu: amabhange, abasebenza ngemishini yokuthenga ngamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti, abathengi, izinkampani zenkonzo ze-inthaneti, ama-imeyili, namapulatifomu ezokuxhumana.

Lapho behlola lobu bugebengu, abaqaphi bomthetho kumelwe banqume ukuthi kufanele basebenzise imvume, ipeni, umyalo wenkantolo ngaphansi kwe-Ved Communications Act, noma inhlanganise. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze bathole ikheli le-IP elihlangene nokuthenga okukhohlisayo kuyi-intanethi, abacwaningi bangathumela i-pacepana kumthengisi, kodwa ukuze bathole ukwaziswa komhloli we-i-intanethi ye-intanethi, badinga isiqinisekiso ngaphansi kwe- Carpater [ uma ukwaziswa kuhlanganisa amarekhodi asemangqamuza. Uphengululi kagesi udinga usizo lwabahloli be-i-i-Internacial projectivestionssssss ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi imithetho yokuseshwa ivumelana nemfuneko ethile.

Inselele evamile idinga ukulondoloza ubufakazi ngaphambi kokuthola isiqinisekiso. Abashicileli bangakhipha izincwadi ezilondolozwayo ngaphansi kwe 18 U.S.C. 7623 (f) ukuze baphoqe abagcini bezincwadi ukuba bagcine amarekhodi izinsuku ezifinyelela ku-90 lapho kutholakala imvume. Ukwehluleka ukulondoloza ubufakazi ngokushesha kungaholela ekuncipheni noma ekubhujisweni, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zokuntshontshwa kwemininingwane lapho abasolwayo bengase basule khona izintambo zokulinganisa imishini. Ukuqonda ukuxhumana phakathi kwezibopho zokulondoloza nokugunyaza kubalulekile kubalulekile ekwakheni icala eliqinile.

Umphumela Wezinqumo Zamuva Zenkantolo Ephakeme

Imithetho emibili ephawulayo iye yalungisa isimo somthetho ukuze kutholakale ubufakazi bezemishini ekuhlolweni ngokukhwabanisa. Riley v. California yathi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola izinombolo zocingo olubanjwe ocingo olungenalutho olungenalutho. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi omakhalekhukhwini banamuhla banokwaziswa okuyimfihlo kakhulu futhi abasebenzi ezintweni ezingokoqobo ezifana nezikhwama zemali noma izikhwama zezincwadi. Lesi sinqumo sisebenza ngokuqondile ekuphenyeni, lapho ucingo luvame ukugcina khona imiyalezo, ama-imeyili, izintathematila, iziqinisekiso zemali, neziqinisekiso zemali.

I-Carplate v. United States Isivikelo sesine seSichibiyelo seSijimi semininingwane yezindawo zomlando engqamuzaneni (CSSLI) ephethwe yizikhungo zamangqamuzana. INkantolo yathola ukuthi ukungena kwe-CSLI kuhlanganisa uphengululo futhi ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwa yisizathu esingenzekayo. Lesi sinqumo sithinta ukuhlola kokukhwaba okusekelwe ezindaweni ezisekelwe ekubekeni ukwaziswa okusolwayo emkhankasweni wente. Ngemva Calplater [, izinkantolo eziningi eziphansi zidinga imvume yemininingwane efanayo, kuhlanganise nokuhlola kwangempela kwesikhathi nemininingwane ye-PS ezigeqeshini.

Ezinye izimo ezihlobene zihlanganisa neUnited States v. Wurie (umngane [[FLT:]]] Riley[), eyacacisa ukuthi ukuseshwa kokuvimbela ukunqanda ukunqanda akusebenzi emniningwaneni yocingo, futhi United States v. Graham, eyabhala izimfuneko eziyisisekelo zeCSSLI engokomlando. Lezi zehlakalo ziphakamisa ibhamu lokugcinwa komthetho: uhulumeni kumelwe uthole imibandela eminingi yemfihlo, ishiya izindlela ezisheshayo (njenge-depotransme) kuphela ngenxa yokwaziswa okungathandeki kakhulu.

Izizathu Ezingokoqobo Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Ukuqonda izimfuneko zokugunyazwa akuyona nje imfundo engokwemfundo; kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuhluleka kobufakazi nempumelelo yokuqulwa kwamacala. Izinhlangano zomthetho eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kumelwe ziqeqeshe izikhulu kanye nabaphengululi ngomehluko womthetho wobufakazi bemishini. Ezimpini zokukhwabanisa, kuvamile ukuba kube namaqembu akhetha i-inthaneti esebenzelana eduze nabashushisi ukuba benze isiqinisekiso sokuthola izibalo ezifanele nezingazenziwa.

Imikhuba emihle ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuphoqa izicelo ezihlobanisa ngokuqondile ukukhwabanisa okusolwayo nobufakazi obuqondile be - computer, kusetshenziswa izitatimende zezisulu, amalogi, amakheli e - IP, nezingxoxo zofakazi.
  • Ukucela imvume yokusebenzisa amathuluzi adala amakhophi athambile ngaphandle kokushintsha amafayela okuqala, anemithetho eqinile ukuze kugwenywe ukwedlula ubukhulu bemvume.
  • Ukufaka izicelo ngaphambi kokuba uboshe umsoleki, ngaphandle kokuba izimo eziqinile zikhona, ukugwema ukucindezelwa ngaphansi Ucingo.
  • Ukusebenzisa izicelo zokulondoloza izimali ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhishwa kwemali kuyilapho kutholakala imvume, ikakhulukazi emacaleni okweba imininingwane ehilela ama - akhawunti asebhange nezinkonzo ze - email.
  • Ukuxhumana nabashushisi ekuqaleni kophenyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amathuluzi akhethiwe angokomthetho (asezinkantolo, angenamthetho, agunyaziwe) alingana nohlobo lokwaziswa okufunwayo nendinganiso engokomthetho edingekayo.

Okunye okuwusizo ukucatshangelwa ukusingatha ubufakazi obuthathwe emafuni. Uma imvume igunyaza ukuseshwa kwecomputer, abaphenyi bangadinga isiqinisekiso esihlukile sokungena kuma-akhawunti asemafwini asolwayo uma i-computer ngokwayo ingaqukethe imininingwane yamafu. I-Vedd Communications Act inikeza izimfuneko ezengeziwe zokuthola ifu elikuqukethe. Ezimweni eziningi, kuphephile ukuthola isiqinisekiso esisodwa sokufuna esihlanganisa kokubili isisetshenziswa esingokoqobo kanye nokulandisa okuthile okuqondile okuchazwe kuyi-ffidavit.

Okokugcina, ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuqonde ukuhlanganiswa kwezimfuneko zesizwe ne-guvernel. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho edlula izivikelo zeSichibiyelo sesine sikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ungadinga isiqinisekiso semininingwane yendawo yamangqamuzana ngisho noma umthetho kahulumeni ungase ungabi. Abaphathi abasebenza ndawonye noma amacala okukhwabanisa okuphindiwe okungalinganiyo kumelwe baqaphele indinganiso evikela ngokwengeziwe futhi bayisebenzise njalo ukugwema ukucindezelwa kobufakazi.

Isiphetho

Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokugunyaza izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokugunyazwa nokukhokhwa kwamakhadi okukhwabanisa kuklanyelwe ukulinganisela uphenyo oluphumelelayo nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Imbangela efanelekile ihlala iyitshe legumbi, futhi imfuneko ekhethekile iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenya ngemidwebo kugxile futhi akunakweqisa. Izimpawu ezifana nezimo ezicacile, imvume, umbono ocacile, nokuhlola okusobala kunikeza ukuvumelana okudingekile, kodwa kucaciswe ngokuqinile yizinkantolo. Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo zigcizelela isidingo semithetho enkathini yokulinganisa izibalo, zenza kube imfuneko yokuba umthetho ulwelwelwe ngokungenamthetho, futhi ulwenze lukwazi ukuvumelana nezimfundiso ezihambisanayo.

Ngokunamathela kulezizindinganiso, abacwaningi bangathola ubufakazi obungakholeki futhi basekele ubuqotho besimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Noma ikuphi ukuphambuka − noma yisiqinisekiso esikhubazekile, ukuseshwa ngokweqile, noma ukukhishwa okungaziwa kuholele ekucini ubufakazi obugxekayo nokufaka engozini ukuquliswa. Ngakho, ukuqonda ngokugcwele uhlelo lomthetho akuyona into engenziwa ngenhloso; kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekulweni nokukhwabanisa kwekhadi lokuthenga ngesikweletu ngokuphumelelayo nangokomthetho.